Analysis of Occurrence and Mixed Infection of Sugarcane Bacilliform Virus Disease in Hainan Sugarcane-growing Area

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the occurrence and mixed infection of sugarcane bacilliform virus disease in Hainan sugarcane-growing area.[Methods]A total of 348 sugarcane leaf samples were collected from 7 sugarcane-growing areas in Hainan Province.Molecular detection of sugarcane bacilliform virus(SCBV)was carried out by PCR using specific primers.[Results]SCBV was detected in 244 out of 348 sugarcane samples,with an average detection rate of 70.11%.The highest detection rate was 76.66%in the Danzhou sugarcane-growing area,while the lowest was 57.14%in the Baisha sugarcane-growing area.The SCBV-positive samples were subjected to testing for SCYLV,SCSMV,SrMV,and SCMV,respectively.The results indicated that 106 out of 244 positive samples exhibited a single infection with SCBV,while 138 samples exhibited mixed infections with SCBV and other sugarcane viruses.The proportion of mixed infections among the SCBV-positive samples was as high as 56.56%.Among the various types of mixed infections,two-virus and three-virus mixed infections were the most prevalent.[Conclusions]SCBV has emerged as a significant threat to the secure production of sugarcane in the Hainan sugarcane-growing region.It presents an explosive infection in the Hainan sugarcane-growing region and frequently combines with other sugarcane viruses to infect sugarcane.The findings of this study will provide a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of sugarcane bacilliform virus disease.

Diagnosis of Mixed Infection of CSFV, PRV and E.coli in a Modern Pig Farm of Guizhou Province

In order to understand the incidence reasons in a scaled pig farm of Guizhou Province, the infected pigs were diagnosed with epidemiological investigation, clinical observation, pathological diagnosis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, PCR/RT-PCR and bacterial isolation and identification. The results showed that the pigs were infected mixedly with classical swine fever virus （CSFV）, pseudorabies virus （PRV） and E. coli. Therefore, some measures should be adopted to control the incidence of CSF, PR and colibacillosis in the pig farm.

Diagnosis and Treatment of a Disease Caused by Mixed Infection of Escherichia coli and Arthrinium saccharicola in Bamboo Rats

The feeding amount of bamboo rats in Southern China is increased year by year. Under condition of captive breeding, the occurrence of diseases has also become more and more frequent in bamboo rats. In this paper, the results of mor- phological and biochemical studies showed that the cultural and biochemical charac- teristics of isolated strains are basically the same, and they all have strong pathogenicities to bamboo rats. The disease was diagnosed to be caused by the mixed infection of Escherichia coil and Arthrinium saccharico/a, and it was controlled by corresponding measures.

Susceptibility of Mixed Infection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis to Seven Antimicrobial Agents and Comparison with that of Ureaplasma Urealyticum Infection

In order to investigate the susceptibility of mixed infection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma Hominis (MH) to 7 kinds of antimicrobial agents and comparison with that of UU infection in NGU patients, the in vitro susceptibility was determined by using microdilution method. The positive results were analyzed. The results showed that the sequence of susceptibility to 7 kinds of antimicrobial agents for both UU infection group and UU-MH mixed infection group was almost the same from the highest susceptibility to the lowest accordingly: Josamycin, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Sparfloxacin, Roxithromycin, Ofloxacin and Azithromycin. The total drug resistance rate for UU-MH mixed infection group (97. 67 %) was significantly higher than that for UU infection group (44. 67 %, P<.0. 01). The highest drug resistance rate in UU group and UU-MH mixed infection group was 31. 33 % (Ofloxacin) and 90. 48 % (Azithromycin) respectively. UU-MH mixed infection showed an increased drug resistance and changes of drug resistance spectrum.

Diagnosis of Mixed Infection of Classical Swine Fever Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Pathogenic Characteristics

[ Objective] To diagnose swine diseases caused by CSFV （ Classical swine fever virus）, PRRSV （ Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus） and PRV （Pseudo-rabies virus） and analyze the pathogenic characteristics. [ Methodl The tissues and viscera of the diseased swine were collected from a hoggery in Fujian Province. DNA and RNA were extracted for PCR amplification and sequencing. ELISA method was used to determine CSFV, PRRSV and PRV infection. [ Result] The sequencing analysis and ELISA results showed that the mixed infection was caused by CSFV, PRRSV and PRV. [ Conclusion] The swine epidemic situation was mainly caused by CSFV and PRRSV.

