Mitigative Effect of La on Glycine max seedlings under Pb-Cd Compound Pollution

Mitigative effect of La on Glycine max seedlings under combined Pb and Cd pollution was studied through pot culture experiment. The results show that the growth and metabolism of Glycine max seedlings are inhibited by the solution with 500 mg.L-1 Pb + 100 mg.L-1 Cd. When 30 mg. L-1 LaCl3 is used to spray Glycine max seedlings once, the injury effect of combined Pb and Cd pollution is reduced. The experiment proves that the effect is related to La which can raise photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and activity of nitrate reductase, and reduce cell membrane permeability, content of Pb and Cd, and keep TTC reduction ability of Glycine max seedling.

Significant contributions of the petroleum industry to volatile organic compounds and ozone pollution:Insights from year-long observations in the Yellow River Delta

The petroleum industry is a significant source of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),but up to now,its exact impact on urban VOCs and ozone(O_(3))remains unclear.This study conducted year-long VOC ob-servations in Dongying,China,a petroleum industrial region.The VOCs from the petroleum industry(oil and gas volatilization and petrochemical production)were identified by employing the positive matrix factorization model,and their contribution to O_(3) formation was quantitatively evaluated using an observation-based chemical box model.The observed annual average concentration of VOCs was 68.6±63.5 ppbv,with a maximum daily av-erage of 335.3 ppbv.The petroleum industry accounted for 66.5%of total VOCs,contributing 54.9%from oil and gas evaporation and 11.6%from petrochemical production.Model results indicated that VOCs from the petroleum industry contributed to 31%of net O_(3) production,with 21.3%and 34.2%contributions to HO_(2)+NO and RO_(2)+NO pathways,respectively.The larger impact on the RO_(2) pathway is primarily due to the fact that OH+VOCs ac-count for 86.9%of the primary source of RO_(2).This study highlights the critical role of controlling VOCs from the petroleum industry in urban O_(3) pollution,especially those from previously overlooked low-reactivity alkanes.

Compound pollution of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,As in plant-soil system and its prevention

By means of both pot and field tests,this paper studied the contents of Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn and As and their ecological effects on plant-soil system.in tissues of crops and soil microorganisms.It was found that there exist synergistic effect among these five elements,especially for Cd in combination.The reclaniation of soil polluted by these elements in combination is rather difficult to be carried out.The distinctive ecological and chemical behaviors between Cd and As make various reclamation measures less applicable,and thus,further research measures are necessary.

Comparision of China's volatile organic compound pollution management:a computable general equilibrium approach

The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies,namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels.It uses a computable general equilibrium model,which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory,to simulate the effects of policy scenarios(with 2007 as the reference year).This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods-the traditional approach to regulation in China-is applied.In order to achieve a similar reduction,an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed.It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy.Other policies,such as subsidies,should be used as supplements.

Analysis of Micro Organic Compound Pollution in Major City River Reaches of the Main Stem of the Changjiang River

It has become general for surface waters being polluted by micro organic compounds. In order to know the current pollution situation and the properties of micro organic compounds in the Changjiang River, a test was performed on micro organic compounds in the water, bottom material and fish bodies which were sampled from major city river reaches of the Changjiang River. Based on the test result, researchers described and analyzed the sorts, concentration level and distribution features of micro organic compounds. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted by adopting the method of MEG (Multimedia Environmental Goals). The study indicated that ① the water body of major city river reaches of the Changjiang River has been generally polluted. In the test, totally 12 types with 308 kinds of organic compounds were detected. The main pollutants were paraffins, PAHs and lipids; and ② micro organic pollutant content in fish bodies was generally higher than that in bottom material which is in turn higher than that in water; and ③ pollution is relatively severe in the river reaches of mid-to-large comprehensive industrial cities with fairly great TAS (Total Ambient Severity) of public health and ecological system.

Studies on Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil-Plant System:A Review

Heavy metal pollution in soil-plant system is of major environmental concern on a world scale and in China in particular with the rapid development of industry. The heavy metal pollution status in soil-plant system in China, the research progress on the bioavailability of heavy metals (affecting factors, extraction methods, free-ion activity model, adsorption model, multivariate regression model, Q-I relationship, and compound pollution), and soil remediation are reviewed in the paper. Future research and monitoring is also discussed.

