Production of Yam Tubers Using Seed Tubers from Vitroplants Regenerated from Aerial Stems in the Yam Species Dioscorea alata (L.) and Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (L. & P.) in Côte d’Ivoire

The aim of this study is to produce large quantities of yam tubers in the field from seed tubers derived from vitroplants regenerated from aerial stem cuttings and farmers’ tuber seeds. Seed tubers from ten yam cultivars, including five from Dioscorea alata (cDa083, cDa053, cDa115, cDa150 and cDa266) and five from Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (cDr015, cDr027, cDr150, cDr206 and cDr148) with distinct agro-morphological characteristics, were used as material. A completely randomized block design with 3 replications was used. In each block, all cultivars and seed types were represented. When put into cultivation, the tubers produced by the vitroplants all germinated and gave 100% healthy plants, compared with 86% to 100% healthy plants for the seed tubers produced by the farmers. Yields per hectare ranged from 10 to 25 tonnes for seed tubers produced by in vitro plants, and from 4 to 9 tons for seed tubers produced by farmers. Seed tubers from vitroplants can therefore be recommended to farmers as a solution to the problem of seed tuber unavailability.

Efficiency of Legumes in Increasing Yam Yield under Sandy Ferrasol in the Forest Zone of Southwestern Côte d’Ivoire

The cropping system is based on traditional farming in rural areas. In this way, yields of some food crops like yam are very low considering their high need for nutrients. The nutrient-rich land is under high land pressure as it is occupied by cash crops such as oil palm and rubber at the expense of food crops and soil fertility is declining. The study was conducted in Grand-Lahou to assess the effect of organic matter provided by legumes in increasing yam yield. The randomized complete block design included four (4) treatments: Arachis hypogaea + yam association (T1), Acacia mangium + yam association (T2), Arachis + Acacia mangium + yam association (T3) and pure yam crop (T0). The parameters measured were: the soil nutrients content, the rate of mineralization of organic matter through the C/N ratio as well as the yield of yam through different techniques that allowed the objective of the study to be achieved. It was noted a slight improvement of nitrogen and organic carbon in all treatments with a higher value recorded in the T2 treatment. The C/N ratio decreased to 12 in all treatments compared to the control, which reflects a normal decomposition of the organic matter. Treatment T1 increased yam yield (8.4 t/ha) in contrast to treatments T2 (4.1 t/ha) and T3 (2.8 t/ha). Legume-based treatments T2 and T3 were associated with a significant decrease in yam yield, resulting in losses of −46.34% to −25.09%, while treatment T1 resulted in a gain of 28.57%. As a result, the treatments involving legumes contributed to normalizing the organic matter content of the soil. The simultaneous association of these two legumes led to a decrease in yam production, contrary to the treatment associating only groundnut.

Effect of Climate Variability on Yams (<i>Dioscorea spp</i>.) Production in Central and Northern Benin

Climate change poses an important constraint to agricultural sector and food security in tropical African countries dominated by rain-fed agriculture. This research focuses on the effects of climate variability on yam production in central and northern Benin. Daily climate data such as temperatures, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, relative humidity and insolation from 1981 to 2016 were collected at the direction of METEO-Benin. A survey was then conducted with 351 producers to collect their perceptions of the effect of climate variability on the yams production. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) followed by trend analyses, Lamb index calculations and the agro-climatic stress index were carried out. The distribution of rain during the yam cycle (91.5% of those surveyed), the ambient temperature (84.9%), insolation (83.5%), the amount of rainwater that fell during the rainy season (82.2%) and the harmattan (53.3%) are perceived by sociolinguistic groups as climatic factors affecting the growth, the tuberization and yield of yams according to the producers. The results indicate an upward trend in temperature over the period 2001 to 2016 in the transition zone (28.4°C) and in the Northeast (27.76°C) and over the period from 2001 to 2011 in the North-West of Benin (27.71°C), where the average annual temperature during these periods is higher than normal (27.82°C in the center, 27.44°C in the Northeast and 27.42°C to the northwest). This research also shows an instability of the rains with a regular decrease in the rainfall in the Centre and the North-East of the country. The agro-climatic stress index (ISA) and above all the annual rainfall constitute the main climatic factors which determine the yield of yam in the various growing areas in Benin. The average annual temperature and that of January in the transition zone, the rains of January and April in the North-East zone and the relative humidity in the North-West zone also probability determine the yield of the yam.

