Overview of Pharmaceutical Research on Passiflora foetida L.

Based on extensive literature search,the composition,pharmacology,clini cal applications of Passiflora foetida L,ecological characteristics were summarized with the aim to provide scientific data for further research and exploitation.

Only Attract Ants?The Versatility of Petiolar Extrafloral Nectaries in Passiflora

Passiflora species presents a coevolutive relationship with Heliconiini butterflies, their primary herbivores. The Heliconiini caterpillars are able to detoxify toxic compounds produced by Passiflora, thus morphological defense strategies stand out over chemical innovations. In this framework, we highlight the presence of mimetic structures and extrafloral nectaries (EFN) as morphological strategies. Heliconian butterflies oviposit only on leaves that do not possess previous eggs, so the presence of egg mimics could prevent the oviposition. EFN are glands that offer nectar to territorial and aggressive ants, establishing mutualistic relationships. Here, we present a structural and chemical analysis of petiolar EFN and nectar from Passiflora alata and P. edulis in order to have insights about the implications of these features in deterring heliconian caterpillars. P. alata have one to four stipitate-crateriform EFN while P. edulis possess a pair of convex glands. Butterflies lay their eggs isolatedly or in up to three on leaves of both species. Our morphological results suggest that EFN from P. alata may act as egg mimics. Ontogenetic data suggest that the variation in the number of glands observed in this species is a serial homology, wherein the selection pressure for this variation is possibly the oviposition pattern. P. alata retain alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids inside nectariferous cells;sugars and flavonoids are found in the nectar of both species, while alkaloids are also detected in P. edulis. There is a selective retention/release of secondary metabolites from the EFN tissues to nectar. Knowing that these compounds can be dissuasive to some herbivores and inoffensive to others, we plotted this relationship in a consumer growth versus secondary metabolite concentration diagram. Our results suggest a more active role in the modulation of the gland defense from plants besides the establishment of a mutualistic relationship with ants, an important response in a coevolutive scenario.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Passiflora foetida L.

Objective:To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida(P.foetida) leaves.Methods:Ethanol extract of P.foetida leaf was evaluated for analgesic action by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate method in albino mice.The anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic leaf extract was tested by carrageenan induced acute paw edema and histamine induced acute paw edema in rats.Results:The dose 200 mg/kg of P. foetida leaf extract exhibited highest significant analgesic activity[(13.50±0.43) min]at a reaction time of 20 min in hot plate method in mice.The ethanol extract of leaf dose 100 mg/kg produced a highly significant anti inflammatory effect[(1.302±0.079) mL]in rats.Conclusions:It is very clear that P.foetida also has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities for the pharmaceuticals.

侵染西番莲属(Passiflora)植物的五个黄瓜花叶病毒分离物的特性比较

从紫果西番莲（Ｐａｓｉｆｌｏｒａｅｄｕｌｉｓ）、杂交种西番莲（Ｐ．ｅｄｕｌｉｓＸＰ．ｅｄｕｌｉｓｖａｒ．ｆｌａｖｉｃａｒｐａ）、黄果西番莲（Ｐ．ｅｄｕｌｉｓｖａｒ．ｆｌａｖｉｃａｒｐａ）、转心莲（Ｐ．ｃａｅｒｕｌｅａ）及龙珠果（Ｐ．ｆｏｅｔｉｄａ）分离到的５个黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）分离物（ＰＥ、ＰＥ２、ＰＥｆ、ＰＣ、ＰＦ）所作的生物学性质、理化特性和血清学关系的比较研究结果表明，５个分离物在寄主反应及血清学性质上存在不同，而在病毒粒体形态、体外抗性、蚜虫传毒和病毒外壳蛋白分子量方面无明显差异。根据５个分离物的寄主反应和血清学关系，可将其区分为ＣＭＶ的两个亚组，其中ＰＥ、ＰＥ２、ＰＣ和ＰＦ属ＣＭＶ亚组Ｉ，ＰＥｆ属ＣＭＶ亚组Ｉ。

