Isostatic anomaly characteristics and tectonism of the New Britain Trench and neighboring Papua New Guinea

In this paper, we calculated Bouguer gravity anomalies and Airy-Heiskanen isostatic anomalies in the New Britain Trench and surrounding areas of Papua New Guinea. The calculations are based on a topographic model and a gravity anomaly model from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. Characteristics of the isostatic anomaly and the earthquake dynamic environment of this region are analyzed,and the results show that there are obvious differences in the isostatic state between each block in the region. Tectonic movements are very intense in regions with high positive or negative isostatic gravity anomalies, and a number of sub-plates in this area are driven by external tectonic action, such as plate subduction and thrusting, of the Pacific, Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. From the distribution of the isostatic gravity anomaly, the tectonic action of anti-isostatic movement obviously is the main source of power. Based on isostatic gravity and spatial distribution of earthquakes in the region, it is obvious that further contraction of the Indo-Australian Plate will result in the southwestern part of the Solomon Plate becoming part of the Owen Stanley thrust belt, and the northern part will enter the lower part of the Bismarck Plate. The eastern part of the Solomon Plate will enter the front of the Pacific Plate, resulting in northward and eastward migration of significant earthquakes along the Solomon Plate.

Identifying Factors of Obesity in Papua New Guinea: A Descriptive Study

Obesity and overweight are complex phenomena due to causes and consequences as these are the predisposing factors for developing lifestyle-related diseases. In the recent times, obesity and chronic diseases are being taken very seriously than ever before. Once upon a time, obesity was considered as a problem only in developed countries, now it is of a serious concern in low- and middle-income countries. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), a few studies have been conducted on obesity-related issues. However, there is not enough data on obesity to clearly understand about the leading contributing factors. Our research group designed this study to assess the influencing factors of obesity and as well as to identify the principal cause. It is a descriptive study, used structured and semi-structured interview and survey questionnaire. This study was conducted in the capital city of PNG, Port Moresby, and recruited 87 adults aged 30 - 50 years. According to interview and analysis findings, the contributing factors of obesity are less physical movement, unhealthy diet, lifestyle, cultural value system, low education and social system. Government strategies and initiatives are not strong enough to educate and motivate the community people. This study suggests developing an effective coordination among all stakeholders to ensure quality education and increase awareness to prevent obesity and its complications. The standard health policies and strategies are also recommended at the local, national and international level with strong commitment.

Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Variations between 1956 and 2016 for Papua New Guinea

The aim of the research was to assess the trend and variations in rainfall and temperature in Papua New Guinea between 1956 and 2016 (60 years) and project the trends from 2017 to 2047 (30 years). Meteorological data obtained from the World Bank Climate Database Headquarters in Washington, United States, from 1956 to 2016 were used in the models. The general linear model analysis was used to investigate the trend in both rainfall and temperature and to predict the future trends. Over the period of study period, 1956 to 2016, the study found that the climatic factors, rainfall and temperature pattern in Papua New Guinea have been changing. It was found that there is an increasing trend in rainfall and temperature. Projections revealed a further increase in rainfall and temperature into the future. Rainfall in Papua New Guinea has been increasing. The projection revealed that rainfall was trending upward with a linear model equation: Rainfall = 0.0093x + 252.38. The increased trend in rainfall suggests that there is an increased trend in evaporation and transpiration. For temperature, although it does not come down to zero and to negative at nights or go up to 40°C or 50°C during the day time as in other countries, the change is clear in the analysis made in the study that there is an increasing trend. If nothing is done to combat the current rate of climate change in the country, the increasing trend in rainfall and temperature would continue. This calls for immediate actions as the issue needs to be addressed in time. Therefore, it is recommended that the government of Papua New Guinea consider incorporating climate change policies into their development plans.

Determinants of Fertility Desires among HIV Positive Women Living in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea

The objective of this study was to identify determinants of fertility desires in HIV positive women living in the Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, a male-dominated, patrimonial society. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data in February, 2010. Two hundred and ninety one HIV-infected women participated in personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Sixty-six percent of the respondents were in polygamous relationships. Thirty-four percent of the participants desired a child in the future. Chi-square tests revealed that variables associated with desire for a child were age, marital status, number of children, current co-habitation with a partner, duration of time with a partner, receipt of the bride price, domestic physical violence, sexual activity in the previous three months, partner’s desire for a child, and current contraceptive use. Using multiple logistic regression, a partner’s positive desire for a child was the strongest predictor, with an odds ratio of 13.04 (95% CI = 5.6 -29.91). Fertility desires were largely influenced by dominant culturally sensitive issues and the family-oriented culture. The integration of effective counseling and reproductive healthcare service into HIV clinics is recommended. Holistic, culturally-relevant and family-oriented reproductive health counseling should provide more positive outcomes for both HIV-infected women and their children.

HIV Prevention in Papua New Guinea: Is It Working or Not?