Effect of Curing Treatments on Seven Key Farmers’ Yams (<i>Dioscorea</i>spp.) in Ghana

Curing of freshly harvested yams (Dioscorea spp.) is a process for wounded yams during harvest to heal. In this work the effectiveness of straw, polypropylene and jute sack on curing of seven key farmers’ yam varieties over a duration of 7, 14 and 21 days was studied. Seven key farmers’ yam varieties identified as Pona, Lariboko, Dente, Mutwumudoo, Serwah belonging to D. rotundata, Matches and Akaba belonging to D. alata were studied under different curing treatments. The percentage weight loss of yam tubers varied among the treatments over curing period. Curing under jute sack showed all yam varieties had weight losses less than 2.0%, within 7 days of curing. Five different varieties had weight loss less than 2.0% except Dente under the straw treatment. Mutwumudoo variety showed the highest water loss (8.4%) for polypropylene sheet and 6.9% for Lariboko in the control treatment. During 7 days curing the control and polypropylene treatment did not support yam curing. After 14 days of curing of tubers, similar tends were observed as in 7 days curing. After 14 days of curing under jute sack, percentage weight loss of the tubers ranges from 2.0% - 3.7%. In the straw treatment, the percentage weight loss ranges between 1.0% - 4.7% in all other varieties except Dente (D. rotundata) (8.2%). Polypropylene sheet treatment showed the highest percentage weight loss in Mutwumudoo variety (18.4%). A similar trend was observed for the yam tubers cured for 21days as percentage weight loss of tubers under jute sacks was 2.5 – 9.8%. Curing temperature and humidity ranged between 27&degC - 40&degC and 87% - 100% rh for yam tubers under the three different treatments of polypropylene, jute and straw. However, the control treatment recorded lower humidity of 60% - 80% rh. Curing material, duration, climatic conditions and yam varieties influenced curing and Serwah variety, which is a D. rotundata is the best bet yam variety to cure under jute sack for 7, 14 and 21 days of curing.

First Report of a Successful Development of Yam Hybrids(Dioscorea alata L.)from Lyophilized and Long-Term Stored Pollens

Various biological constraints including erratic and asynchronous flowering between male and female plants hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs.Therefore,pollen storage has gained much attention to facilitate artificial pollinations and increase the genetic gains.This 4-year study aimed at developing a practical long-term pollen storage technique for the successful development of yam hybrids.Fresh pollens were collected from two Dioscorea alata males,then lyophilized(two lyophilization treatments were applied),followed by storage at room temperature(24℃–25℃)for 12 months.Moreover,the lyophilized and stored pollens were tested for viability by crossing with four female varieties.Our results showed that lyophilization is effective for achieving viable pollens after 12 months of storage.Treatment 1(48 h drying)showed higher pollen germination and fertility rates than Treatment 2(72 h drying).Although we observed a reduction in viability of lyophilized pollens after 12 months of storage,we generated hybrid seedlings with success rates from 12%to 21%compared to 21%–31%when using fresh pollens.Paternity testing based on molecular genotyping confirmed the hybrid status of the obtained seedlings,which grew well in a greenhouse.Lyophilization is a practical approach for a long-term storage of greater yam pollen samples.This protocol will positively impact yam breeding programs particularly in developing countries.