CMV-Pf-CP基因表达载体的构建及转化西番莲(Passiflora edulis)的研究

以黄瓜花叶病毒 (Cucumbermosaicvirus ,CMV )西番莲分离物的外壳蛋白基因(CMV Pf CP)为目的基因 ,插入 pBI12 1质粒 35S启动子后 ,构建了植物表达载体 pBIC ;以子叶和胚轴为外植体 ,初步建立了西番莲转基因体系 ,采用土壤根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导法进行西番莲转化研究 ,获得了抗卡那霉素的转基因再生植株。通过对所获得的再生植株进行PCR扩增检测 ,结果表明CMV -Pf -CP基因已导入西番莲植株中。

Microencapsulation of Banana Passion Fruit (<i>Passiflora tripartita Var. Mollissima</i>): A New Alternative as a Natural Additive as Antioxidant

Banana passion fruit (P. tripartita var. Mollissima) is one of the most promising tropical fruits giving its antioxidant activity (AOA) to replace synthetic additives. Despite this property, there are no studies about the metabolites responsible for its biological function or proposals for the application of technologies, such as microencapsulation by spray drying, to improve its properties and ease its incorporation in several food matrices. The aim of this study is to microencapsulate the pulp of banana passion fruit with several mixtures of encapsulants and identify which one of these mixtures is better to preserve its AOA. The antioxidant activity values for the banana passion fruit pulp were as follows: DPPH: 6630.2 ± 91 μMtrolox/100g;ABTS: 18764.3 ± 270.4 μMtrolox/100g;FRAP: 1703.6± 938.2 mgAA/100g, ORAC: 8105.4 ± 424.2 μmol TEAC/100g of sample;Total phenols: 8862.2 ± 451.4 gallic ac. mg/100g. The concentrations of the bioactive compounds expressed in mg of gallic acid per 100 g of the pulp on a dry base were 13.9 ± 0.004;5.9 ± 0.001 and 126.3 ± 0.004 for caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, respectively. The best shelf-life followed by ABTS in eight assays was between 28.8 and 31.5 weeks using maltodextrin and modified starch, MD:MS (1/4:3/4) and MD:MS (0:1), respectively. In conclusion, ABTS is the best method to measure the AOA in banana passion fruit because it correlated with the phenolic compounds better than DPPH and FRAP methods. Additionally, two options were found to protect the AOA and to extent the shelf-life of the passion fruit by spray-drying, with mixtures of encapsulants widely used in the food industry.

A New Phytosterone from Passiflora wilsonii

A new phytosterone named passionsterone 1 has been isolated from the roots of Passiflora wilsonii, along with the known compound 24R-ethyl-5 α-cholestane-3 β ,6 a -diol 2. The structure of passionsterone 1 was elucidated as 24R-ethyl-5 α -cholestane-3 β,6 α-diol-23-one by spectroscopic means.

Quantitative determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn. leaves using HPTLC

Objective: To establish a simple, rapid, precise and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC) method with densitometric detection for the determination of vitexin in Passiflora foetida Linn.(P. foetida).Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant leaf powder was used for the experimental work.Separation was performed on silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with ethyl acetate:methanol: distilled water: formic acid in the proportion of 50:2:3:6(v/v), as the mobile phase. The determination was carried out using the densitometric absorbance mode at340 nm.Results: Vitexin response was linear over the range of 2.5–17.5 mg/m L with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. Intraday and interday precision studies showed the relative SD was< 3%. Accuracy of the method was determined and the average recovery was 100.3%.The limit of quantitation and limit of detection were 0.879 and 0.290 mg/m L, respectively.The contents of vitexin in P. foetida leaf extracts were within the range of 0.030%–0.310%.Conclusions: The method was evaluated for sensitivity, accuracy, precision and reproducibility. Each analysis by HPTLC is less expensive than current methods. This method is suitable for routine quality control of raw material of the leaves of P. foetida extract and its products.

