后熟阶段的人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey)种子对脱水和贮存温度的反应

完成形态后熟和生理后熟期中的人参（PanaxyinsenyC．A．Mey）湿润种子的含水量由47％降至9．4％和5．8％，形成于籽后保存于室温，0～5℃和-196℃条件下1～3年。保存后的形态后熟于籽再低温处理，继续完成生理后熟。结果显示：完成形态后熟的种子在1～5℃保存1年后，种子胚根能萌发，但胚轴、胚芽不能正常生长，保存3年，种子丧失生活力；生理后熟期中的种子在0～5℃保存1年尚能正常出苗，出苗率为44．0％，保存3年，种胚已不能正常发育。但是在-196℃保存3年后，出苗率同保存在0～5C1年的相近．仍为43．1％。说明完成形态后熟种子还没有产生足够的脱水耐性，而经低温层积处理于生理后熟期中的种子就具有了这种耐性，并能进行低温短期或超低温长期保存。

Optimizing SSR-PCR system of Panax ginseng by orthogonal design

An orthogonal design was used to optimize SSR-PCR amplification system using Panax ginseng genomic DNA as template. Four levels of five factors （DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase, Mg^2＋, primer, and dNTP） and annealing temperature have been tested separately in this system. The results demonstrated the reaction efficiency was affected by these factors. Based on the results, a stable, productive and reproducible PCR system and cycling program for amplifying a ginseng SSR locus were obtained： 20 μL system containing 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 2.0 mmol·L^-1 Mg^2＋, 0.2 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 0.3 μmol·L^-1 SSR primer, 60 ng· μla^-1 DNA template, performed with a program of 94℃ for 5 min, 94℃ for 30 s, annealing at 56.3℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 1 min, 37 cycles, finishing at 72℃ for 7 min, and storing at 4℃.

Ginsenoside-Rg_6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.

Structure Analysis of Pectin SB_(1-1) from the Root of Panax ginseng

A water-soluble pectin SB_~1-1 was isolated and purified from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. The HPLC analysis indicates that SB_~1-1 is homogenous. Its molecular weight was estimated via gel filtration to be 10000. The GC analysis indicated that it contains the monosaccharides of GalA, Gal, Ara and Rha. Their molar ratio is 2.10∶1.00∶0.12∶0.13. Partial hydrolysis with acid, pectinase treatment, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analyses, GC/MS analyses and NMR analyses were used for the structure analyses of SB_~1-1 . The results reveal that SB_~1-1 has a lower branched structure. The main chain is composed of GalA and Gal; the inner part is α-1,4-linked-GalA; the border is 1,4-linked-Gal. Some of the 1,4-linked-GalA and 1,4-linked-Gal residues are substituted at O6. On an average, there is one branch for every ten hexose residues. The side chain is composed of 1,6-linked-Gal and 1,3,6-linked-Gal. The nonreduced end is composed of Rha, Ara and Gal. The main glycosidic link of SB_~1-1 has an α configuration.

Determination of Saponins in Leaf of Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） with UV detection was established for simultaneous determination of saponins in the leaf of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Nine ginsenosides（Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, F1, F2, F3, F5） and notoginsenoside Fe（NFe） were studied. Among the saponins, the ginsenosides F1, F2, F3, F5 and NFe were determined by HPLC-UV method for the first time. The determination of the ginsenosides via the HPLC-UV method was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with gradient elution in 40 min. The linearity, precision, accuracy, and detection limit for determining the saponins were studied and the samples from different areas in China were analyzed. The HPLC-ESI-MS was used to identify the saponins. The results indicate that the HPLC-UV provided a good accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity for the determination of the ten saponins.