A Report on the Death of Mixed Infection of HEV and HBV

Mixed infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is frequent. HEV mixed infection often leads to activation of hepatic pathological changes and worsens the inflammatory activity. However, it is not known clearly how these two types of virus influence each other in human body. Intensive investigation has revealed that HEV mixed infection inhibits HBV replication. We have just encountered a relative rare case. The patient who was a HBV carrier and was infected by HEV. Before he was infected by the HEV, the measurement of his HBV DNA fixed quantity examination on fluorescence was 3 copies/ml;his routine biochemistry was normal;and his anti HEV-IgM and anti-HEV-IgG appeared to be negative reaction. After he was infected by HEV, his routine biochemistry increased, and the measurement of his HBV DNA fixed quantity examination on fluorescence was 8.51 × 105 copies/ml. It indicated that the replication of HBV was activated after the patient infected HEV. Finally, he was dead. This case revealed that HEV mixed infection may activate the replication of HBV, not inhibit HBV replication, and demonstrated the needs for further studies about the mechanism of the interaction of the two viruses.

Diagnosis and treatment of mixed infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis:Four case reports

BACKGROUND Mixed infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis is extremely rare.This article reveals the typical imaging manifestations of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis and investigates the diagnosis and surgical experience of mixed infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis.CASE SUMMARY From January 2017 to May 2019,4 cases with rare mixed infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis were admitted and treated by the Division of General Surgery of Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital.Three of the patients occasionally had upper abdominal discomfort,but it did not affect their daily lives.However,hepatic echinococcosis was found in one patient by physical examination,and the patient had no discomfort.All 4 cases were Tibetans who had lived in pastoral areas of southern Qinghai for a long time.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for echinococcosis was positive for all patients.Moreover,abdominal computed tomography showed typical imaging manifestations of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis including coexisting"honeycomb sign,"and"spotted calcification."Three of the patients underwent radical resection,and 1 case underwent palliative resection.All 4 patients developed different types of surgical complications after the operation,but all of them recovered and were discharged after symptomatic treatment.CONCLUSION There are no problems diagnosing mixed infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis.The difficulties involve preoperative evaluation and treatment of surgical complications.

Distribution of different hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with hepatitis C virus infection

AIM:To investigate the presence of mixed infection and discrepancy between hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes in plasma,peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),and liver biopsy specimens.METHODS:From September 2008 up to April 2009,133 patients with chronic hepatitis C referred to Firouzgar Hospital for initiation of an antiviral therapy were recruited in the study.Five milliliters of peripheral blood was collected from each patient and liver biopsy was performed in those who gave consent or had indications.HCV genotyping was done using INNO-LiPATM HCV in serum,PBMCs,and liver biopsy specimens and then conf irmed by sequencing of 5'-UTR fragments.RESULTS:The mean age of patients was 30.3 ± 17.1 years.Multiple transfusion was seen in 124(93.2%) of patients.Multiple HCV genotypes were found in 3(2.3%) of 133 plasma samples,9(6.8%) of 133 PBMC samples,and 8(18.2%) of 44 liver biopsy specimens.It is notable that the different genotypes found in PBMCs were not the same as those found in plasma and liver biopsy specimens.CONCLUSION:Our study shows that a signif icant proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis C are affected by multiple HCV genotypes which may not be detectable only in serum of patients.

