Successful management of severe hypoglycemia induced by total parenteral nutrition in patients with hepatocellular injury: Three cases reports

BACKGROUND Glucose imbalance is common in total parenteral nutrition(TPN).Hypoglycemia seems to be less frequent than hyperglycemia,but it influences the clinical outcome to a greater extent.Therefore,it should be effectively prevented and treated.However,there is no relevant report on how to treat hypoglycemia caused by TPN in patients with liver cell injury.CASE SUMMARY We present three patients with liver cell injury who developed severe hypo-glycemia during or after TPN infusion.The causes of severe hypoglycemia and glucose-raising strategies were discussed.According to the physiological charac-teristics of the hepatocellular injury,the ratio of nutrition components prescribed in TPN was appropriately adjusted for the three cases.We simultaneously reduced the dose of insulin and fat emulsion,and increased the dose of glucose in TPN.The blood glucose level was restored to normal range and clinical symptoms were eliminated.CONCLUSION When hypoglycemia occurs during or after TPN in patients with hepatocellular injury,physicians need to simultaneously reduce insulin and fat emulsion,and increase glucose,and correct severe hypoglycemia in time to reduce its adverse consequences.

Evaluation of the Application Effect of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Therapy Combined with a Health Belief Education Model in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objective:To evaluate the application effect of enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy combined with a health belief education model in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Methods:80 patients with inflammatory bowel disease admitted to the Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation were chosen.This study was carried out from August 2022 to October 2023.The patients were randomly divided into a study group(40 cases)and a control group(40 cases).The treatment plan for the control group was the conventional treatment model,while the treatment plan for the study group was to provide enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy combined with a health belief education model based on the control group.The efficacy of both groups was compared.Results:In the study group,the therapeutic effect for 31 patients(77.50%)was markedly effective and 7 was effective(17.50%),accounting for 95.0%of the total,which was higher than the control group at 80.0%(P<0.05).The relief time of relevant symptoms in the study group was shorter than that of the control group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no differences in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),interleukin 10(IL-10),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)between both groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the levels of inflammatory factors in the study group(hs-CRP(8.02±1.13)mg/L,IL-10(9.24±1.25)pg/mL,and TNF-α(7.19±1.04)ng/L)were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Enteral and parenteral nutritional therapy combined with a health belief education model showed significant efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease patients.Patient symptoms were relieved and inflammatory reactions were reduced.This method is worthy of popularization.

Research progress regarding the nutritional status and assessment methods of cerebral palsy patients

Cerebral palsy is a group of clinical disorders characterized by persistent central motor deficits and postural abnormalities due to non-progressive damage to the fetal or infant brain.Malnutrition is one of the most common clinical comorbidities in children with cerebral palsy and is the result of a combination of internal factors,such as the child’s structural and functional abnormalities,and external factors,such as the child’s feeding habits and family/social factors.The nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy is closely related to their development,quality of life,social participation,and life expectancy;thus,an objective and accurate understanding of the nutritional status of these children through rehabilitation assessment is essential for their growth and development.The current nutritional assessments include routine measurements of human nutritional parameters,scale-based assessments,and instrumental assessments.It is important to detect malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy at an early stage,reduce the prevalence of malnutrition,and improve the quality of survival.Therefore,this review aimed to analyze and summarize the nutritional status and assessment methods of children with cerebral palsy,to assess the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy from multiple perspectives,indicators and directions,and to provide reference for the early detection of co-morbid malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy.

Relationship between nutritional therapy and beneficial bacteria ratio in severe disease

Objective:To evaluate relationship between changes in the beneficial bacteria in intensive care unit(ICU)patients and nutritional therapy type.Methods:Ten patients aged≥18 years admitted to the ICU between January and December 2020,were included.Good enteral nutrition was defined as early achievement of target calorie intake through enteral feeding.The ratio of beneficial bacteria at the first and second bowel movements after each patient’s admission was calculated and the patients were classified into the increase or decrease group.Among all patients,five each were in the increase and decrease groups.We investigated patient background,changes in sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE)Ⅱscores,nutritional doses or methods,and clinical outcomes.Results:No relationship was found between changes in the ratio of beneficial bacteria and changes in SOFA/APACHEⅡscores at the time of admission.The rate of good enteral nutrition was significantly higher in the increase group than in the decrease group(4/5 vs.0/5,P=0.01).Conclusions:An increase in beneficial bacteria may be significantly related to the early establishment of enteral nutrition.In the future,accumulating cases may make it possible to establish a new nutritional strategy for critically ill patients from an intestinal microbiota perspective.