基于转换点调控的怀山药多相态微波干燥及品质特性

为解决冻干和冻干-微波真空联合干燥技术存在的耗时长、能耗高、设备成本高等问题,同时获得品质较好的干制品,以怀山药为对象开展多相态微波干燥(multiphase microwave drying,MMD)研究,通过不同微波功率加载方案实现转换点调控,探究转换点干基含水率(0.36、0.59、0.79 g/g)对怀山药干制品品质的影响。并以真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥和微波真空干燥为对照,研究不同干燥方式对怀山药干燥特性、能耗和品质特性(复水性、收缩率、色泽、硬度、脆度、微观结构)的影响。结果表明:随着微波功率水平的增加,怀山药MMD转换点干基含水率增大,产品复水性降低,收缩程度增大,硬度变大,细胞结构破损程度增加。MMD方案Ⅰ(转换点干基含水率0.36 g/g)干燥时间与微波冷冻干燥相比缩短31.3%,能耗相比真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥分别降低68%、34%,同时,所得怀山药干制品具有良好的品质和均匀的微观孔隙结构,其复水比(2.44±0.04)、收缩率(0.88±0.02)、色泽、硬度(4.95±0.45)N、脆度(2.48±0.51)N与微波冷冻干燥无明显差异(P>0.05)。微波真空干燥虽所需能耗低,但其产品复水性最差,收缩最为严重。综合考虑高效低能耗干燥与产品品质提升的需求,可通过转换点调控的多相态微波干燥实现高品质怀山药加工。

福建省山药种质资源品质比较与综合评价

该研究较为全面地收集福建省6个地市45份山药主栽种质资源,测定块茎的9个品质指标,利用隶属函数法、主成分分析和聚类分析对山药的营养品质、加工品质和综合品质进行评价。结果表明,测定的9个指标中,淀粉含量和可食率的变异系数低于8%,其余7个指标的变异系数大于20%,其中块茎鲜重的变异系数高达59.90%。筛选出可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量、尿囊素含量、折干率、可食率、块茎鲜重7项指标,构建营养品质和加工品质相结合的品质综合评价体系。聚类分析将福建山药种质资源聚为4类,第Ⅰ类营养和加工品质较一般;第Ⅱ类适合加工;第Ⅲ类适合鲜食;第Ⅳ类鲜食销售和加工均有优势。

褪黑素对鲜切山药酶促褐变的作用效果

分别采用1、2、3 mmol/L的褪黑素溶液处理鲜切铁棍山药,以蒸馏水浸泡鲜切山药为对照,室温(25℃)下存放4 d,测定鲜切山药颜色参数(L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)、总色差值(ΔE))、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、H2O2含量、脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS自由基清除率等指标,探究褪黑素对鲜切山药酶促褐变的作用效果。结果表明:褪黑素处理能抑制鲜切山药中PPO、POD、PAL和LOX活性,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的PPO、POD、PAL和LOX活性比空白对照组的分别小51.6%、65.6%、27.1%、24.6%;褪黑素处理能降低山药中H2O2和MDA含量,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的H2O2和MDA含量相比空白对照组的分别降低了84.8%和21.0%;褪黑素处理能提高山药中CAT活性,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的CAT活性为空白对照组的1.96倍;褪黑素处理能提高山药的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理样品DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率比空白对照组的分别提高了20.6%、18.7%;褪黑素处理也能有效延缓鲜切山药表面褐变,且其效果具有浓度依赖性,3 mmol/L的褪黑素护色效果最好,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的L^(*)值比空白对照组大32.5%,a^(*)、b^(*)、ΔE比空白对照组分别小74.0%、50.7%、67.3%;相关分析结果显示,鲜切山药的ΔE与L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)、PPO活性、POD活性、PAL活性、H2O2含量和MDA含量均呈极显著相关,与ABTS自由基清除率呈显著相关。

山药新品种紫莳药18的选育

紫莳药18是由浙江省台州市传统山药产地的特色地方品种紫莳药变异株经过系统选育而成的山药新品种。该品种单株结薯数一般1~2个,块茎圆柱形,长度26.9 cm左右,直径8.3 cm左右,单株块茎质量1.1 kg左右,块茎表皮颜色褐色,须根少,果肉紫色,肉质较粉,蒸煮易熟烂,食味好。干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量(w,后同)分别为32.3 g·100 g^(-1)、21.1 g·100 g^(-1)、0.9 g·100 g^(-1)、2.41 g·100 g^(-1)。在田间炭疽病抗性强于对照。一般667 m^(2)产量1700 kg左右,适宜浙江台州及类似地区种植。2023年4月通过浙江省农作物品种认定委员会认定。