Antihyperglycemic effect of Passiflora glandulosa cav. fruit rinds flour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Objective:To investigate the effect of administration of Passiflora glandulosa(P.glandulosa) fruit rinds flour on streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice.Methods:The preliminary phytochemical screening and parameters such as centesimal composition and brine shrimp toxicity were evaluated.For in vivo study Swiss female mice were divided into four groups:NC-normal control;DC-diabetic control animals receiving saline;MET-diabetic animals receiving metformin(200 mg/kg);PFRF-diabetic animals receiving P.glandulosa fruit rinds flour(200 mg/kg).All of them were treated for 28 d.STZ was used in a single dose of 120 mg/kg to establish diabetic models.Body weight,water and food intake,fasting blood glucose were measured.Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver were performed to evaluate STZ-induced tissue injuries.Results:Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavanones and triterpenoids.The P.glandulosa fruit rinds flour was non-toxic by the brine shrimp test.The fruit rinds flour also reduced the loss of body weight and significantly decreased food intake in the diabetic mice.Additionally,a significant reduction in blood glucose was observed for 15 d and this was maintained on 21 d and 28 d when compared with diabetic mice.Furthermore,the P.glandulosa fruit rinds flour has a favourable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in STZ induced diabetes.Conclusions:It is concluded that P.glandulosa fruit rinds flour is a natural product that contains potent antioxidant compounds and presents good prospects for the improvement of diabetic mellitus by reducing serum glucose levels.

Development Status and Countermeasures of Passiflora spp.Seedling Industry in Qinzhou,Guangxi

In recent years,the development trend of passion fruit seedling industry in Qinzhou,Guangxi is good,but on the whole,it is still in its infancy and the development of the industry is fragile.This paper briefly described the development status and existing problems of the passion fruit seedling industry in Qinzhou,Guangxi,and put forward reasonable suggestions in order to promote the healthy development of the passion fruit seedling industry,increase farmers’income and prosper rural economy.

<i>Cladosporium</i>: Causal agent of scab in purple passion fruit or gulupa (<i>Passiflora edulis</i>Sims.)

The Scab of purple passion fruit or gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims.) is a serious disease, affecting all aerial organs of the plant, but also to reducing the visual quality of the fruits, which reduces export production. To determine the primary causal agent of disease in Colombia, associated microorganisms were isolated from scab lesions on stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, recovering in PDA. Obtaining Cladosporium, Colletotrichum and Botrytis. Cladosporium had the highest frequency of fungal isolates. 15 strains were evaluated for their pathogenicity on fruits and leaves of gulupa in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. 9 strains caused symptom expression at 95% humidity and 17°C - 20°C, validating Cladosporium as causal agent of gulupa scab. For those pathogenic strains, were determinate incubation and latency periodsin leaves (7 - 11 and 8 - 12 DPI) and fruits (6 - 10 and 8 - 12 DPI) revealing differences or virulence levels in the pathogen populations.

6种西番莲属(Passiflora)植物叶面积经验模型构建

【目的】构建6种西番莲属植物最优叶面积(LA)经验模型,为这6种西番莲属植物生理生态及栽培技术等方面的研究提供理论基础,初步探讨LA模型构建的一般规律。【方法】以6种西番莲属植物叶片为研究材料,采用计算机图像法测量各树种叶片长(L)、叶片宽(W)、叶片面积(LA),并以LA为因变量,L、W及LL、WW、LW为自变量,选取12种目标模型,分别构建各物种LA经验模型,选取其中2个叶形相似、叶长宽比相近的西番莲属植物合并建模,并对这些模型进行评估以筛选出最优LA经验模型。【结果】6种西番莲属植物的最优LA经验模型分别为:紫果西番莲:LA=0.529 L1.141W0.868;樟叶西番莲:LA=0.828 L0.933W1.054;尤卡坦西番莲:LA=0.665 L0.665W1.367;西番莲:LA=0.559 L1.154W0.797;龙珠果:LA=0.763L0.64W1.327;玛格丽特女士西番莲:LA=0.6 L0.213,6种西番莲属植物的最优LA经验模型预测精度范围为91.28%~95.54%,紫果西番莲与玛格丽特女士西番莲合并构建的最优LA模型的预测精度为(92.08±0.56)%。【结论】构建LA经验模型预测这6种西番莲属植物LA预测精度均在90%以上,说明构建LA经验模型预测这6种西番莲科西番莲属植物的LA是可靠的;2种叶形相似、叶长宽比相近的西番莲属植物合并建模,得到的模型预测精度较高,初步表明叶形相似、叶长宽比相近的植物合并建模预测LA具有一定的可行性。

