Taxonomic Study of Five Parasitic Polypores of the Hymenochaetaceae Family of TIN Vegetation in Western Burkina Faso

The aim of this work is to inventory and study the lignicolous parasitic macrofungi of the Tin plant formation. The mycological outings from July to September 2018 and 2019, collected forty-four (44) basidiomes through a random sampling device over an area of 40,000 m2 including 1000 m long by 40 m2 wide. The standard methods and techniques used in mycology for taxonomic studies were used to describe and classify the carpophores collected in three families: Hymenochaetaceae, Ganodermataceae and Polyporaceae, into eight genera: Onnia (4.55%), Amauroderma (4.55%), Ganoderma (20.45%), Phellinus (52.27%), Inonotus (4.55%), Phellinopsis (6.82%), Grammothele (2.27%) and Trametes (4.55%). The genera Phellinus and Ganoderma were the most abundant. Finally, eight species were identified: Inonotus cf. ochroporus, Inonotus cf. pachyphloeus, Phellinus cf. cryptarum, Phellinus cf. hartigii, Phellinus cf. hippophaecola;Phellinus cf. robustus, Phellinus cf. igniarius, et Amauroderma cf. fasciculatum. Seven fungal species belong to the family Hymenochaetaceae and only the species Amauroderma cf. fasciculatum is a Ganodermataceae. However, all these fungal species are shown to be parasites of trunks and/or branches of the following woody: Parkia biglobosa (50%), Anogeissus leiocarpus (25%), Annona senegalensis (12.5%) and Mangifera indica (12.5%). Authors attest that the presence of phytoparasitic polypores in a plant formation is an indicator of aging hence the urgency to put in place the appropriate measures to safeguard and restore Tin’s plant formation.

Harmonics in the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor,Analytic Calculation Part Ⅱ:Synchronous Parasitic Torques,Radial Magnetic Forces

The magnetic field generated in the air gap of the cage asynchronous machine and the harmonics of the magnetomotive forces creating that magnetic field,as well as the synchronous parasitic torques,radial magnetic forces have been discussed in great detail in the literature,but always separately,for a long time.However,systematization of the phenomenon still awaits.Therefore,it is worth summarizing the completeness of the phenomena in a single study–with a new approach at the same time-in order to reveal the relationships between them.The role of rotor slot number is emphasized much more than before.New formulas derived for both synchronous torques and radial magnetic forces are used for further investigation.It will be shown that both phenomena in subject must be treated together.Formulas will be provided to take into account attenuation.Design guide will be provided to avoid dangerous rotor slot numbers.It will be shown that the generation of synchronous torques and radial magnetic forces do not depend–in this new approach-on the slot combination,but on the rotor slot number itself.

Harmonics in the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Analytic Calculation-Part Ⅰ: Differential Leakage, Attenuation, Asynchronous Parasitic Torques

The magnetic field generated in the air gap of the cage asynchronous machine and the harmonics of the magnetomotive forces creating that magnetic field, as well as the related differential leakage, attenuation, asynchronous parasitic torques have been discussed in great detail in the literature, but always separately, for a long time. However, systematization of the phenomenon still awaits. Therefore, it is worth summarizing the completeness of the phenomena in a single study – with a new approach at the same time-in order to reveal the relationships between them. The role of rotor slot number is emphasized much more than before. An existing, commonly used, but still impractical basic figure has been modified to more clearly demonstrate the response of the rotor for the harmonics of the stator. The need to treat differential leakage, asynchronous parasitic torques and attenuation together will be demonstrated: new formula for asynchronous parasitic torque is derived;the long-used characteristic curves for differential leakage and attenuation used separately so far was merged into one, correct curve in order to provide a correct design guide for the engineers.

Cadmium(Cd)exposure through Hyphantria cunea pupae reduces the parasitic fitness of Chouioia cunea:A potential risk to its biocontrol efficiency