Antagonistic Effects of Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on 4 Kinds of Pathogenic Bacteria of Ginseng

[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isolated from biogas slurry,and Cylindrocarpon destructans(XF),Fusarium solani(GF),Botrytis cinerea Pers(HM)and Alternaria panax Whetz(HB)were used as test materials.The strains were isolated and identified by dilution plate method,16S rDNA sequence identification method,confrontation culture method,filter paper method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method,and the bacteriostatic activity and bacteriostatic rate were tested.[Results]Strain 15(Sphingomonas)and strain 19(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)were screened out through identification and analysis,and they grew stably within 8-10 d.The bacteriostatic rates of strain 15 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 47.37%and 43.40%,respectively,and the bacteriostatic rates of strain 19 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 62.30%and 63.27%,respectively.The bacteriostatic activity of the extract of strain 19 increased with the increase of OD_(600) value,and the bacteriostatic effect was optimal when the OD_(600) value was in the range of 0.8-1.0,up to 70%,so it had a strong biocontrol potential.[Conclusions]This experiment provides convenience for more effective inoculation,establishes a fast,simple and accurate method for the determination of the best bacteriostatic rate of P.aeruginosa culture solution to HM,and lays a foundation for large-scale culture of P.aeruginosa culture solution.Besides,it is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient control of ginseng B.cinerea in field production,use it for the prevention and control of ginseng shoot diseases,and provide a reference for the efficient and diverse development of biocontrol agents for ginseng shoot diseases.

Identification of anti-inflammatory components in Panax ginseng of Sijunzi Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationship

Objective: This study aimed to identify the main medicinal active components of Panax ginseng(P. ginseng) in the compatibility environment of clinical application. For this purpose, the anti-inflammatory ingredients of P. ginseng were investigated based on its therapeutic effect in Sijunzi Decoction(SJD) which is a widely used traditional Chinese formula.Methods: The fingerprints of 10 batches of SJD consisting of different sources of P. ginseng were established by UPLC technique to investigate the chemical components. At the same time, the antiinflammatory effects of these components were evaluated by dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Grey relational analysis was applied to explore the correlation degree between fingerprints and anti-inflammatory effects in SJD. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages were established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the screened effective substances of P. ginseng.Results: According to grey relational analysis, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rb3of P. ginseng were the major anti-inflammatory contributions in SJD. They had been proven to be closely associated with the anti-inflammatory process of SJD and displayed a close effect compared with SJD by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages.Conclusion: Our work provides a general strategy for exploring the pharmacological ingredients of P. ginseng in traditional Chinese formulas which is beneficial for establishing the quality standards of traditional herbs in traditional Chinese medicine prescription based on their clinical therapeutic effect.

Identification of microRNA and analysis of target genes in Panax ginseng

Objective: Ginsenosides, polysaccharides and phenols, the main active ingredients in Panax ginseng, are not different significantly in content between 3 and 5 years old of ginsengs called Yuan ginseng and more than ten years old ones called Shizhu ginseng. The responsible chemical compounds cannot fully explain difference in efficacy between them. According to reports in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(Jinyinhua in Chinese) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(Gancao in Chinese), microRNA may play a role in efficacy,so we identified microRNAs in P. ginseng at the different growth years and analyzed their target genes.Methods: Using high-throughput sequencing, the RNA-Seq, small RNA-Seq and degradome databases of P. ginseng were constructed. The differentially expressed microRNAs was identified by qRT-PCR.Results: A total of 63,875 unigenes and 24,154,579 small RNA clean reads were obtained from the roots of P. ginseng. From these small RNAs, 71 miRNA families were identified by bioinformatics target prediction software, including 34 conserved miRNAs, 37 non-conserved miRNA families, as well as 179 target genes of 17 known miRNAs. Through degradome sequencing and computation, we finally verified 13 targets of eight miRNAs involved in transcription, energy metabolism, biological stress and disease resistance, suggesting the significance of miRNAs in the development of P. ginseng. Consistently, major miRNA targets exhibited tissue specificity and complexity in expression patterns.Conclusion: Differential expression microRNAs were found in different growth years of ginsengs(Shizhu ginseng and Yuan ginseng), and the regulatory roles and functional annotations of miRNA targets in P. ginseng need further investigation.