Natural Gas and Indoor Air Pollution: A Comparison With Coal Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1‰ of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.

Mercury pollution in the Chongqing part of the Three Gorges Reservoir area and its remediation and prevention

Mercury pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of P.R.China merits special attention.We investigated into the current situation in the Chongqing part of the Reservoir area,identified the pollution sources and proposed some suggestions for the remediation and prevention of mercury pollution in this area.Atmospheric mercury in Chongqing was mainly from coal burning and releases of mercury-containing products such as various types of lights and fever thermometers.Urban drainage in Chongqing and Changshou,and runoffs from the high mercury background area in the lower reaches of the Wujiang River contributed most of the mercury in the water of the Yangtze River.A majority of the blame should be laid on mercury and gold mining in the Wujiang valley.We suggested foresting sloping lands to relieve soil erosion and prevent mercury-bearing soil from running into rivers,educational activities to discourage use of mercury-containing products and improved infrastructure to collect mercury-containing wastes for reducing mercury releases,more facilities for treating wastewater and solid waste to accommodate increased requirements of discharge,and growing selected perennial plants in mercury-contaminated land to absorb the mercury in soil.We also suggested concerted operation of a dedicated water-quality monitoring system,reinforced legislation and an effective administrative mechanism to ensure lasting efforts are invested in curbing mercury releases and restoring mercury contaminated land and water in the Reservoir area.

Review on the Effects of Combined Pollution of Lead and Chromium on Soil Microorganisms and Treatment Methods

Heavy metals—Pb and Cr are important causes of environmental pollution, and they often coexist in nature. At present, the effects of Pb and Cr toxicity on soil microorganisms have been less studied, in soil environment which is extremely complex. Simulating soil environment and studying microbial reaction under various heavy metal conditions are of great significance for revealing microbial tolerance to heavy metals. In this paper, firstly, the related concepts of soil rechecking pollution are discussed, and the physical and chemical properties and forms of lead and chromium are introduced accordingly. Secondly, the effects of combined pollution of lead and chromium on soil microbial biomass, soil microbial community structure and soil microbial activity were discussed. Finally, the relevant treatment methods of heavy metal contaminated soil were put forward.

Adsorptive and catalytic properties in the removal of volatile organic compounds over zeolite-based materials

Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use of activated carbons as adsorbents and oxide-supported metals as catalysts. Notably, activated carbons easily adsorb water, which strongly hinders the adsorption of VOCs; conventional oxides typically possess relatively low surface areas and random pores, which effectively influence the catalytic conversion of VOCs. Zeolites, in contrast with activated carbons and oxides, can be designed to have very uniform and controllable micropores, in addition to tailored wettability properties, which can favor the selective adsorption of VOCs. In particular, zeolites with selective adsorptive properties when combined with catalytically active metals result in zeolite-supported metals exhibiting significantly improved performance in the catalytic combustion of VOCs compared with conventional oxide-supported catalysts. In this review, recent developments on VOC abatement by adsorptive and catalytic techniques over zeolite-based materials have been briefly summarized.

Compound composer软件系统在水体有机污染物筛查中的应用

通过系列监测活动考察并验证了Compound composer软件系统在水体有机污染物快速定性、半定量工作中的可靠性。对2 mg/L的19种有机氯农药的标准溶液可以实现完全分离与准确定性,半定量结果的相对误差在-94%~42%;进一步利用该软件系统筛查某湖泊4条支流,共筛查出有污染物11种,除常见的钛酸酯类外,还检出苯并噻唑、2-苯氧基乙醇、甲硫基苯并噻唑、碳氢化合物和苯并呋喃等;最后还将其用于实际的突发环境应急事故应急监测中,筛查出特征污染物2-甲氧基-6-甲基苯胺,为锁定责任企业和环境执法提供了依据。结果表明,Compound composer软件在缺乏标准溶液的情况下,可以实现有机污染物的快速定性及半定量,尤其在突发环境污染事件中有一定的应用价值。

Synergistic PM_(2.5)and O_(3)control to address the emerging global PM_(2.5)-O_(3)compound pollution challenges

