Echo-state-network classification based multi-services awareness in high-speed optical passive networks

With the challenge of great growing of services diversity,service-oriented supporting ability is required by current high-speed passive optical network( PON). Aimed at enhancing the quality of service( Qo S) brought by diversified-services,this study proposes an echo state network( ESN)based multi-service awareness mechanism in 10-Gigabite ethernet passive optical network( 10GEPON). In the proposed approach,distributed architecture is adopted to realize this ESN based multi-service awareness. According to the network architecture of 10G-EPON,where a main ESN is running in OLT and a number of ESN agents works in ONUs. The main-ESN plays the main function of service-awareness from the total view of various kinds of services in 10G-EPON system,by full ESN training. Then,the reservoir information of well-trained ESN in OLT will be broadcasted to all ONUs and those ESN agents working in ONUs are allowed to conduct independent service-awareness function. Thus,resources allocation and transport policy are both determined only in ONUs. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is able to better support the ability of multiple services.

Modeling for Ethernet passive optical network receiver

A behavior model for the receiver of the Ethernet passive optical network（EPON） is presented. The model consists of a fiber, a photodetector, a transimpedance amplifier （TIA） followed by a limiting amplifier and a clock and data recovery＇ circuit （CDR）. Each sub-model is constructed based on the architecture of a circuit. The noise and jitter in each block such as shot noise, thermal noise, deterministic and random jitter are also considered. The performance of the whole receiver can be evaluated by the simulation of the behavior model, which is faster than the ordinary circuit model and more accurate than the analytical model. The whole model is implemented with C ＋＋ and simulated in Microsoft Visual C ＋＋ 6. 0. Using the Monte Carlo method, the EPON receiver is simulated. The simulation results show a good agreement with experimental ones.

Implementation of access controller for Ethernet passive optical network

This paper presents the design and implementation of access controller used for Ethernet passive optical network （ EPON）. As a first step to develop an ASIC product, the entire system is designed on a field programmable gate array （FPGA） with an embedded CPU. To reduce working frequency of the FPGA, the byte-to-word conversion is proposed. Propagation delays are equalized by ranging procedure so as to avoid data collision. Implementations of synchronization, classification, as well as Linux porting are illustrated in detail. The interface between the FPGA and CPU are also presented. Experimental results show that the proposed system can properly function in a relatively low cost FPGA.

Simplified Echo-State-Network Based Services Awareness for High-Speed Passive Optical Network

With the challenge from services diversity grows greatly,the service-oriented supporting ability is required to current high-speed passive optical network(PON) .Aimed to enhance the quality of service(Qo S) brought by diversified-services,this paper proposes an Simplified Echo State Network(SESN) Based Services Awareness scheme in High-Speed PON(Passive Optical Network) .In this proposed scheme,the ring topology is adopted in the reservoir of SESN to reduce the complexity of original Echo State Network,and system dynamics equation is introduced to keep the accuracy of SESN.According to the network architecture of 10G-EPON,a SESN Master is running in the OLT and a number of SESN Agents work in ONUs.The SESN Master plays the main function of service-awareness from the total view of various kinds services in 10G-EPON system,by fully SESN training.Then,the reservoir information of well-trained SESN in OLT will be broadcasted to all ONUs and those SESN Agents working in ONUs are allowed to conducts independent service-awareness function.Thus,resources allocation and transport policy are both determined just only in ONUs.Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is able to better supporting ability for multiple services.

Using CSMA/CD for Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON)

Using CSMA/CD for EPON can eliminate the augmentations, such as multi-point control protocol and point-to-point emulation, added to the existing 802.3 architecture due to the incompatibility of PON to Ethernet. Both full-duplex EPON system and half-duplex EPON system using CSMA/CD were proposed. In the full-duplex EPON, CSMA/CD is used as the upstream MAC protocol. In the half-duplex EPON system, both upstream and downstream traffic contend for the optical channel through CSMA/CD protocol. The upstream lightwave redirection and collision detection techniques were given. By the analysis and simulation, the throughput performance of the half-duplex EPON system is proven to be as well as that of the existing high speed half-duplex Ethernet LAN.

Higher Speed Passive Optical Networks for Low Latency Services

Latency sensitive services have attracted much attention lately and imposedstringent requirements on the access network design. Passive optical networks (PONs) providea potential long-term solution for the underlying transport network supporting theseservices. This paper discusses latency limitations in PON and recent progress in PONstandardization to improve latency. Experimental results of a low latency PON system arepresented as a proof of concept.

Evolutional Algorithm Based Cascade Long Reach Passive Optical Networks Planning

In this paper, we propose a mathe- matical model for long reach Passive Optical Networks （PON） planning. The model consid- ers the traffic demand, user requirements and physical constraints. It can support conven- tional star-like topologies as well as cascade PON networks. Then a two-stage evolutional algorithm is described to solve this problem. The first stage was to find a proper splitter can- didate site set, composing the outer loop. The second stage aimed to get the optimal topology when the splitter locations were selected, com- posing the internal loop. In this algorithm, the Pr/ifer sequence is used to build up a one-to-one correspondence between a PON network configuration and a chromosome. Compared with the results obtained by the enumeration method, the proposed model and algorithm are shown to be effective and accu- rate.