Nutritional epigenetics education improves diet and attitude of parents of children with autism or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BACKGROUND Unhealthy maternal diet leads to heavy metal exposures from the consumption of ultra-processed foods that may impact gene behavior across generations,creating conditions for the neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Children with these disorders have difficulty metabolizing and excreting heavy metals from their bloodstream,and the severity of their symptoms correlates with the heavy metal levels measured in their blood.Psychiatrists may play a key role in helping parents reduce their ultra-processed food and dietary heavy metal intake by providing access to effective nutritional epigenetics education.AIM To test the efficacy of nutritional epigenetics instruction in reducing parental ultra-processed food intake.METHODS The study utilized a semi-randomized test and control group pretest-posttest pilot study design with participants recruited from parents having a learning-disabled child with autism or ADHD.Twenty-two parents who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected to serve in the test(n=11)or control(n=11)group.The test group participated in the six-week online nutritional epigenetics tutorial,while the control group did not.The efficacy of the nutritional epigenetics instruction was determined by measuring changes in parent diet and attitude using data derived from an online diet survey administered to the participants during the pre and post intervention periods.Diet intake scores were derived for both ultra-processed and whole/organic foods.Paired sample t-tests were conducted to determine any differences in mean diet scores within each group.RESULTS There was a significant difference in the diet scores of the test group between the pre-and post-intervention periods.The parents in the test group significantly reduced their intake of ultra-processed foods with a preintervention diet score of 70(mean=5.385,SD=2.534)and a post-intervention diet score of 113(mean=8.692,SD=1.750)and the paired t-test analysis showing a significance of P<0.001.The test group also significantly increased their consumption of whole and/or organic foods with a pre-intervention diet score of 100(mean=5.882,SD=2.472)and post-intervention diet score of 121(mean=7.118,SD=2.390)and the paired t-test analysis showing a significance of P<0.05.CONCLUSION Here we show nutritional epigenetics education can be used to reduce ultra-processed food intake and improve attitude among parents having learning-disabled children with autism or ADHD.

Perioperative nutrition optimization:a review of the current literature

Objective:This article aims to elaborate the recent research status of perioperative nutrition optimization,in order to help clinical practice.Methods:This study employed a comprehensive and systematic method to search prominent databases,including PubMed and Web of Science,using carefully selected keywords.Following meticulous screening,the inclusion of high-quality studies was prioritized,and a thorough review of the references was conducted to comprehensively analyze the latest evidence on perioperative nutrition optimization.Results:The main contents include preoperative nutritional risk screening and assessment,nutritional support pathway,immune enhancing nutrition,preoperative and postoperative nutritional management,as well as personalized nutrition optimization strategies for specific populations(such as children,bariatric surgery patients,and cancer patients).Conclusions:In clinical practice,the importance of perioperative nutrition should be emphasized,and personalized nutrition management plans should be developed based on the characteristics and needs of patients.Further research and promotion of perioperative nutrition optimization strategies will help improve the overall prognosis and quality of life of surgical patients.

Early Enteral Combined with Parenteral Nutrition Treatment for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury:Effects on Immune Function,Nutritional Status and Outcomes

Objective To compare the conjoint effect of enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN)with single EN or PN on immune function, nutritional status, complications and clinical outcomes of patientswith severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).Methods A prospective randomized control trial was carried out from January 2009 to May 2012 inNeurological Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Patients of STBI who met the enrolment criteria (Glasgow ComaScale score 6~8; Nutritional Risk Screening ≥3) were randomly divided into 3 groups and were administratedEN, PN or EN＋PN treatments respectively. The indexes of nutritional status, immune function,complications and clinical outcomes were examined and compared statistically.