Fatal community-acquired bloodstream infection caused by Klebsiella variicola:A case report

BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)is an infective microorganism of worldwide concern because of its varied manifestations and life-threatening potential.Genetic analyses have revealed that subspecies of K.pneumoniae exhibit higher virulence and mortality.However,infections with Klebsiella subspecies are often misdiagnosed and underestimated in the clinic because of difficulties in distinguishing K.pneumoniae from its subspecies using routine tests.This case study reports the rapid and fatal effects of K.pneumoniae subspecies.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old male patient was febrile and admitted to hospital.Examinations excluded viral and fungal causes along with mycoplasma/chlamydia and parasitic infections.Bacterial cultures revealed blood-borne K.pneumoniae sensitive to carbapenem antibiotics,although corresponding treatment failed to improve the patient’s symptoms.His condition worsened and death occurred within 72 h of symptom onset from sepsis shock.Application of the PMseq-DNA Pro high throughput gene detection assay was implemented with results obtained after death showing a mixed infection of K.pneumoniae and Klebsiella variicola(K.variicola).Clinical evidence suggested that K.variicola rather than K.pneumoniae contributed to the patient’s poor prognosis.CONCLUSION This is the first case report to show patient death from Klebsiella subspecies infection within a short period of time.This case provides a timely reminder of the clinical hazards posed by Klebsiella subspecies and highlights the limitations of classical laboratory methods in guiding anti-infective therapies for complex cases.Moreover,this report serves as reference for physicians diagnosing similar diseases and provides a recommendation to employ early genetic detection to aid patient diagnosis and management.

Clinical features of severe malaria:Protective effect of mixed plasmodial malaria

Objective: To investigate clinically severe malaria patients with Plasmodium falciparum(P. falciparum), Plasmodium vivax(P. vivax) and mixed species infections.Methods: This study was conducted at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang,Indonesia, from December 2011 to May 2013. Twenty nine patients(mean age of 41 years, 22% female), who suffered from severe malaria according to World Health Organization criteria(major and minor) and other criteria based on previous studies, were selected by consecutive sampling. Blood samples were obtained at admission from peripheral blood for microscopic diagnostic, nested PCR and laboratory examination of blood chemistry. Laboratory results were compared between the groups and correlated to each other.Results: From 29 samples, eight(28%) were diagnosed as P. falciparum mono-infection,12(41%) as P. vivax mono-infection and nine(31%) as mixed infections, confirmed by PCR. Cerebral malaria occurred in P. falciparum or mixed species infection only. Parasitaemia was highest in P. falciparum mono-infection. Mean haemoglobin was significantly lower in P. falciparum than P. vivax infection(P = 0.01). Mean thrombocyte count(77 138/m L) was low in all groups. Mean urea, creatinine, total and direct bilirubin were significantly higher in P. falciparum mono-infection compared to other groups, whereas aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase showed no significant differences. Parasitaemia was positively correlated with an increase in urea, creatinine, bilirubin and leucocytosis in all species.Conclusions: Both Plasmodium species can solely or in combination cause severe malaria. Mixed infection was generally more benign than P. falciparum mono-infection and seemed to have some protective effects.

Chronic hepatitis C infection in a patient with bone marrow hypoplasia

Chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is associated with multifarious extra-hepatic manifestations;the most described and discussed being mixed cryoglob-ulinemia which is strongly related to B-cell lympho-proliferative disorders(LPDs).We present a case of chronic HCV infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia,with minimal liver involvement.The case is a 53-year-old patient who was diagnosed as having bone marrow hypoplasia at the age of three.She received several blood transfusions to normalize her haemoglobin.At the age of 31,she was diagnosed with rheumatoid ar-thritis on account of her diffuse joint pain and inflam-mation,elevated rheumatoid factor(RF) and Raynaud's phenomenon.Twenty years later,monoclonal gam-mopathy of IgG Lambda(one year later,changed to IgM Kappa) was detected during a routine examina-tion.A bone marrow biopsy showed hypoplasia,Kappa positive B-lymphocytes and low-grade malignant lym-phoma cells.PCR of the bone marrow aspirate was not contributory.No treatment was initiated owing to herpoor bone marrow function and she is under regular follow-up.