Heavy metal contamination has been regarded as an environmental variable that affects the efficiency of pest biological control,but the parasitic fitness of parasitoids under heavy metal stress is poorly understood.Herein,the effect of Cd exposure through the host pupa of Hyphantria cunea on the parasitic fitness of Chouioia cunea was investigated,and the mechanism by which Cd exposure affects the interaction between H.cunea and C.cunea from the perspective of innate immunity in host insect and the oxidative status in the parasitoid offspring was explored.Our results indicated that Cd can be transferred from the H.cunea pupae to the parasitoid offspring,and the transfer coefficient reflected biological amplification.There were no significant differences in the rates of parasitism success and offspring emergence between the untreated and Cd-treated groups.However,after parasitizing Cd-accumulated pupae,the parasitic fitness of offspring wasps(e.g.,the number,individual size and life span)decreased significantly.Under Cd exposure,the cellular and humoral immunity of H.cunea pupae decreased significantly.Compared with the untreated group,the H_(2)O_(2)content of parasitoid offspring in the Cd-treated group was significantly increased.Cd exposure significantly inhibited superoxide dismutase activity in parasitoid offspring,but the contents of ascorbic acid and glutathione were significantly increased by Cd stress.Taken together,these results indicate that Cd exposure reduces the cyclic utilization efficiency of C.cunea on H.cunea pupae.The oxidative status of parasitoid offspring triggered by Cd exposure could be responsible for the reduced parasitic fitness of C.cunea on Cd-accumulated H.cunea pupae.

Unveiling the parasitic-reaction-driven surface reconstruction in Ni-rich cathode and the electrochemical role of Li_(2)CO_(3)

Nickel-rich transition-metal oxides are widely regarded as promising cathode materials for high-energydensity lithium-ion batteries for emerging electric vehicles. However, achieving high energy density in Ni-rich cathodes is accompanied by substantial safety and cycle-life obstacles. The major issues of Ni-rich cathodes at high working potentials are originated from the unstable cathode-electrolyte interface, while the underlying mechanism of parasitic reactions towards surface reconstructions of cathode materials is not well understood. In this work, we controlled the Li_(2)CO_(3) impurity content on LiNi_(0.83)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.07)O_(2) cathodes using air, tank-air, and O_(2) synthesis environments. Home-built high-precision leakage current and on-line electrochemical mass spectroscopy experiments verify that Li_(2)CO_(3) impurity is a significant promoter of parasitic reactions on Ni-rich cathodes. The rate of parasitic reactions is strongly correlated to Li_(2)CO_(3) content and severe performance deterioration of Ni83 cathodes.The post-mortem characterizations via high-resolution transition electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiles reveal that parasitic reactions promote more Ni reduction and O deficiency and even rock-salt phase transformation at the surface of cathode materials. Our observation suggests that surface reconstructions have a strong affiliation to parasitic reactions that create chemically acidic environment to etch away the lattice oxygen and offer the electrical charge to reduce the valence state of transition metal. Thus, this study advances our understanding on surface reconstructions of Nirich cathodes and prepares us for searching for rational strategies.

Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes (Glycine max L. Merr.) Susceptibility to Parasitic Nematodes in Western Part of Burkina Faso

Parasitic nematodes have been reported as one of the major constraints to soybean production worldwide. The majority of nematodes are so-called “free-living” and feed mainly on bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other nematodes. In Burkina Faso, the presence of parasitic nematodes has been reported in crops such as rice and sorghum. The objective of this study was to identify the genera and species of nematodes associated with soybean production in Burkina Faso. Investigations were carried out on 24 genotypes of a medium-maturity group of soybean at the Farako-Ba research station. Soil samples were taken from the trial soil before its installation. At harvest, soil samples with roots were taken from each genotype in the elementary plots. The composite sample is represented by 4 lots of soil samples with roots. Extractions and counts of nematodes were performed on the different lots. In total, 7 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with soybean were identified. Among these genera, Pratylenchus (100% of infected genotypes), Helicotylenchus (97.28%) and Scutellonema (94.44%) were the most prevalent in terms of frequency and abundance. Some soybean genotypes were less susceptible to the genus Pratylenchus is known to be highly pathogenic in soybean. These were mainly the genotypes TGX2025-10E, TGX2023-3E and TGX2025-14E.

Prevalence and Sensitization and Intestinal Parasitic Infestation of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in School Children of Kinshasa