Effect of early enteral combined with parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM:To investigate the effect of early enteral nutrition(EEN)combined with parenteral nutritional support in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).METHODS:From January 2006,all patients were given EEN combined with parenteral nutrition(PN)(EEN/PN group,n=107),while patients prior to this date were given total parenteral nutrition(TPN)(TPN group,n=67).Venous blood samples were obtained for a nutrition-associated assessment and liver function tests on the day before surgery and 6 d after surgery.The assessment of clinical outcome was based on postoperative complications.Follow-up for infectious and noninfectious complications was carried out for 30 d after hospital discharge.Readmission within 30 d afterdischarge was also recorded.RESULTS:Compared with the TPN group,a significant decrease in prealbumin(PAB)(P=0.023)was seen in the EEN/PN group.Total bilirubin(TB),direct bilirubin(DB)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)were significantly decreased on day 6 in the EEN/PN group(P=0.006,0.004 and 0.032,respectively).The rate of gradeⅠcomplications,gradeⅡcomplications and the length of postoperative hospital stay in the EEN/PN group were significantly decreased(P=0.036,0.028and 0.021,respectively),and no hospital mortality was observed in our study.Compared with the TPN group(58.2%),the rate of infectious complications in the EEN/PN group(39.3%)was significantly decreased(P=0.042).Eleven cases of delayed gastric emptying were noted in the TPN group,and 6 cases in the EEN/PN group.The rate of delayed gastric emptying and hyperglycemia was significantly reduced in the EEN/PN group(P=0.031 and P=0.040,respectively).CONCLUSION:Early enteral combined with PN can greatly improve liver function,reduce infectious complications and delayed gastric emptying,and shorten postoperative hospital stay in patients undergoing PD.

A study of preoperative methionine-depleting parenteral nutrition plus chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients

AIM To investigate the interference ofmethionine.free parenteral nutrition plus 5-Fu（-MetTPN+5-Fu）in gastric cancer cell kineticsand the side effects of the regimen.METHODS Fifteen patients with advancedgastric cancer were randomly divided into twogroups,7 patients were given preoperatively aseven-day course of standard parenteralnutrition in combination with a five-day courseof chemotherapy（sTPN+5-Fu）,while the other8 patients were given methionine-deprivedparenteral nutrition and 5-Fu（-MetTPN+5-Fu）.Cell cycles of gastric cancer and normal mucosawere studied by flow cytometry（FCM）.Bloodsamples were taken to measure the serumprotein,methionine（Met）and cysteine（Cys）levels,and liver and kidney functions.RESULTS As compared with the resultsobtained before the treatment,the percentage ofG0/G1 tumor cells increased and that of S phasedecreased in the-MetTPN+5-Fu group,while thecontrary was observed in the sTPN+5-Fu group.Except that the ALT,AST and AKP levels wereslightly increased in a few cases receiving-MetTPN+5-Fu,all the other biochemicalparameters were within normal limits.Serum Cys level decreased slightly after the treatmentin both groups.Serum Met level of patientsreceiving sTPN+5-Fu was somewhat higher aftertreatment than that before treatment;however,no significant change occurred in the -MetTPN+5-Fu group,nor operative complications in bothgroups.CONCLUSION -MetTPN+5-Fu exerted asuppressive effect on cancer cell proliferation,probably through a double mechanism ofcreating a state of'Met starvation'adverse tothe tumor cell cycle,and by allowing 5-Fu to killspecifically cells in S phase.Preoperative short-term administration of -MetTPN+5-Fu had littleundesirable effect on host metabolism.