Introduction: There is a global call for structural approaches to HIV that go beyond awareness and HIV testing to approach prevention work via the social and economic drivers of the epidemic. Papua New Guinea is the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in the Pacific, with an adult prevalence rate of 0.9%. Since 2004, there has been a concerted response to HIV, with vastly increased rates of HIV testing and roll-out of antiretroviral therapy, and considerable funding for HIV prevention. Objectives: While incidence is slowing there are still a considerable number of new infections each year and many commentators are worried that HIV prevention is not working in that country. This article aims to critically examine HIV prevention programs in Papua New Guinea to show whether HIV prevention is effectiveness in reaching those most vulnerable to infection. Methods: Using data from HIV prevention programs and behavioural surveys this article will assess how HIV prevention has been carried out and the effectiveness of those programs. Results: There is little evidence to indicate that HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea, particularly among those most at risk of HIV has been successful. Conclusion: there is a dearth of HIV prevention interventions in Papua New Guinea that go beyond awareness-raising to deal with the structural drivers of the epidemic.

Physico-chemical analysis of traditional vegetal salts obtained from three provinces of Papua New Guinea

Objective:To determine the chemical constituents of the traditional vegetal salts and find out if they are safe to consume.Methods:Seven different salts have been obtained from three provinces,of which five belong to Morobe Province.The cations were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and anions using titrimetry,gravimetry and spectrophotometry.Others like solubility,electrical conductivity,pH,antimicrobial,Fourier transform infrared spectral and volatility studies have been carried out for these salts.Results:While few salts were found to be stable,others were deliquescent;and the colour varies from white to black through yellow and brown.It was found that the potassium ion was dominant while others including sodium and calcium were found in lower concentrations.For the first time,certain d-block metal concentrations were measured though most of them were found to be present at very low levels.Other parameters like volatility,solubility,electrical conductivity,antimicrobial and Fourier transform infrared spectral studies were carried out for the first time for these vegetal salts in Papua New Guinea.Conclusions:The salt’s deliquescence could be correlated to the presence of anions like carbonate,bicarbonate and hydroxide which strongly contribute towards it.Similarly,solubility and conductivity of the salts could be correlated well.The salts were found to be harmless for consumption,but for the high potassium content.

巴布亚新几内亚瑞木镍钴矿大地构造背景与成矿地质特征

巴布亚新几内亚地质构造复杂,矿产资源丰富,其中镍钴矿床类型主要为红土型矿床。镍钴矿床分布比较集中,主要产出于新几内亚逆冲带和巴布亚超镁铁质岩带。前者以马丹省瑞木镍钴矿床为代表,规模巨大,埋藏较浅,易于勘探和适合露天开采。与镍钴矿床有关的岩浆岩大多为基性岩或超基性岩,矿床蚀变带发育且分带性明显。虽然镍钴矿床的矿物成分比较复杂,但是其矿石较易处理和利用。

进口巴布亚新几内亚原木上截获吉丁虫的鉴定

描述江苏口岸首次从巴新原木上截获的8种吉丁虫,隶属于窄吉丁Agrilus,澳纹吉丁Anilara,星吉丁Chrysobothris,胸斑吉丁Belionota,驼翅吉丁Cyphogastra。编制族属检索表,介绍8种的鉴别特征,并配以8种吉丁虫的原色图,对检疫性害虫窄吉丁非中国种的分类状况作了简介。

利用微卫星DNA标记分析巴布亚新几内亚三个地方鸡群体的遗传多样性及亲缘关系

为了解巴布亚新几内亚地方鸡群体的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,本研究利用20个微卫星DNA遗传标记,对3个群体、96个个体的基因型进行了测定,估算了群体内的杂合度和近交系数(FIS)以及群体间的遗传分化系数(FST)等多样性参数;根据Nei氏标准遗传距离,构建群体水平的NJ树和个体水平上的无根UPGMA树。结果表明,3个群体内的平均期望(基因)杂合度介于0.665 9至0.680 6,平均FIS介于0.020至0.286,总群体水平上的遗传变异仅占5.5%;3个群体相互之间的遗传分化均达到显著水平,在个体水平的无根UPGMA树上,来源同一群体的个体会优先聚为一类。这说明巴布亚新几内亚的3个地方鸡群体的遗传多样性比较丰富,群体间的遗传分化显著,应该分别加以保护和利用。