Background: There is no study that estimates the prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis and the association between vernal keratoconjunctivitis and intestinal parasitic infestation in our setting. Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the vernal keratoconjunctivitis prevalence, describe the profile of sensitization and determine the association between vernal keratoconjunctivitis disease and intestinal parasitic infestation in school children of Kinshasa during the scholar year from 2022 to 2023. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was performed from September 2022 to June 2023. The children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis were recruited by using the four-stage probability sampling technique. Children attending in the school children of Kinshasa with vernal keratoconjunctivitis were enrolled in the classroom and underwent a clinical examination and skin prick test for 11 allergens and stool examination direct with microscope in the Laboratory. Data were entered in Microsoft Sheets using SPSS version 20.0. The Chi-square test was used to compare the sex, age groups, home environment (grow trees and/or flowers around the yard), dampness in the house, keeping pets (cat and/or dog), number of people per household, number of people sharing a bedroom and intestinal parasitic infestation. The significant level was set to a value of p Results: A total of 28,800 students from four-stage probabilist sampling technique in school of Kinshasa were included, and 2100 students had symptoms according to the vernal keratoconjunctivitis-related symptom questionnaire. Children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis were enrolled and the mean age ± standard was 7.2 ± 3.7 years, with a prevalence of 7.2% and gender was three boys for one girl. All vernal keratoconjunctivitis children recruited in urban and rural part had 33.1% positive skin prick test (SPT) and 67.9% showed polysensitization. Children an urban part was more sensitized than rural respectively with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 28.1% vs 28.9%, p = 0.00001, Blomia tropicalis. 15.9% vs 14.9%, p = 0.00001 and cockroach 12% vs 13%, p = 0.00001 in both parts. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis children in rural part were more affected to the intestinal parasite than urban with Ascaris lumbricoides 14% vs 18.3%, p = 0.0006, followed by Ancylostoma duodenale 9.5% vs 12.5%, p = 0.003, Anguillule 7.9% vs 10.1%, p = 0.001, Oxyure 5.7% vs 8.2%, p = 0.0001 and Trichuris trichiura 2.6% vs 3.3%, p = 0.0009. Conclusion: This study outlines that the prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis was 7.2% and 33.1% of children attending for vernal keratoconjunctivitis in school children had a positive skin prick test to at least one allergen, in particular for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Blomia tropicalis and cockroach. The most common intestinal parasitic infestation was Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Anguillule and Trichuris trichiura.

A novel method to collect sperm from brood parasitic cuckoos:Urodeum stimulation(UroS)method

Sperm competition has been studied in numerous species as a representative example of postcopulatory sexual selection,where sampling sperm from male is the most basic and important step.Sperm collection can be tricky in birds,however,because unlike mammals,the genitals of birds are generally latent in the cloacal region and their characteristics vary among species.Various methods to collect sperm from different birds have been tested,such as cloacal massage,feces collection,and electro-stimulation,but their applicability varies depending on species.In this study,we introduced the urodeum stimulation method(UroS method)to collect sperm from Cuculus cuckoos,such as the Common Cuckoo(C.canorus).These species are expected to have interesting patterns of pair bonding and sperm competition because of their unique breeding strategy called brood parasitism;however,it remains unexplored.In this study,we described the application of our new method to expel semen from male common cuckoos,measured the volume of semen collected,checked the presence of sperm in the semen sample,and finally estimated its success rate among 82 males.Samples were successfully collected from 76 cuckoos(approximately 93%)and the colors and volumes of the samples were very diverse.Sperm was present in 43 of these samples(57%),showing a sperm observation rate approximately twice as high as that of the conventional cloacal massage method.We believe that this novel method will contribute to a better understanding of postcopulatory sexual selection in avian brood parasites and facilitate the process of sperm collection and artificial insemination in other medium-sized birds.

Detection and Adaptation in Parasitic Angiosperm Host Selection

Developmental transitions in some parasitic angiosperms are tied directly to host-derived chemical cues (xenognosins). The obligate hemi-parasite Striga asiatica, initiates the root apical meristem population (germination), development of the host attachment organ (the haustorium), and shoot apical meristem initiation (seed coat shedding) in response to specific xengonosins. These checkpoints synchronize spatial and temporal tissue development. We have now exploited the external control over these developmental transitions to trace functional expression in haustorial organogenesis. Genes associated with phytohormone regulation, metabolism, vascular tissue development, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production identified in this study suggest an elaborate and global response closely tied to plant defense and redox chemistry that may also be components of a more general quorum sensing-type mechanism in plants.

Liver inflammatory pseudotumor or parasitic granuloma?