Effects of All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) against Bacterial Infection in Chickens

In order to investigate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid （ATRA） against bacterial infection in chickens, 35 3-day-old AA broiler chickens were fed adaptively for two days and randomly divided into five groups, including Escherichia coli experimental group （ group 1 ）, Escherichia coli control group （group 2）, blank control group （ group 3 ）, PasteureUa experimental group （ group 4）, and PasteureUa control group （ group 5 ）. At 5 days of age, the chickens in group 1 and group 4 were drenched with 5 p.mol/kg ATRA for seven consecutive days according to their weight; the chickens in group 2, group 3 and group 5 were drenched with an equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxlde （DMSO）. The clinical symptoms and weight changes in each group were observed and recorded. Seven days later, the chickens were euthanized and dissected to determine the immune organ indexes. The results showed that there were significant differences in body weight between ATRA-administrated chickens and non-administrated chickens after bacterial infection （P 〈 0.05 ） ; moreover, the immune organ indexes of ATRA-administrated chickens exhibited significant differences compared with control group （P 〈 0.05 ）, indicating that ATRA could promote the development of immune organs of poultry, thereby enhancing the body immunity against bacterial infection.

COVID-19 Induced Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)—Case Report

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a rare systemic autoimmune disorder that damages multiple organs simultaneously and is associated with chronic inflammation, in which the signs of systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and polymyositis can co-occur. Its distinctive feature and the basis for the diagnosis of MCTD is the presence of an antibody against the uridine-rich RNP of the cell nucleus (Anti-U1-RNP). It has been observed that intercurrent infections can trigger autoimmune diseases, however, the fact that viral infections—such as SARS-CoV-2—induce them is currently poorly understood. The present study raises the etiological role of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the development of the disease. Authors describe the case of a 38-year-old patient in good general condition, who was diagnosed with mixed connective tissue disease three months after COVID-19 infection.

2例华支睾吸虫感染病例分析

华支睾吸虫是一种食源性寄生虫,因生食或半生食含囊蚴的淡水鱼虾而感染,常常因起病隐匿、临床症状不典型而误诊、漏诊。本文报道了2例轻度感染华支睾吸虫病例的诊治过程,进行了流行病学调查,并分析了该病的临床症状、实验室诊断特点、流行病学特征及其致病因,以提高临床医生对华支睾吸虫病的诊治认识,做到早预防、早诊断、早治疗。

青蒿中番茄斑萎病毒和烟草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及相关序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)是2种重要的植物病原病毒,对多种经济作物的产量和品质均造成严重影响。2021年-2022年,在云南省丽江市烟草种植区不同烟区采集叶片黄化、皱缩以及无症状的青蒿Artemisia caruifolia样品共计14份,利用免疫金标速测卡和RT-PCR对其病原病毒进行检测。利用免疫金标速测卡检测结果显示,在所检样品中有9份样品检测出TSWV,检出率为64.28%,有3份样品检测出TMV,检出率为21.43%,2种病毒复合侵染的检出率同样为21.43%;利用RT-PCR对复合侵染的3份样品进行分子检测,结果显示,在3份复合侵染青蒿样品中获得3条TSWV N基因序列、3条TMV cp基因序列和2条TMV RdRp部分序列。TSWV青蒿分离物与分离自云南的TSWV-2分离物相似性最高,为99.6%;TMV青蒿分离物与分离自辽宁的TMV-Shenyang分离物和分离自云南的TMV-Yongren-1相似性最高,均大于99.4%。这是首次发现TSWV和TMV 2种不同属病毒复合侵染青蒿。

复合侵染云南西番莲的两种菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的分子鉴定及序列分析

西番莲Passiflora caerulea是我国南部省区广泛种植的一种热带果树。本研究于2020年6月从云南省德宏州西番莲种植区采集到4份疑似感染菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的西番莲样品,利用PCR扩增、克隆、测序以及生物信息学分析等方法,明确了西番莲样品受菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒侵染。对4份西番莲样品进行菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒全基因组扩增,从中共获得5条菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒全基因组序列,分别命名为YN7292-6、YN7293-12、YN7293-4、YN7294-16和YN7295-25,均具有菜豆金色花叶病毒属单组分病毒的典型结构,编码7个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF);其中YN7292-6、YN7293-12、YN7294-16及YN7295-25与一品红曲叶病毒(Euphorbia leaf curl virus,EuLCuV)的不同分离物的核苷酸相似性均高于99.05%,为EuLCuV的不同分离物;而YN7293-4则与分离自江西西番莲样品的广东番木瓜曲叶病毒(papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus,PaLCuGdV)分离物GNPF1(GenBank登录号:MK673114.1)的核苷酸相似性最高,为99.70%,为PaLCuGdV的一个分离物;重组分析发现,2个分离物EuLCuV-YN7293-12和PaLCuGdV-YN7293-4均为重组病毒。本研究首次在云南省发现EuLCuV和PaLCuGdV这2种菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒复合侵染西番莲,为有效预防和控制西番莲病毒病害的发生和传播提供理论依据。