Traffic Scheduling in WDM Passive Optical Network with Delay Guarantee

WDM passive optical network becomes more favorable as the required bandwidth increases, but currently few media access control algorithms adapted to WDM acc ess network. This paper presented a new scheduling algorithm for bandwidth shari ng in WDM passive optical networks, which provides per-flow delay guarantee and supports variable-length packets scheduling. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, the end-to-end delay bound and throughput fairness of the algori thm was demonstrated.

QoS Guaranteed and Adaptive Downstream Bandwidth Utilization Scheme for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks

Dynamic bandwidth allocation（DBA） is an open and hot topic in the Ethernet passive optical network（EPON） ,which is regarded as one of the best choices for next-generation access networks. However,most proposed DBA schemes ignore the quality of service（QoS） guarantee on maximum delay and delay jitter for the real-time traffic and the downstream bandwidth utilization under light upstream load in EPON. In this paper,a new DBA scheme,QoS guaranteed adaptive downstream bandwidth utilization（QoS-ADBU）,is proposed. This scheme can provide better QoS assurance by determining the maximum transmission cycle time according to the maximum acceptable packet delay and delay jitter for real-time traffic. Besides,the downstream utilization can also be improved by adapting the polling frequency to downstream traffic load.

A novel algorithm for Ethernet-passive-optical-network dynamic bandwidth allocation based on threshold

The Ethemet passive optical network （EPON） is the next generation of broad-band network technique. A crucial issue in EPONs is the sharing of uplink bandwidth among optical network units （ONUs）. This article provides a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm, i.e. threshold dynamic bandwidth allocation （TDBA）, which is based on adaptive threshold, to increase resource utilization. The algorithm uses ONU data-transmitting rate to adjust optical line terminal （OLT） receiving data threshold from an ONU. Simulation results show that this algorithm can decrease average packet delay and increase network throughput in a l 0G EPON system.

Design and implementation of ethernet passive electronic network over coax

To increase the limit of ethernet over coax （EoC） technology in the bidirectional reform of the hybrid fiber coaxial （HFC） network, an ethernet passive electronic network （EPEN） system based on Coax is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. The proposed EPEN exploits the existing capabilities of the MAC layer in the ethernet passive optical network （EPON） for reduction of cost of the HFC network. As the MPCP （multi-point control protocol） is introduced in the EPEN, bandwidth control and higher efficiency can be achieved. The experimental results exhibit the throughput of system up to 100Mbps, which meet the requirements of HFC network. To improve the performance of EPEN, frequency division multiplexing （FDM） can be used for further increase of the throughput and more hardware processing modules in the future. can be implemented to enhance the capacity

Evolution to 200G Passive Optical Network

New generation passive optical network aims at providing more than 100 Gb/s capacity. Thanks to recent progress enabling a variety of optical transceivers up to 40 Gb/s, many evolution possibilities to 200G PONs （passive optical network） could be investigated. This work proposes two directly deployable cases of evolution to 200G PON based on the combination of these improved optical transceivers and WDM （wavelength division multiplexing）. The physical layer of the optical network has been simulated with OptiSystem software to show the communication links performances behavior when considering key components parameters in order to achieve good network design for a given area. The complexity of the proposed architectures and financial cost comparisons are also discussed.

A passive optical network based on optical code division multiplexing and time division multiple access technology

A passive optical network （PON） scheme based on optical code division multiplexing （OCDM） for the downstream traffics is proposed and analyzed in detail. In the PON, the downstream traffics are broadcasted by OCDM technology to guarantee the security, while the upstream traffics pass through the same optical fiber by the common time division multiple access （TDMA） technology to decrease the cost. This schemes are denoted as OCDM/TDMA-PON, which can be applied to an optical access network （OAN） with full services on demand, such as Internet protocol, video on demand, tele-presence and high quality audio. The proposed OCDM/TDMA-PON scheme combines advantages of PON, TDMA, and OCDM technology. Simulation results indicate that the designed scheme improves the OAN performance, and enhances flexibility and scalability of the system.

Novel Minimum Passive Element Realization of All-Pass Network Using A Modified Current Conveyor

1. IntroductionA large number of networks for realizing first and second order transfer functions using a currentconveyor have been reported in the literature. Especially, the networks that can offer highinput impedance attract attention, for high input impedance has the advantage that the networksmay be used in cascade without requiring impedance matching device. In the Higashimura and

Passive control of a 4-scroll chaotic system

This paper studies the control of a new chaotic system which can generate 4-scroll attractors. Based on the properties of a passive system, it derives the essential conditions under which this new chaotic system could be equivalent to a passive system and globally asymptotically stabilize at a zero equilibrium point via smooth state feedback. Simulation results and circuit experiment show that the proposed chaos control method is effective.

