Shift of the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation in terms of spatial pattern

This paper documents that the principal mode of Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation experienced a prominent interdecadal shift around 1992/1993 in terms of spatial pattern and major driving factors. During 1979-1992 （Period 1, P1）, Pan-Asian monsoon summer precipitation anomalies mainly display a meridional dipole pattern from north to south, whereas in the period 1993-2016 （Period 2, P2）, it shows a meridional tripole pattern instead. The summer precipitation in P1 is primarily associated with a combination of the developing phase （central-eastern Pacific type） and decaying phase （eastern Pacific type） of El Nino-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）; while in P2, it is mainly associated with the decaying phase of central-eastern-Pacific-type ENSO.

CONCEPTION OF PAN-ASIAN TRUNKRAILWAY NETWORK AND DEVELOPMENTOF CHINESE RAILWAY

This Paper focuses on the formation of Pan-Asian trunk railway netWork. Pan-Asian trunk railways will be composed of two railway systems; one is the railway system linking up railways of 19 countries in Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia; the other is the cooperative railways system between countries. To realize Chinese railway network connecting with the railway networks of Eurasian countries is the prerequisite and guarantee for developing socialist market economy. The present transport capacity and the overall network level are too low to connect with Pan-Asian railway network, for example, the density of railway networks is low, the structure of airway networks is backward, the distribution of railway networks is unbalanced, etc. In order to match Pan-Asian trunk railway network, China must speed up railway construction, open some new ports, construct railway thoroughfare passing through China and neighboring

Pan-Asian monsoon and its definition,principal modes of precipitation,and variability features

Here we propose a new concept,the Pan-Asian monsoon,and use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression approach to define it and to analyze the monsoon-related rainfall variability.The Pan-Asian monsoon is referred to as the monsoon occurred over the great region (60°E-140°E,10°S-35°N),consisting of the Indian monsoon,Southeast Asian monsoon,East Asian monsoon,and Western North Pacific monsoon.The Pan-Asian monsoon region is the principal region of the summer rainfall over the Asian-Pacific monsoon region and is also water vapor channel connecting several Asian-Pacific sub-monsoon systems.The first EOF mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon precipitation (PAMP_F) shows a meridional tripole pattern with more (less) rainfall zonal belt over the Bay of Bengal (BOB),the Indo-China Peninsula,South China,the South China Sea (SCS),Philippines and the Philippine Sea,and less (more) rainfall on both sides.The first rainfall mode is associated with the weakened Somali cross-equatorial flows,enhanced southerly over the eastern coast of Australia,and strengthened westerly over the tropical Pacific.The first EOF rainfall mode shows a close relationship with the simultaneous El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific South America (PSA).The preceding spring and simultaneous summer Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) in the western Hemisphere (AAO in Pacific) has a connection with the first summer rainfall mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon.Because the main influence factors are over the Pacific,the first rainfall mode is named as the Pacific mode.The second mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon precipitation (PAMP_S) shows a dipole pattern from northeast to southwest,which is associated with the weakened Somali cross-equatorial flows,enhanced easterlies over the Maritime Continent,and weak easterly over the tropical Pacific.The second rainfall model has a close relationship with the atmospheric convection activity and the sea surface temperature variability over the Maritime Continent and South Indian Ocean.Because the influence factors are mainly over the eastern Hemisphere,the second rainfall mode of the Pan-Asian monsoon is named as the Indian Ocean mode.

Chinese Socialism as Vernacular Cosmopolitanism

This paper follows the life of an idea, a fundamental concept in modern Chinese intellectual life： socialism. It explores this idea as an alternative form of Chinese cosmopolitanism, drawing from Pheng Cheah＇s identification of two kinds of Chinese cosmopolitanism： mercantile and revolutionary. If part of what we mean by cosmopolitanism is the local use of an external, or international, or otherwise ＂independent＂ （relative to local power and practice） ideology or discourse to promote an agent＇s sense of social good at home and connection to the world, then the ways that socialist thought, ideology and praxis have been employed in China in the twentieth century constitute one such strain of cosmopolitanism. Shehuizhuyi （socialism） meant related but significantly different things to Chinese in the twentieth century. This essay argues that Chinese socialism can be viewed as a version of vernacular cosmopolitanism through two examples： Wang Shiwei in the 1940s and Deng Tuo in the 1960s, as well as the discourse of Pan-Asianism before and after the Mao era. Chinese socialism was as much a terrain of debate and contestation about what it means to be ＂Chinese and modern＂ as it was a shared vocabulary and set of aspirations. All along it has been able to play the role of cosmopolitan thought for some influential Chinese thinkers and doers--connecting China to the world in order to pursue universal values.

Bidding Farewell with Regret： Notes towards Affective Articulations and Inter-Asian Writing

This paper proposes an alternative approach to the contemporary discussion of Asia, or more specifically East Asia. Rather than conceptualizing Asia as a geo-economic entity, as a cultural historical construct of Euro-centrism, and as a capitalist vision of the world market, this paper seeks to recapture ＂Asia＂ in what I call ＂affective articulations.＂ Specifically, I will examine Dazai Osamu＇s Farewell with Regret （Sekibetsu, 1945） and Zhang Chengzhi＇s Respect and Farewell with Regret （Jingzhong yu xibie, 2008） as two exemplars of inter-Asian writing in which Asia is represented as a loaded symbol of affect. Whereas Dazai＇s book was written in the heat of Great East Asia War, to comply with the demands of the Japanese war effort, Zhang＇s book was written at the no less challenging time of China＇s rise to regional hegemony. Though they differ in style and purpose, both texts hold up a vision of Asia which is distinctly grasped in affective encounters, symbolized by the act of ＂bidding farewell with regret＂ （xibie）. Intrigued by the affective significance of bidding farewell with regret, this paper first considers ＂farewell＂ as a method to recast the discussion of Asia in regional and geopolitical terms, and then performs an analysis of the texts in question so as to identify crucial moments when Asia, despite its internal heterogeneity and complicated history, is grasped in the affective articulation of Sino-Japanese encounters. Such moments, I believe, are real, sincere, and indispensable for our attempt to re-imagine Asia as a translocal solidarity.