文成糯米山药的氧化酶含量分析

为了了解文成糯米山药本底氧化酶含量,促进采后加工的技术研究和开发,以文成县7个糯米山药规模主体样品为研究对象,开展2年的跟踪分析,获得糯米山药中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等氧化酶含量的定量数据。结果表明,糯米山药本底的氧化酶含量受年份、生产基地的影响显著,不同食用部位的氧化酶本底含量分别为:SOD 69.15~163.71 U/g、POD 112.34~363.75 U/g、PPO 123.84~195.18 U/g。糯米山药的氧化酶含量和褐变程度为:中部>底部>上部。研究结果为糯米山药的采后贮藏和品质控制提供参考。

香菜山药复合型酸奶的研制

本文以香菜汁、山药汁、鲜牛奶和蔗糖为原料研制复合型风味酸奶。首先采用单因素试验确定香菜汁、山药汁、发酵剂和蔗糖在酸奶中的添加比例。根据单因素实验结果,设计正交试验,并对酸奶的组织状态、色泽、风味3个指标进行感官评分,从而确定了香菜山药复合型酸奶的最佳配方:山药汁的添加量为10%,香菜汁的添加量为5%,发酵剂的添加量为0.5%,蔗糖的添加量为10.0%。

山药红枣菊芋糕加工工艺研究

为拓宽糕点工业化发展的道路,更好地满足人们对糕点口味和营养多样化的需求,本文将山药泥、菊芋泥、糯米粉混合成面团作为糕点皮,以红枣泥为馅,采用蒸制的方法,通过单因素和正交试验优化山药红枣菊芋糕的加工工艺。结果表明,山药红枣菊芋糕的最佳工艺为山药泥12 g、菊芋泥8 g、红枣泥15 g、白砂糖3 g。在此条件下制作的山药红枣菊芋糕气味纯正,口感细腻,香甜可口,具有良好的感官品质,理化指标和微生物指标符合食品安全国家标准。

薯蓣粥对2型糖尿病合并结直肠癌术后患者切口愈合情况的影响

目的 探讨薯蓣粥对2型糖尿病合并结直肠癌患者术后切口愈合的影响,以便为促进切口愈合提供一种较好的饮食方案。方法 2020年12月—2021年12月采用便利抽样法,选择本省某三级甲等综合医院胃肠外科行腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术后的2型糖尿病合并结直肠癌患者92例,采用IBMSPSS25.0软件随机分为对照组与试验组,各46例,对照组给予常规治疗与护理,试验组在对照组基础上,将怀山药制成薯蓣粥,于患者肛门排气后,在糖尿病早餐饮食中扣除薯蓣粥产生的热量84kcal同等食物后与剩余的早餐一起服用,时间为3w。比较干预后两组切口愈合时间、愈合等级、切口愈合不良发生率与干预前、干预后1w、3w患者血糖值变化情况。结果 试验组在干预3w时2例患者退出,共完成44例;对照组干预3w时1例失访,共完成45例。干预后试验组患者切口愈合时间短于对照组、愈合等级优于对照组、切口感染发生率低于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。重复测量方差分析结果显示,两组患者空腹血糖、早餐后2h时间主效应、组间主效应均有统计学意义(均P<0.001),其中干预后1w、3w时试验组空腹血糖、早餐后2h血糖低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论 薯蓣粥具有缩短切口愈合时间、改善切口愈合质量与调节血糖的作用。

22份紫山药种质资源的鉴定与评价

[目的]筛选出高产、抗病、优质的紫山药地方种质资源,以期为其开发和品种改良提供依据。[方法]以22份紫山药种质资源为材料,综合考察产量、农艺性状、抗病性及商品性,并对农艺性状进行统计分析及相关性分析,明确紫山药产量形成的主要因子。[结果]22份紫山药种质的农艺性状差异明显,7个主要农艺性状的变异系数在7.83%~52.78%之间,遗传多样性极为丰富。相关性分析表明,块茎质量与块茎长、块茎横径、叶长、叶宽呈极显著正相关。抗病性分析表明,22份紫山药种质的炭疽病田间抗性存在较大差异,一半种质不抗炭疽病。[结论]南昌紫山药、贵港紫山药和紫玉淮山综合表现较好,产量均超过30000 kg·hm^(-2),抗炭疽病、口感好、商品性佳,适宜进一步推广。