百香果(Passiflora Edulis Sims)研究进展

百香果是热带与亚热带地区重要的经济水果。因其口感独特,营养成分丰富,近年在水果市场上越来越受消费者的青睐。现将从百香果的种植管理与繁育、分子技术、遗传多样性等方面进行综述,以期为百香果种质资源保护、开发和应用提供一定的理论参考。

基于完全型SSR标记的西番莲(Passiflora edulis)遗传多样性分析

为了明确38份西番莲种质的亲缘关系,本研究利用11对完全型SSR标记对2份野生种和36份栽培种西番莲进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,11对SSR标记共检测到37个等位基因,每对分子标记检测到的等位基因数为2~4个,平均数为3.37个;预期杂合度(He)为0.32~0.76,平均数为0.53;实际杂合度(Ho)为0.00~0.46,平均数为0.34;PIC为0.26~0.70,平均数为0.46。在遗传相似系数为0.67处,38份西番莲可分为8个类群,说明广西种植的西番莲种质遗传多样性丰富。本研究为栽培种西番莲新品种选育和分子遗传连锁图谱的构建提供了帮助。

Medicinal potential of Passiflora foetida L. plant extracts: biological and pharmacological activities

OBJECTIVE： To investigate analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. （Passifloraceae） by three experimental methods. METHODS： Analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. （EEPF） was carried out using acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition in mice. The method of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice was utilized to evaluate antidiarrhoeal activity. The cytotoxic activity of EEPF was explored with a brine shrimp lethality bioassay. RESULTS： The extract showed 68.75% and 30.00% inhibition of writhe at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The extract increased the mean latent period prior to diarrhoeal onset to about 1.55 h and 1.17 h, and decreased the mean number of stools to 4.4 and 5.6 at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight. The extract also demonstrated cytotoxic activity in the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the median lethal concentration for brine shrimp nauplii was 80 pg/mL. CONCLUSION： The results suggest that the plant extract has analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities, supporting its uses in traditional medicine. The results also demonstrate that the plant extract possesses cytotoxic activities.

Foliar Micromorphology of In Vitro-cultured Shoots and Field-grown Plants of Passiflora foetida

The present report describes the development of quantitative and qualitative foliar micromorphological and architectural features in the field environment which elucidated the adaptation of micropropagated plants of Passiflora foetida L. in the natural soil conditions. The field environment(high light intensity in comparison to in vitro culture conditions) promotes the autotrophy through decrease in stomatal index(from 23.2 ± 0.15 to 21.0 ± 0.19), increased vein-islets(from 10.0 ± 0.14 to 15.6 ± 0.24 per square millimeters) and veinlet terminations(from 1.6 ± 0.14 to 5.0 ± 0.20 per square millimeters), and trichome density in P. foetida plantlets. The in vitro and field grown leaves mostly possessed anomocytic and anisocytic types of stomata. Two types of trichomes were observed on the surface of leaves of in vitro as well as field transferred plants of P. foetida: the unicellular hairy trichomes(non-glandular), and the multicellular(glandular) trichomes. The trichomes density was less under in vitro conditions as compared to the in vivo environments. The new leaves formed during the ex vitro rooting stage(in greenhouse) and after transplantation of plantlets to the field exhibited the development of adaptive micromorphological features in micropropagated plants, which enabled them to survive under field conditions.