Early enteral nutrition vs parenteral nutrition following pancreaticoduodenectomy: Experience from a single center

AIM: To analyze and compare postoperative morbidity between patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and early enteral nutrition supplemented with parenteral nutrition (EEN + PN).METHODS: Three hundred and forty patients receiving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) from 2009 to 2013 at our center were enrolled retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups depending on postoperative nutrition support scheme: an EEN + PN group (n = 87) and a TPN group (n = 253). Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, preoperative biochemical parameters, pathological diagnosis, intraoperative information, and postoperative complications of the two groups were analyzed.RESULTS: The two groups did not differ in demographic characteristics, preoperative comorbidities, preoperative biochemical parameters or pathological findings (P &#x0003e; 0.05 for all). However, patients with EEN + PN following PD had a higher incidence of delayed gastric emptying (16.1% vs 6.7%, P = 0.016), pulmonary infection (10.3% vs 3.6%, P = 0.024), and probably intraperitoneal infection (18.4% vs 10.3%, P = 0.059), which might account for their longer nasogastric tube retention time (9 d vs 5 d, P = 0.006), postoperative hospital stay (25 d vs 20 d, P = 0.055) and higher hospitalization expenses (USD10397 vs USD8663.9, P = 0.008), compared to those with TPN.CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that TPN might be safe and sufficient for patient recovery after PD. Postoperative EEN should only be performed scrupulously and selectively.

A study of the ameliorating effects of carnitine on hepatic steatosis induced by total parenteral nutrition in rats

AIM To investigate the effects of carnitine on ameliorating hepatic steatosis induced by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in animal model. METHODS Eighteen normal Wistar rats and 19 cirrhotic Wistar rats induced by carbon tetrachloride were randomly divided into three groups, i.e., free access to food and drink (group A), TPN (group B) and TPN+carnitine (group C) for one week, respectively. Hepatic function, histology and its fat content were determined on the 7th day. RESULTS Hepatic triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) contents were significantly higher in groups B and C than in group A, and significantly lower in group C than in group B in both normal and cirrhotic rats (all P <0 05). Histopathological examinations revealed that hepatic steatosis was more severe in group B than in group C in both normal and cirrhotic rats. CONCLUSION Carnitine can ameliorate hepatic steatosis associated with TPN in both non cirrhotic and cirrhotic rats.

Impact of postoperative omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immunomodulations in colorectal cancer patients

AIM: To investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid parenteral supplementation postoperatively on clinical outcomes and immunomodulation in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing radical colorectal cancer resection with an indication for total parenteral nutrition postoperatively were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Patients received total parenteral nutrition supplemented with either soybean oil (LCT; Intralipid, Fresenius-Kabi, SO group, n = 21) or a combination of omega-3 fish oil and soybean oil (LCT:fish oil = 5:1, fish oil; Omegaven, Fresenius-Kabi, FO group, n = 21), up to a total of 1.2 g lipid/kg per day for 7 d postoperatively. A same volume calorie and nitrogen was administrated. Routine blood test, biochemistry, systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative d 1 and 8. Patient outcome was evaluated considering mortality during the hospital stay, length of postoperative hospital stay, and occurrence of infectious complications. RESULTS: Both lipid regimens were well tolerated. No differences between the two groups were noticed in demographics, baseline blood test, biochemistry, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, percentage of CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes, and ratios of CD4+/CD8+. Compared with those on postoperative d 1, serum IL-6 levels onpostoperative d 8 were significantly depressed in the FO group than in the reference group (-44.43 ± 30.53 vs -8.39 ± 69.08, P = 0.039). Simultaneously, the ratios of CD4+/CD8+ were significantly increased in the FO group (0.92 ± 0.62 vs 0.25 ± 1.22, P = 0.035). In addition, depression of serum TNF-α levels (-0.82 ± 2.71 vs 0.27 ± 1.67, P = 0.125) and elevation of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocyte percentage (12.85 ± 11.61 vs 3.84 ± 19.62, P = 0.081, 17.80 ± 10.86 vs 9.66 ± 17.55, P = 0.084, respectively) were higher in the FO group than in the reference group. Patients in the FO group trended to need a shorter postoperative hospital stay (17.45 ± 4.80 d vs 19.62 ± 5.59 d, P = 0.19). No statistically significant difference was found when stratified to mortality and occurrence of infectious complications. CONCLUSION: Postoperative supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids may have a favorable effect on the outcomes in colorectal cancer patients undergoing radical resection by lowering the magnitude of inflammatory responses and modulating the immune response.