巴布亚新几内亚陆缘火山岛弧成矿带铜金成矿规律

巴布亚新几内亚陆缘火山岛弧成矿带形成于印澳板块与太平洋板块的边界带,其演化涉及俯冲与火山岛弧(岩浆弧)的形成、弧陆碰撞与造山、俯冲陆壳折返、岩浆侵入、成矿作用等多种地质作用。该成矿带的铜金成矿时代比较年轻,成矿集中于23Ma～12Ma、7Ma～1Ma及0. 5Ma～0Ma三个成矿高峰期。空间上可以分为6个成矿亚带,分别为奥克泰迪-波尔盖拉成矿亚带、弗里达河-拉穆成矿亚带、海登山谷-凯利门戈成矿亚带、托鲁库玛-比尼山成矿亚带、瓦普鲁-伍德拉克成矿亚带、利希尔-潘古纳成矿亚带。成矿带主要铜金矿床类型为斑岩型、浅成低温热液型和矽卡岩-斑岩型。成矿受控于俯冲作用、弧陆碰撞造山作用、侵入杂岩体、褶皱和断裂、破火山口等因素。

巴布亚新几内亚高等口腔医学教育概况

巴布亚新几内亚位于南太平洋,是各方面发展相对落后的一个发展中国家,但其高等口腔医学教育的现状和管理体系有着自己的特点。由此对现有情况下我国高等口腔医学教育体系的改革作一定思考。

巴布亚新几内亚原木上截获锥象的鉴定

江苏口岸从巴布亚新几内亚原木上共截获了9属11种锥象,本文给出了这9属的检索表和11个种的区别特征及原色图。其中的Cyphagogus能取食材小蠹和长小蠹;而Cerobates、Trachelizus、Baryrrhynchus等为害习性与长小蠹相似。也对锥象的检疫方法也作了探讨。

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿特征与控矿因素——以巴布亚新几内亚波尔盖拉金矿为例

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿在全球特别是环太平成矿带中具有重要意义,波尔盖拉金矿位于新几内亚造山带内较为典型的该类型金矿床。矿床的矿化与碱性的波尔盖拉侵入杂岩体有关,矿化主要发育在岩体与白垩纪Chim组的接触部位,矿化作用分为2期,矿化形态主要为脉状和角砾岩矿化,成矿物质和成矿流体具有明显的岩浆来源的特征。与成矿有关的波尔盖拉杂岩体侵入时代为5.99Ma,与成矿时间一致,并来源于被交代富集型的上地幔,该类碱性岩浆对于金的富集具有重要的意义。通过总结该类矿床的控矿因素和找矿标志为中国企业在该地区寻找同类型金矿提供参考。

巴布亚新几内亚浅成低温热液型金矿概述

巴布亚新几内亚大地构造位置上位于欧亚板块、印度-澳大利亚板块和太平洋板块三大板块结合部位,自白垩纪以来经历了复杂的构造演化过程,形成了特有的沟-弧-盆体系,使得区内广泛发育了岩浆弧有关的浅成低温热液型金矿。区内的浅成低温热液型金矿可分为低硫型和高硫型两种,而根据矿物组成、形成深度的不同,低硫型矿床又可分为石英-硫化物型、碳酸盐-贱金属型、浅成低温石英型和冰长石-绢云母型四个亚类型,低硫型金矿的不同的矿化亚类型常相互叠加,对于形成大型、超大型的金矿具有重要的意义。

对巴布亚新几内亚原木携带新白蚁的风险分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准（ISPM）规定的有害生物风险性分析（PRA）程序，利用相关风险性分析模型，从国内分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害栽培寄主的经济重要性、移植的可能性及风险性管理难度5个方面对巴布亚新几内亚新白蚁在中国的风险性进行定性、定量分析，其综合风险值R为2．01，符合检疫性有害生物的条件，据此提出了2条相关风险管理备选对策，并进行效率和影响分析，以期使风险减少到可接受的水平。

投资巴布亚新几内亚矿业的风险及防范建议

本文介绍了巴布亚新几内亚的矿产资源分布、矿产资源管理及矿业权设置状况,分析了投资巴布亚新几内亚存在基础设施不足、土地所有权分散、政府审批工作时间长、办事效率低等风险,建议投资者通过参股或企业间的联合竞购巴布亚新几内亚的新矿业项目,防范投资所面临的潜在风险。

巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床大地构造背景、成因类型与成矿特征

巴布亚新几内亚地质构造格架复杂,包括地台、碰撞造山带、外来地体、俯冲带、岛弧和海底扩张中心。巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床类型主要为斑岩型铜金矿床、浅成低温热液型金银矿床和夕卡岩型铜金矿床(三者之间具有密切的时间、空间和成因关系),其次为海底块状硫化物矿床。铜金矿床分布比较集中,主要产出于碰撞造山带和岛弧上,其次产出于现代海底扩张中心。铜金矿床大多规模巨大或较大,埋藏较浅,易于勘探和适合露天开采。与铜金矿床有关的岩浆岩大多为钙碱性火山岩和浅成侵入岩,少数与富钾碱性火山岩(橄榄玄粗岩)或侵入岩伴生。铜金矿床蚀变带发育且分带性明显,大多与斑岩体系和/或火山机构有关。虽然许多铜金矿床的矿物成分比较复杂,但是其矿石较易处理和利用。