一例肉鸡网状内皮组织增生症病毒与圆圈病毒混合感染的实验室诊断

黑龙江地区某养殖场,28日龄商品肉鸡出现精神萎靡,采食量下降,生长缓慢的症状,发病鸡在眼、鼻、喙部位出现溃疡结痂。病鸡剖检病理变化主要是腺胃出血、乳头肿胀,肾脏肿大、脾脏出血坏死、法氏囊萎缩、肠炎等,病原学核酸检测结果表明该鸡场存在禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒和圆圈病毒3型的混合感染。本病例的实验室诊断为家禽疫病防控提供了部分理论基础和有效参考。

保育仔猪猪圆环病毒2型和副猪嗜血杆菌混合感染的诊疗

为查清山西省吕梁市中阳县某猪场从山东购买的保育仔猪大量出现的急性死亡、关节发炎、呼吸困难、高热等症状的病原,无菌采集病猪并带回实验室进行临床剖检,随后采集血液、淋巴结、肺、肾脏和脾脏进行实验室诊断,做出初步判断,制定综合防治策略,病情得到控制。本研究采用灵敏度和准确度较高的实时荧光PCR技术定性检测病料样品中的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)和副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)。结果表明:中阳县某猪场保育仔猪为PCV2与HPS混合感染。基于诊断结论对保育猪免疫治疗程序和消毒进行合理调整,综合防治13 d后,猪群无新增发病率和新增死亡率,最大程度地减少了经济损失。本研究为猪场后续的治疗与预防提供了诊断依据。

大理州乙肝疫苗接种和乙肝病毒流行现状分析

背景乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染是一种公共卫生威胁,世界卫生组织提出了2030年全球消除病毒性肝炎的目标。云南省于2016—2020年开展了乙肝表面抗原(HBV surface antigen,HBsAg)和乙肝表面抗体(HBV surface antibody,HBsAb)监测工作,大理州作为调查现场参与其中。目的了解大理州HBV感染和HBsAb阳性率的关联因素。方法本研究为横断面调查研究,采用分层整群抽样,于2016—2020年对大理州6个年龄组的18904人开展问卷调查和血清采集,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清HBsAg、HBsAb和乙肝核心抗体(HBVcoreantibody,HBcAb)。运用广义线性混合模型(generalizedlinearmixedmodel,GLMM)分析HBV感染率和HBsAb阳性率的关联因素。结果大理州标化HBV感染率为33.88%,乙肝疫苗接种率为24.42%,及时接种率为16.37%,全程接种率为23.90%,标化HBsAg、HBsAb和HBcAb阳性率分别为2.32%、39.95%和18.57%。GLMM分析显示,男性感染风险低于女性,OR值为0.889(95%CI:0.811~0.974)。相比0~1岁组,≥60岁年龄组感染率更高(且为所有年龄组中最高),OR值为9.223(95%CI:5.440~15.636)。及时接种人群和全程接种人群感染率低于未及时接种人群和未全程接种人群,OR值分别为0.670(95%CI:0.514~0.875)和0.072(95%CI:0.055~0.094)。男性HBsAb阳性率高于女性,OR值为0.922(95%CI:0.862~0.987)。相比0~1岁组,12~18岁年龄组HBsAb阳性率更低(且为所有年龄组中最低),OR值为0.032(95%CI:0.026~0.040)。全程接种人群HBsAb阳性率高于未全程接种人群,OR值为1.161(95%CI:1.391~1.872)。结论大理州HBsAg阳性率低于流行水平,但青少年和成人HBsAb阳性率较低,应做好基础免疫和查漏补种,提高全人群免疫水平。