Hypocaloric peripheral parenteral nutrition with lipid emulsion in postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients

AIM:To investigate the use of lipid emulsion substitutingfor glucose in postoperative hypocaloric peripheral parenteral nutrition (HPPN).METHODS:This prospective, randomized study was conducted on 20 postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients. They were randomized and equally divided into interventional group and control group, and both were administered isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with for lipid emulsion substituting for partial glucose loads in the interventional group.RESULTS: Nutritional parameters and biochemical data were compared between the two groups before and after 6-d of HPPN. Most investigated variables showed no significant changes after administration of HPPN with lipid emulsion. However, the postoperative triglyceride level was significantly lower in the interventional group than in the control group (P < 0.05). In comparison with lipid emulsion, glucose administration resulted in less decrease in postoperative prealbumin level (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: In addition to supplementing with essential fatty acid, it seems that HPPN with lipid emulsion is well-tolerated and beneficial to postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Influence of L-methionine-deprived total parenteral nutrition with 5-fluorouracil on gastric cancer and host metabolism

AIM: To investigate the influence of L-methionine-deprived total parenteral nutrition with 5-FU on gastric cancer and host metabolism. METHODS: N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induced gastric cancer rats were randomly divided into four groups: Met-containing TPN group (n=11), Met-deprived TPN group (n =12), Met-containing TPN+5-FU group (n=11) and Met-deprived TPN+5-FU group (n=12). Five rats in each group were sacrificed after 7 days of treatment and the samples were taken for examination. The remaining rats in each group were then fed separately with normal diet after the treatment until death, the life span was noted. RESULTS: The tumors were enlarged in Met-containing group and shrank in Met-deprived group markedly after the treatment. The DNA index (DI) of tumor cells and the body weight (BW) of rats had no significant change in the two groups, however, the ratio of tumor cells'S phase was increased. The ratio of G2M phase went up in Met-containing group, but down in Met-deprived group. In the other two groups that 5-FU was added, the BW of rats, and the diameter of tumors, the DI of tumor cells, the S and G2M phase ratio of tumor cells were all decreased, particularly in Met-deprived plus 5-FU group. Pathological examination revealed that the necrotic foci of the tumor tissue increased after Met-deprived TPN treatment, and the nucleoli of tumor cells enlarged. In MetTPN+5-FU group, severe nuclear damage was also found by karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis, meanwhile there was slight degeneration in some liver and kidney cells. The serum free Met and Cysteine decreased markedly (P【0.001), while other amino acids, such as serum free serine and glutamine increased significantly (P【0.005). All the rats died of multiple organ failure caused by cancer metastasis. The average survival time was 18.6 days in Met-containing TPN group, 31 days in Met-deprived TPN group, 27.5 days in Met-containing TPN+5-FU group, and 43 days in Met-deprived TPN+5-FU group (P【0.05). CONCLUSION: Met-deprived TPN causes methionine starvation of tumor cells, and can enhance the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU and prolong the life span of gastric cancer bearing rats.

Glutamine dipeptide for parenteral nutrition in abdominal surgery:A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AIM: To assess the clinical and economical validity of glutamine dipeptide supplemented to parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. METHODS: A meta-analysis of all the relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. The trials compared the standard PN and PN supplemented with glutamine dipeptide in abdominal surgery. RCTs were identified from the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and ISI web of knowledge (SCI). The search was undertaken in April 2006. Literature references were checked by computer or hand at the same time. Clinical trials were extracted and evaluated by two reviewers independently. Statistical analysis was performed by RevMan4.2 software from Cochrane Collaboration. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Nine RCTs involving 373 patients were included. The combined results showed that glutamine dipeptide has a positive effect in improving postoperative cumulative nitrogen balance (weighted mean difference (WMD = 8.35, 95% CI [2.98, 13.71], P = 0.002), decreasing postoperative infectious morbidity (OR = 0.24, 95% CI [0.06, 0.93], P = 0.04), shortening the length of hospital stay (WMD= -3.55, 95% CI [-5.26, -1.84], P < 0.00001). No serious adverse effects were found. CONCLUSION: Postoperative PN supplemented with glutamine dipeptide is effective and safe to decrease the infectious rate, reduce the length of hospital stay and improve nitrogen balance in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Further high quality trials in children and severe patients are required, and mortality and hospital cost should be considered in future RCTs with sufficient size and rigorous design.