林下连作种植参根际土壤可培养微生物区系及细菌群落对酚酸类化感物质的响应

为探究酚酸类成分对林下连作参根际土壤中微生物区系及可培养细菌群落的影响,以未栽培人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)林地土壤(1#样品)、连作未发病土壤(2#样品)和连作发病土壤(3#样品)为研究对象,探究根际土壤中微生物区系及可培养细菌群落结构、多样性的变化。同时,通过高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC)分析方法对土壤样品中的酚酸进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,2#样品和3#样品土壤可培养微生物总数量与1#样品相比分别下降61.37%和68.24%;可培养细菌分别下降61.36%和68.18%;可培养放线菌分别下降72.97%和75.68%;可培养真菌分别为1#样品的1.40倍和0.47倍。3种样品共分离到193株细菌,分属于4门6纲13目19科39属96种。3种样品中最优势菌纲均为芽孢杆菌纲Bacilli(相对分离频率分别为51.67%、64.00%、48.28%),1#样品、2#样品最优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属Bacillus(相对分离频率分别为15.00%、21.33%),3#样品最优势菌属为链霉菌属Streptomyces(相对分离频率为24.14%)。多样性分析显示,3种样品土壤可培养细菌多样性差异小且分布均较为均匀。3#样品中大量积累的香豆酸可能是人参连作障碍的主导化感物质。连作和土传病害未导致人参根际土壤可培养细菌群落多样性下降。土壤微生物总量的减少、可培养微生物区系的变化、高丰度的链霉菌属,以及香豆酸的积累可能是导致人参土传病害严重和连作障碍的主要原因。

人参中稀有人参皂苷转化工艺研究进展

近年来人参保健食品的开发呈上升趋势,稀有人参皂苷是具有更强生物活性的人参皂苷次级代谢物,在天然植物中含量极少。本文综述了稀有人参皂苷的转化工艺,为人参的进一步合理开发提供理论基础及技术参考。

人参根腐病离体抗性筛选方法初探

探讨了人参(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)根腐病离体抗性筛选方法的可行性,初步建立了一种快速高效的人参根腐病抗性筛选的方法。采用离体叶片、根块2种方法进行接种,结果表明,2种方法接种的发病情况基本一致,且用离体叶片比用根块筛选操作更简单,观察更方便;采用菌块、菌液2种接种方法分别对人参叶片的正、反面进行接种,结果表明,用菌块正面接种发病效果更好。进一步通过人参须回接试验初步证明了离体叶片抗性筛选方法的可行性。通过对不同品系人参进行接菌,发现FS抗病能力最高,FX2抗病能力最低。

HPLC法测定人参叶中人参黄酮苷的质量分数

采用高效液相色谱法,测定人参叶中的主要黄酮类成分人参黄酮苷[山柰酚-3-O-β-D-半乳糖(2→1)-β-D-葡萄糖苷]的质量分数.色谱条件:Zorbax Extend C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为V(甲醇):V(乙腈):V(体积分数为0.1%的醋酸水溶液)=25:5:70,流速为1.2mL/min,检测波长268nm,色谱柱温度为25℃.结果表明:在进样量0.5～20.0μg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9999(n=6);人参黄酮苷的平均回收率为98.5%;RSD=0.64%(n=6)。

人参茎叶挥发油中含氧化合物的分离与结构鉴定

Following six compounds have been at first time isolated from the stems and leaves of Ginseng Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer by TLC technique and identified by IR, LC MS and NMR as: (Ⅰ)hexadecanoic acid, (Ⅱ)1,7,7 trimethyl bicyclo 2,3 hexandione, (Ⅲ)(2 E,4E ) decadienal, (Ⅳ) Δ 4(8) ρ menthene 3 one, (Ⅴ)2,6 di tert butyl 4 methylphenol and (Ⅵ)2 methylmethahexadecanoate.

高架十字迷路课题中人参根和茎叶皂苷抗焦虑效果的研究

目的 研究人参根和茎叶皂苷抗焦虑效果。方法 高架十字迷路法。结果 中枢兴奋药咖啡因 40～ 80 m g/kg ig给药能使小鼠在开放通路中连续停留时间缩短 ,在封闭通路中停留时间延长。而中枢抑制药安定 1.5～ 3.0mg/ kg却能明显地延长小鼠在开放通路中的停留时间。人参根和茎叶皂苷 5 0～ 2 0 0 m g/ kg ig给药后同样地使小鼠在开放通路中连续停留时间延长 ,并且能使小鼠在开放路中往返次数增加。