INTRODUCTION Liver pseudotumor is a very rare benign lesion.Since the first case reported by Pack and Baker in1953,only 40 cases had been reported up to 1996.The diagnostic challenge of hepatic inflammatorypseudotumor is emphasized by the fact that most ofthe reported cases were diagnosed by surgicalprocedures.Pathogenesis and etiology of

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and its relationship with socio-demographics and hygienic habits among male primary schoolchildren in Al-Ahsa,Saudi Arabia

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of different intestinal parasitic infections among male primary schoolchildren in Al-Ahsa,Saudi Arabia,and to explore the possible relative socioeconomic, environmental and behavioural sanitary correlates.Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed.A total of 1 289 male students aged from 7 to 12 years were selected randomly from 20 urban and 12 rural primary schools by multistage sampling method. Data collection was carried out by self administered questionnaire form to the parents/guardians of students and included inquires about socio-demographics,environmental conditions,and behavioural sanitary habits.Stool analysis was carried out to examine the presence of intestinal parasitic infections.Results:Overall prevalence of parasitic infections was 27.2%,more among rural students.Frequently encountered infections included Entamoeba histolytica/dispar(8.2%), Giardia lamblia(6.5%),Entamoeba coli(4.0%) and Enterobius vermicularis(1.6%).Logistic regression revealed that lower maternal educational level and occupational status,low family income,big family size,poor personal hygienic practices and positive history of previous intestinal infections among family members increased the likelihood of infections.Conclusions: Although of low magnitude,intestinal parasitic infections still represent a public health concern among male schoolchildren in Al-Ahsa region.Socio-demographic and poor personal hygienic habits are the main predictors for these infections.

Parasitic bipolar amplification in a single event transient and its temperature dependence

Using three-dimensional technology computer-aided design （TCAD） simulation, parasitic bipolar amplification in a single event transient （SET） current of a single transistor and its temperature dependence are studied. We quantify the contributions of different current components in a SET current pulse, and it is found that the proportion of parasitic bipolar amplification in total collected charge is about 30% in both ]30-nm and 90-nm technologies. The temperature dependence of parasitic bipolar amplification and the mechanism of the SET pulse are also investigated and quantified. The results show that the proportion of charge induced by parasitic bipolar increases with rising temperature, which illustrates that the parasitic bipolar amplification plays an important role in the charge collection of a single transistor.

The Unexplored Role of Probiotics on the Parasitic Pathogens

The beneficial bacteria coined as probiotics are used as therapeutics to the host and evidences are there to demonstrate to treat bacterial and viral respiratory infections, gastrointestinal diseases, eczema, inflammation, H. pylori infection, irritable bowel syndrome and allergic symptoms etc. In recent past, probiotics has been reported for the control of intestinal parasite infections as well as few non-gut infections spread among human and veterinary animals. Animal models and in vitro culture systems have been studied regarding cellular interactions between probiotics and pathogens or relevant host cells, though the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects have not yet fully discovered. Hence, more evidence based studies are warranted to correlate whether probiotics through multiple mechanisms might indeed provide a strain-specific protection against parasites to use it as therapeutics. This article has described the effect of probiotics in some of the intestinal as well as non-gut parasites and suggested the scope of exploring the benefit for protozoan parasite Leishmania, as India is planning for the elimination of the disease.

Preliminary study on detection and cleaning of parasitic bunches

To establish a nuclear resonant scattering beamline at the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS),it is essential to develop tools for detection and cleaning of parasitic bunches,for meeting the stringent demands on bunch purity.To this end,a novel time-correlated single-photon counting system was implemented at the electron storage ring of the Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II(BEPCII).The purity deterioration process over a week-long operation was recorded by the system.In this study,the mechanism of impurity growth was analyzed by numerical methods and validated on measurements.The agreement between the experimental results and the cal-culation was fairly good.Two main sources of parasitic bunches,pre-accelerators and the Touschek scattering were confirmed.A bunch-cleaning technique,based on a sinu-soidal signal mixed with a pseudo-square wave,was also developed and implemented,and its capability to improve the bunch purity to the level of 10–7 was experimentally demonstrated.We present the experimental setup,princi-ple,and measurement results of a system for detection and cleaning of parasitic bunches.

A Simple Weighted Integration Method for Calculating Surface Tension Force to Suppress Parasitic Flow in the Level Set Approach

Parasitic flows may occur in the numerical simulation of incompressible multiphase flow due to errors in the calculation of surface tension terms, specifically for the curvature and unit normal vector. An improved method for calculating the surface tension based on the level set approach is proposed, in which the contribution of not only the center node but also the rest area of a control volume to the calculation of surface tension is considered in a balanced manner. The weighted integration method (WIM) is more consistent with the concept of a banded in- terface in the level set method. It is applied to the temporal evolution of a two-dimensional neutrally buoyant liquid drop and a buoyancy driven deformable bubble in an immiscible fluid for the validation of WIM. The results show that the parasitic flows are evidently suppressed by the weighted integration method. The weight factors for WIM in 3-D cases are also suggested.