山药块茎膨大期DoCDPK1基因生物信息学及低温胁迫下的表达分析

钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPK)在植物的生长发育及逆境胁迫方面发挥着重要作用。以大和长芋和毕克齐山药为试验材料,克隆钙依赖性蛋白激酶基因DoCDPK1,并对其进行生物信息学分析,为DoCDPK1基因的功能研究奠定基础。采用生物信息学方法分析DoCDPK1基因结构,构建瞬时表达载体,对DoCDPK1蛋白进行亚细胞定位;采用qRT-PCR分析DoCDPK1基因在不同山药品种的不同发育阶段及低温胁迫处理下的表达模式。结果表明(:1)DoCDPK1基因序列长度为2023 bp,编码521个氨基酸。(2)DoCDPK1与几内亚薯蓣CDPK蛋白序列的一致性为97%,且DoCDPK1存在STKc_CAMK结构域。(3)瞬时表达分析表明,DoCDPK1蛋白定位于细胞核与细胞膜。(4)大和长芋山药中的CDPK活性更高,DoCDPK1可能参与调控山药块茎膨大后期的生长发育。(5)经4℃低温胁迫后,CDPK活性降低,DoCDPK1表达量上调,且表达水平在不同时间处理下存在差异。综上所述,DoCDPK1可能参与调控山药块茎膨大后期的生长发育及低温胁迫响应过程。

福建本地山药高山栽培对比试验

以福建省内收集的9种本地山药为材料进行栽培对比试验,通过对该9种山药生长期与采收期形态、产量等数据测定,比较各山药品种特征,筛选出适宜闽东高山地区栽培的优良山药品种。

山药淀粉的改性及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展

介绍了近年来国内外山药淀粉的改性方法,综述了改性山药淀粉在乳制品、食品添加剂、功能性食品和食品包装中的应用,旨在为山药资源的开发利用提供参考。

不同质量分数柠檬酸和维C对鲜切糯米山药的保鲜效果研究

糯米山药是温州文成县特色农产品,因具独特的口感和保健功能成为市场的新宠,市场需求量日益增加。为了延缓鲜切糯米山药的褐变和品质劣变,采用不同质量分数的柠檬酸和维C分别对鲜切糯米山药进行保鲜处理,并真空包装,置于(4±1)℃的冰箱冷藏。以色泽Hunter L^(*)值、褐变度、多酚氧化酶和感官评分为考查指标进行单因素试验,筛选出对鲜切糯米山药保鲜效果最佳的柠檬酸和抗坏血酸质量分数。结果表明,鲜切山药最佳保鲜条件为柠檬酸保鲜剂质量分数0.8%,维C保鲜剂质量分数0.5%;0.5%维C保鲜效果总体上优于0.8%的柠檬酸;与清水对照组处理相比,2种保鲜剂可显著提高鲜切糯米山药贮藏过程中色泽亮度、降低褐变度、抑制多酚氧化酶的活性,延缓鲜切糯米山药的保鲜期,使鲜切糯米山药具有较好的感官品质。

山药综合力学性能测试的研究

为了获得山药在不同加载速度下的力学性能参数,采用微机控制电子式万能试验机(WDW-5E)对“牛腿”山药进行了不同加载速度下的压缩、弯曲、拉伸试验。测得不同加载速度下的轴向抗压强度、轴向弹性模量、径向抗压强度、径向弹性模量、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、抗拉强度、抗拉弹性模量,由此得出山药弯曲断裂载荷在40~140 N之间;轴向和径向的弹性模量随加载速度增大而增大;加载速度对山药其他力学性能参数无显著影响。通过对山药的综合力学性能的研究,能够在收获时调整机具工作参数,降低机械对山药的损伤,为实现山药智能化机械采收提供参考。

响应面法优化山药红薯粉条加工工艺及品质研究

研究了山药红薯粉条的加工工艺,并对其品质进行分析。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对山药粉添加量、海藻酸钠添加量、糊化时间、糊化温度4个因素进行优化,得到山药红薯营养粉条的最佳工艺参数:山药粉添加量12%、海藻酸钠添加量0.6%、糊化时间102 s、糊化温度80℃。该工艺制作的粉条口感劲道、韧性十足、不易断条、耐煮性好且不含明矾,为进一步丰富粉条产品提供了理论依据。