HPLC法测定人参、西洋参和三七不同部位中人参皂苷的含量

目的:为了探讨人参、西洋参和三七中人参皂苷的资源含量,以确保人参、西洋参和三七中人参皂苷资源充分被利用,为开发以人参皂苷为主的创新药物提供科学数据。方法:采用高效液相色谱法对人参、西洋参和三七不同部位中人参皂苷的含量进行测定。色谱条件为:Agilent 1100 Series 高效液相色谱仪;色谱柱为德国 Nucleosil-C_(18)(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相为水-乙腈梯度洗脱,流速1.5 mL·min^(-1);A为水,B为乙腈;梯度洗脱程序为:0～16 min,56%B;16～20 min,56%→100%B;20～38 min,100%B;38～45 min,100%→56%B;45～60 min,56%B;60～70 min,56%B。所有组分均70 min 内出完。检测波长203 nm,柱温35℃,灵敏度为0.02AUFS。线性关系考察r=0.9994;精密度试验 RSD=0.26%,平均回收率为99.88%,重现性试验 RSD=2.0%,分离度为R=3.042。结果:人参须根含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(1.082%),人参茎叶则含有较高的人参皂苷 Rc(1.002%)、Re(3.430%)和 Rg_1(1.303%);西洋参根含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(2.213%)和 Re(0.9188%),西洋参芦头中含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(2.840%)和Re(1.224%);三七根含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(2.163%)和 Rg_1(2.633%),三七芦头中含有较高的人参皂苷 Rb_1(4.376%)和 Rg_1(4.145%)。结论:高效液相色谱法分离、分析人参皂苷效果好、准确、迅速、简便,也可作为评价人参属植物质量的有效分析方法。建议对人参、西洋参和三七中含量较高的人参皂苷进行提取分离,直接用于创新药物的开发。

人参茎叶挥发油中倍半萜烯化合物的分离与鉴定

对人参茎叶挥发油的有效成分进行分离纯化 ,利用薄层层析 (TL C)、红外光谱 (IR)、气相色谱 (GC)、气相色谱 -质谱 (GC/MS)联机技术从该挥发油中分离鉴定 6个倍半萜烯类化合物 .

增加光照强度对人参叶片生理生化的影响

目的:探讨增加光照强度对高纬度地区黑龙江人参生理生化的影响,为提高人参产量提供理论依据。方法:比较春、秋季节适时全光照并增施水杨酸(实验组)与正常遮阴(对照组)下人参超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量及叶绿素a、b含量差异。结果:实验组与对照组相比,人参叶片各酶活性均明显升高,SOD、CAT、POD分别升高27.52%、41.96%、37.70%;MDA含量明显低于对照组,降低了11.23%;叶绿素a无明显变化,但叶绿素b略低于对照组。结论:适时撤去遮阴棚,增加光照强度可以提高黑龙江人参保护酶系统活性,降低MDA含量,不会对人参造成伤害,为人参高产技术提供理论依据。

人参RAPD产物的限制性内切酶消化

为了鉴定随机扩增产物的同源性以及更有效地利用DNA分子标记研究人参种质资源，我们首次将毛细管PCR扩增的RAPD反应产物进行限制性内切酶消化并有效的进行了酶切位点分析，结果证明PCR-RFLP是筛选人参特异DNA分子标记的一种简单易行的新方法，可为药用植物种质资源研究提供另一有用的工具。

复方人参注射液粉末X-射线衍射指纹图谱研究

目的 :建立复方人参注射液的粉末X 射线衍射指纹图谱。方法 :采用粉末X 射线衍射衍射法测定药材、中间体和注射液的衍射图谱 ,对所得到的图谱进行特征峰指认和对比分析 ,获得各自的标准指纹图谱。结果 :10个批次的药材、中间体和注射液均有非常好的重现性 ,相似度达 85 %以上。结论 :粉末X 射线衍射方法可用于复方人参注射液的质量控制。

人参中蛋白质的分离纯化

以长白山人参为原料， 用盐溶液抽提、盐析、超过滤、离子交换层析及亲和层析分离纯化出一种人参蛋白质， 经 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法鉴定其纯度为一条带， 并测定其分子量在１４ ０００～１６ ０００ 之间．