Status of intestinal parasitic infections among rural and urban populations, southwestern Iran

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections in the urban and rural areas of Shushtar County,southwest Iran.Methods: A total of 1 008 fecal samples were analyzed by direct smear examination,formalinether concentration,and Ziehl-Neelsen and trichrome staining; furthermore,PCR was used to distinguish Trichostrongylus and hookworm species based on 28 S rRNA gene.Results: Totally,16.0% cases tested positive,either with a pathogenic or a non-pathogenic parasite. Protozoa were detected in 14.0%,helminths in 1.0%,protozoa and helminth coinfections were detected in 0.3%,and co-infections of two protozoa were detected in 0.7% of cases. The most common protozoa and helminths were Giardia duodenalis(7.7%) and Trichostrongylus spp.(0.5%),respectively. Among five microscopy Trichostrongylus positive cases,Trichostrongylus culbriformis was successfully identified in three isolates by sequencing. In the rural areas,the prevalence of parasitic infection was higher(9.8%) than that in the urban areas(6.2%). A significant association was found between educational level,type of drinking water,animals contact,hand-washing,and clinical symptoms. Conclusions: This study indicates that intestinal parasitic infections remain as a public health priority in Shushtar County. It seems that drinking water and environmental sanitation are the main risk factors of parasitic infections in rural areas.

Low-parasitic ESD protection strategy for RF ICs in 0.35μm CMOS process

A systemic and comprehensive ESD-induced parasitic model is presented in this paper, which is used to analyse the parasitic influences of electrostatic discharge （ESD） protection circuits on the performance of radio frequency applications. A novel low-parasitic ESD protection structure is made in a 0.35μm 1P3M silicide CMOS process. The measured results show that this novel structure has a low parasitic capacitance about 310fF and a low leakage current about 12.2nA with a suitable ESD robustness target about 5kV human body model.

Instability of parasitic capacitance in T-shape-gate enhancementmode AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs

Parasitic capacitances associated with overhangs of the T-shape-gate enhancement-mode(E-mode)GaN-based power device,were investigated by frequency/voltage-dependent capacitance-voltage and inductive-load switching measurements.The overhang capacitances induce a pinch-off voltage distinguished from that of the E-mode channel capacitance in the gate capacitance and the gatedrain capacitance characteristic curves.Frequency-and voltage-dependent tests confirm the instability caused by the trapping of interface/bulk states in the LPCVD-SiNx passivation dielectric.Circuit-level double pulse measurement also reveals its impact on switching transition for power switching applications.

Influence of anode current density on carbon parasitic reactions during electrolysis

In the electro-deoxidation process,carbon parasitic reaction(CO_(3)^(2-)+4e–=C+3O^(2-))usually occurs when using carbon materials as the anode,which leads to increase of the carbon content in the final metal and decrease of the current efficiency of the process.The aim of this work is to reduce the negative effect of carbon parasitic reaction on the electrolysis process by adjusting anode current density.The results indicate that lower graphite anode area can achieve higher current density,which is helpful to increase the nucleation site of CO_(2) bubbles.Most of CO_(2) would be released from the anode instead of dissolution in the molten CaCl_(2) and reacting with O^(2-)to form CO_(3)^(2-),thus decreasing the carbon parasitic reaction of the process.Furthermore,the results of the compared experiments show that when the anode area decreases from 172.78 to 4.99 cm^(2),CO_(2) concentration in the released gases increases significantly,the carbon mass content in the final metal product decreased from 1.09%to 0.13%,and the current efficiency increased from 6.65%to 36.50%.This study determined a suitable anode current density range for reducing carbon parasitic reaction and provides a valuable reference for the selection of the anode in the electrolysis process.

Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities Against Selected Parasitic Diseases:Schistosomiasis,Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

Parasitic diseases continue to represent a threat on a global scale,particularly among the poorest countries in the world.This is particularly because of the absence of vaccines,and in some cases,resistance against available drugs,currently being used for their treatment.In this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants(AMPs)for lead drug discovery and possible further development of drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases.In the discussion,emphasis has been laid on alkaloids,terpenoids,quinones,flavonoids and narrower compound classes of compounds with micromolar range activities against Schistosoma,Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.In each subparagraph,emphasis is laid on the compound subclasses with most promising in vitro and/or in vivo activities of plant extracts and isolated compounds.Suggestions for future drug development from African medicinal plants have also been provided.This review covering 167 references,including 82 compounds,provides information published within two decades(1997-2017).