Multi‑integrated genomic data for Passiflora foetida provides insights into genome size evolution and floral development in Passiflora

Passiflora is a plant genus known for its extremely distinctive and colorful flowers and a wide range of genome size variation.However,how genome characteristics are related to flower traits among Passiflora species remains poorly understood.Here,we assembled a chromosome-scale genome of P.foetida,which belongs to the same subgenus as the commercial passionfruit P.edulis.The genome of P.foetida is smaller(424.16 Mb)and contains fewer copies of long terminal repeat retrotransposons(LTR-RTs).The disparity in LTR-RTs is one of the main contributors to the differences in genome sizes between these two species and possibly in floral traits.Additionally,we observed variation in insertion times and copy numbers of LTR-RTs across different transposable element(TE)lineages.Then,by integrating transcriptomic data from 33 samples(eight floral organs and flower buds at three developmental stages)with phylogenomic and metabolomic data,we conducted an in-depth analysis of the expression,phylogeny,and copy number of MIKC-type MADS-box genes and identified essential biosynthetic genes responsible for flower color and scent from glandular bracts and other floral organs.Our study pinpoints LRT-RTs as an important player in genome size variation in Passiflora species and provides insights into future genetic improvement.

紫果西番莲‘满天星’二倍体与三倍体生长生理指标的比较

以紫果西番莲‘满天星’二倍体与三倍体无菌苗为研究材料,测定不同年度生长阶段的生长和生理指标,比较其差异性,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:2种‘满天星’苗木的苗高、地径持续增长,表现出三倍体‘满天星’苗高较小、地径较大的特点。同一位置叶片的叶片长、叶片宽、叶柄长随时间变化呈先增大后减小的趋势。随时间的变化2种‘满天星’的茎节数量逐渐一致,三倍体‘满天星’苗木表现出短粗的特征。在测定期中三倍体‘满天星’可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量大于二倍体,测量前期可溶性糖含量小于二倍体,后期大于二倍体。不同倍性的西番莲的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素与苗高、茎节、地径呈负相关,与叶长、叶柄长呈正相关;但可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白与生长指标相关性略有差异。综上所述,三倍体与二倍体的生长生理指标存在差异,且可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白与生长指标相关性存在差异。

耐热型西番莲品种“钦蜜9号”花器官发育特征与繁育系统研究

为明确耐热型黄果西番莲品种“钦蜜9号”花器官发育进程特性和繁育系统类型,测定其花器官表型性状、花粉活性、柱头可授性、异交指数和花粉胚珠比。结果表明,“钦蜜9号”花器官发育进程为现蕾期—花冠发育期—雌雄蕊发育期—裂蕾期—开花授粉期—谢花期,时间持续25~27 d,开花时间为下午13:00—15:00,单花开放时长约24 h,开花前3 d左右(花药即将开裂时)至裂蕾时柱头可授性最强;花粉数量为7.94×10^(5)个/花药,活性为90.11%,繁育系统类型为异交型,自交亲和,异交需要传粉者。这些特征为“钦蜜9号”35℃以上高温还能正常开花结果提供重要参考条件。

3种减菌处理对采后百香果果实常温贮藏品质的影响

目的研究3种减菌处理对采后百香果果实常温贮藏品质的影响。方法以贵州省平塘县的紫皮百香果为试材,分别用2%次氯酸钠、3%二氧化氯和3%过氧化氢溶液进行减菌处理,分析其对百香果果实常温贮藏期间理化特性、食用品质以及细胞壁代谢的影响。结果3种减菌处理抑制了百香果果实的呼吸作用和乙烯释放速率,延缓果实失重率和凹陷率上升,影响脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)活性,从而影响百香果果实的风味和出汁及渗出率;3%二氧化氯和2%次氯酸钠通过降低百香果果实的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)和β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase,β-Gal)活性或使高峰推迟,以维持细胞壁正常的结构和功能,增强其抗病性而控制腐烂;3%过氧化氢可加速有机酸流失,促使百香果果实的PG和β-Gal活性增大或使高峰提前,导致硬度下降和腐烂;3%二氧化氯和2%次氯酸钠使总酚高峰提前或增加含量,使木质素含量减小且高峰提前以增强其抗氧化和抗病能力而控制腐烂。二者均使苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalamine ammonia lyase,PAL)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性降低或使其高峰推迟以缓解木质化进程而延缓衰老;3%过氧化氢促使PAL和POD活性高峰提前或增加,使木质素化进程过快而导致百香果果实有机酸流失、出汁率降低和腐败加速。结论3种减菌处理可不同程度维持百香果果实采后常温贮藏的品质,可作为百香果果实的减菌保鲜方法。