Optimization of Disjoints Using WDM-PON in an Optical Network

An optical network is a type of data communication network built with optical fibre technology. It utilizes optical fibre cables as the primary communication medium for converting data and passing data as light pulses between sender and receiver nodes. The major issue in optical networking is disjoints that occur in the network. A polynomial time algorithm Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Networking (WDM-PON) computes disjoints of an optical network and reduces the count of disjoints that occur in the network by separating Optical Network Units (ONU) into several virtual point-to-point connections. The Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) filter is included in WDM-PON to avoid the traffic in the network thereby increasing the bandwidth capacity. In case of a failure or disjoint Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is used to find the optimized shortest path for re-routing. For enhanced security, modified Rivert Shamir Adleman (RSA) algorithm encrypts the message during communication between the nodes. The efficiency is found to be improved in terms of delay in packet delivery, longer optical reach, optimized shortest path, packet error rate.

Fault monitoring in passive optical network using code division multiplex-based dual-OTDR traces comparison

A dual optical time domain reflectometry （OTDR） system, which employs two different continuous waves at the optical line terminal and a pair of fiber Bragg gratings at the end of each optical network unit, is proposed in a time-division multiplexing passive optical network （PON）. The proposed scheme accomplishes the fiber fault monitoring by comparing the different wavelength＇s testing curves. Complete complementary code is utilized to measure multiple wavelength signals simultaneously with only one receiver and to improve the dynamic range of this system. The PON system consisting of 20 km feeding fiber and a 1：16 splitter is investigated by the experiments. The experimental results show that the faulty branch can be successfully identified by using our scheme. What is more, we also demonstrate that our scheme can be applied to the multi-stage PON.

Design of 10 Gbit/s burst-mode transimpedance preamplifier for PON systems

A 10 Gbit/s burst-mode preamplifier is designed for passive optical networks （PONs）. To achieve a high dynamic range and fast response, the circuit is DC coupled, and a feed-back type peak detector is designed to perform auto-gaincontrol and threshold extraction. Regulated cascade （RGC） architecture is exploited as the input stage to reduce the input impedance of the circuit and isolate the large parasitic capacitance including the photodiode capacitance from the determination pole, thus increasing the bandwidth. This preamplifier is implemented using the low-cost 0. 13 ixm CMOS technology. The die area is 425 μm × 475 μm and the total power dissipation is 23.4 mW. The test results indicate that the preamplifier can work at a speed from 1.25 to 10.312 5 Gbit/s, providing a high transimpedance gain of 64.0 dBΩ and a low gain of 54. 6 dBl2 with a dynamic input range of over 22.9 dB. The equivalent input noise current is 23. 4 pA/ Hz1/2. The proposed burst amplifier satisfies related specifications defined in 10G-EPON and XG-PON standards.

Cyclic polling-based dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation in wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks

Cyclic polling-based dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithm supporting differentiated classes of services in wavelength division multiplexing （WDM） passive optical networks （PONs） is proposed. In this algorithm, the optical line terminal （OLT） polls for optical network unit （ONU） requests to transmit data in a cyclic manner. Services are categorized into three classes： expedited forward （EF） priority, assured forwarding （AF） priority, and best effort （BE） priority. The OLT assigns bandwidth for different priorities with different strategies. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm saves a lot of downstream bandwidth under low load and does not show the light-load penalty compared with the simultaneous and interleaved polling schemes.

Improved direct power injection model of 16-bit microcontroller for electromagnetic immunity prediction

To promote the modeling standardization process of the integrated circuits, an improved electrical simulation model for a direct power injection （DPI） setup which was used to measure the conducted immunity of a 16-bit microcontroller to radio frequency aggression was investigated. Based on the existing model of the same microcontroller, the PDN module was modified by adding the core, PLL and MD network models, which could reflect the actual electric distribution situation within the microcontroller more accurately. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the modified model can be improved to 500 MHz, and its uncertainty is within ＋1.8 dB （＋2 dB is acceptable）. Then, to improve the simulation accuracy of the complete model in the high frequency range, the I/O model which contained the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics reflecting the variation of the internal impedance of the microcontroller with increasing the frequency of the external noise was introduced. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the second modified model can be improved up to 1.4 GHz with the uncertainty of ~1.8 dB. Thus, a conclusion can be reached that the proposed model can be applied to a much wider frequency range with a smaller uncertainty than the latest model of the similar type. Furthermore, associated with the electromagnetic emission testing platform model, the PDN module can also be used to predict the electromagnetic conducted and radiated emission characteristics. This modeling method can also be applied to other integrated circuits, which is very helpful to the standardization of the IC electromagnetic compatibility （EMC） modeling process.