Effects of glutamine-containing total parenteral nutrition on phagocytic activity and anabolic hormone response in rats undergoing gastrectomy

AIM: To investigate the effect of glutamine (Gln)-containing parenteral nutrition on phagocytic activity and to elucidate the possible roles of Gln in the secretion of anabolic hormones and nitrogen balance in rats undergoing a gastrectomy. METHODS: Rats with an internal jugular catheter were divided into 2 experimental groups and received total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The TPN solutions were isonitrogenous and identical in nutrient compositions except for differences in amino acid content. One group received conventional TPN (control), and in the other group, 25% of the total amino acid nitrogen was replaced with Gin. After receiving TPN for 3 d, one-third of the rats in each experimental group were sacrificed as the baseline group. The remaining rats underwent a partial gastrectomy and were killed 1 and 3 d, respectively, after surgery. Plasma, peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF), and urine samples were collected for further analysis. RESULTS: The Gln group had fewer nitrogen losses 1 and 2 d after surgery (d1, 16.6±242.5 vs-233.4±205.9 mg/d, d2, 31.8±238.8 vs-253.4±184.6 mg/d, P<0.05). There were no differences in plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels between the 2 groups before or after surgery. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was higher in the Gln group than in the control group 1 d after surgery (A 1185±931 vs323±201, P<0.05). There were no differences in the phagocytic activities of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils between the 2 groups at the baseline or on the postoperative days. No significant differences in interleukin-1β or interleukin-6 concentrations in PLF were observed between the 2 groups. However, tumor necrosis factor-α level in PLF was significantly lower in the Gln group than in the control group on postoperative d 3. CONCLUSION: TPN supplemented with Gln can improve the nitrogen balance, and enhance macrophage phagocytic activity at the site of injury. However, Gin supplementation has no effect on phagocytic cell activity in the systemic circulation, GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 might not be responsible for attenuating nitrogen losses in rats with a partial gastrectomy.

Effect of parenteral and early intrajejunal nutrition on pancreatic digestive enzyme synthesis, storage and discharge in dog models of acute pancreatitis

AIM： To study the effect of early intrajejunal nutrition on enzyme-protein synthesis and secretion during acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Fifteen dogs were randomly divided into parenteral nutrition （n = 7） and early intrajejunal nutrition groups （n = 8）. An acute pancreatitis model was induced by injecting 5% sodium taurocholate and trypsin into the pancreas via the pancreatic duct. Intrajejunal nutrition was delivered with a catheter via a jejunostomy tube after the model was established for 24 h. On d 1 and 7 and at the beginning of nutritional support, radioactive tracing and electron microscopes were used to evaluate the enzyme-protein synthesis in acinar cells, the subcellular fractionation and the change in zymogen granules after 1.85 × 10^6 Bq L-3H phenylalanine was infused at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. RESULTS： The 3H radioactivity in pancreatic acinar cells reached its peak level at 60 min, and the contents in the early intrajejunal nutrition group were higher than those in the parenteral nutrition group, which were then decreased. The mean number and area of zymogen granules did not show any significant statistical difference in both groups on d i or on d 7 （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Early intrajejunal nutrition might be effective in dogs with acute pancreatitis.

S-adenosylmethionine in treatment of cholestasis after total parenteral nutrition: laboratory investigation and clinical application

Objective: To observe the effects of S-adenosylmethio-nine (SAMe) in the treatment of cholestasis after totalparenteral nutrition (TPN).Methods: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided intocontrol group, hypercalorie group, hypercalorie+SAMegroup, sepsis group and sepsis+SAMe group to com-pare their states of cholestasis. Sixteen patients re-ceived SAMe because of cholestasis after prolongedTPN, and the therapeutic efficacy was observed.Results: Bile flow was obviously decreased and theserum levels of total bile acid and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT) were markedly increased in thehypercalorie and sepsis groups. Meanwhile, hepatocytefatty degeneration, dilatation of cholangioles, and bilesludge could be seen microscopically. SAMe adminis-tration in the hypercalorie+SAMe and sepsis+SAMegroups could increase the bile flow, decrease theserum levels of total bile acid and γ-GT, reduce thepathological damage to the liver, and clear the bilesludge in the cholangioles. Cholestasis and abnormalliver function were the main manifestations of the 16patients before SAMe administration. After SAMe treat-ment for 3 weeks, serum levels of total bilirubin, al-kaline phosphatase(AKP), γ-GT, alanine aminotrans-ferase(ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)were obviously decreased, and normalized in the 4thweek.Conclusion: SAMe could prevent and treat cholestasiswithout discontinuation of TPN.

Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition attenuates plasma interleukin-6 in surgical patients with lower disease severity

AIM： To evaluate whether the effect of Gin dipeptideenriched total parenteral nutrition （TPN） on postoperative cytokine alteration depended on the disease severity of surgical patients. METHODS： Forty-eight patients with major abdominal surgery were allocated to two groups to receive isonitrogenous （0.228 g nitrogen/kg per d） and isocaloric （30 kcal/kg per d） TPN for 6 d. Control group （Cony） using conventional TPN solution received 1.5 g amino acids/kg per day, whereas the test group received 0.972 g amino acids/kg per day and 0.417 g L-alanyI-L-glutamine （Ala-GIn）/kg per day. Blood samples were collected on d 1 and d 6 postoperatively for plasma interleukin （IL）-2, IL-6, IL-8, and interferon （IFN）-γ analysis. RESULTS： Plasma IL-2 and IFN-γ were not detectable. IL-6 concentrations were significantly lower on the 6^th postoperative day in the Ala-GIn group than those in the Cony group in patients with APACHE Ⅱ≤6, whereas no difference was noted in patients with APACHE Ⅱ〉6. There was no difference in IL-8 levels between the two groups. No difference in cumulative nitrogen balance was observed on d 2-5 after the operation between the two groups （Ala-GIn -3.2±1.6 g vs Cony -6.5±2.7 g）. A significant inverse correlation was noted between plasma IL-6 levels and cumulative nitrogen balance postoperatively in the Ala-GIn group, whereas no such correlation was observed in the Conv group. CONCLUSION： TPN supplemented with Gin dipeptide had no effect on plasma IL-8 levels after surgery. However, Gin supplementation had a beneficial effect on decreasing systemic IL-6 production after surgery in patients with low admission illness severity, and lower plasma IL-6 may improve nitrogen balance in patients with abdominal surgery when Gin was administered.

EFFECTS OF ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION ON GASTROENTERIC HORMONES AND GASTRIC MOTILITY AFTER SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY

Objective To investigate the effects of enteral nutrition （EN） and parenteral nutrition （PN） on gastric motility and gastroentefic hormones after subtotal gastrectomy. Methods Forty-one patients underwent gastrectomy were randomly divided into EN group （n=20） and PN group （n=21 ）. From the first postoperative day to the seventh day, patients received either EN （EN group） or PN （PN group） with isocalofic （84.9kJ·kg^-1·d^-1） and isonitrogenous （0.11g·kg^-1·d^-1） intake. Serum gastrin （GAS）, plasma mofilin （MTL）, and plasma cholecystokinin （CCK） were measured on preoperative day, the first and seventh postoperative day. Electrogastrography （EGG） was measured on preoperative day and the seventh postoperative day. Results Compared with preoperafion, blood GAS, MTL, and CCK levels of 41 patients decreased significantly on the first day after subtotal gastrectomy （ P 〈 0. 001 ）, but returned to the preoperative levels one week later. EGG after gastrectomy showed that gastric basal electrical rhythm was significantly restrained （ P 〈 0. 001 ）. On the seventh day after subtotal gastrectomy, plasma MTL and CCK levels in EN group were higher than those in PN group （ P 〈 0.05 ）. There was no difference in GAS level between two groups. EGG in EN group was better than that in PN group postoper- atively. Conclusions The levels of gastroentefitic hormones and the gastric motility decrease significantly after subtotal gastrectomy. In contrast with PN, EN can accelerate the recovery of MTL, CCK, and gastric motility after subtotal gastrectomy.