In recent years,the issue of PM_(2.5)-O_(3)compound pollution has become a significant global environmental concern.This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of global PM_(2.5)-O_(3)compound pollution and exposure risks,firstly at the global and urban scale,using spatial statistical regression,exposure risk assessment,and trend analyses based on the datasets of daily PM_(2.5)and surface O_(3)concentrations monitored in 120 cities around the world from 2019 to 2022.Additionally,on the basis of the common emission sources,spatial heterogeneity,interacting chemical mechanisms,and synergistic exposure risk levels between PM_(2.5)and O_(3)pollution,we proposed a synergistic PM_(2.5)-O_(3)control framework for the joint control of PM_(2.5)and O3.The results indicated that:(1)Nearly 50%of cities worldwide were affected by PM_(2.5)-O_(3)compound pollution,with China,South Korea,Japan,and India being the global hotspots for PM2.5-O3 compound pollution;(2)Cities with PM_(2.5)-O_(3)compound pollution have exposure risk levels dominated by ST t ST(Stabilization)and ST t HR(High Risk).Exposure risk levels of compound pollution in developing countries are significantly higher than those in developed countries,with unequal exposure characteristics;(3)The selected cities showed significant positive spatial correlations between PM_(2.5)and O_(3)concentrations,which were consistent with the spatial distribution of the precursors NOx and VOCs;(4)During the study period,52.5%of cities worldwide achieved synergistic reductions in annual average PM_(2.5)and O_(3)concentrations.The average PM_(2.5)concentration in these cities decreased by 13.97%,while the average O_(3)concentration decreased by 19.18%.This new solution offers the opportunity to construct intelligent and healthy cities in the upcoming low–carbon transition.

Ionic Liquid Assisted Extraction of Nitrogen and Sulphur-Containing Air Pollutants from Model Oil and Regeneration of the Spent Ionic Liquid

Removal of air pollutants, such as nitrogen and sulphur containing compounds from a model oil (dodecane) was studied. An ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C2mim] [Cl]) was used as an extractant. Liquid-liquid extraction by using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C2mim] [Cl] was found to be a very promising method for the removal of N- and S-compounds. This was evaluated by using a model oil (dodecane) with indole as a neutral nitrogen compound and pyridine as a basic nitrogen compound. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) was used as a sulphur compound. An extraction capacity of up to 90 wt% was achieved for the model oil containing pyridine, while only 76 wt% of indole in the oil was extracted. The extraction capacity of a model sulphur compound DBT was found to be up to 99 wt%. Regeneration of the spent ionic liquid was carried out with toluene back-extraction. A 1:1 toluene-to-IL wt ratio was performed at room temperature. It was observed that, for the spent ionic liquid containing DBT as a model compound more than 85 wt% (corresponding 3852 mg/kg) could be removed from the oil. After the second regeneration cycle, 86 wt% of the DBT was recovered from the ionic liquid to toluene. In the case of indole as the nitrogen containing species, more than 99 wt%, (corresponding to 2993 mg/kg) of the original indole was transferred from the model oil to the ionic liquid. After the first-regeneration cycle of the spent ionic liquid, 54 wt% of the indole–in-IL was transferred to toluene. Thus, both extractions of nitrogen and sulphur model compounds were successfully carried out from model oil and the back-extraction of these compounds from the ionic liquids to toluene demonstrated the proved the concept of the regeneration point of view.

On the organic compounds in water of Mochou Lake and Heart Lake in Larsemann Hills,Antarctica

Information on the organic compounds in water of Mochou Lake and Heart Lake, Antarctica is given in this paper. 93 organic compounds were identified from 121 chemical constituents in lake water, including n alkanes, lipidal isopentadienes, aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatics, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, monocarboxylic acids and phthalic esters in the range of 0.0274.79 μg/L. Organic compounds of global occurrence like BHC, DDT and PCBs were detected in the water, at the concentration of 0.0120.356 μg/L.

Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Surface Coating Facilities: Characterization of Facilities, Estimation of Emission Rates, and Dispersion Modeling of Off-Site Impacts

Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas;2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas;3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site impacts from surface coating facilities. The database was developed using 286 TCEQ permit files authorizing surface coating facilities in Texas during 2006 and 2007. The database was designed to include information important for estimating emission rates, and for using as inputs to the dispersion model. Hourly and annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and exempt solvents (ES) were calculated for each permitted entity/ company in the database, according to equations given by TCEQ. Dispersion modeling was then conducted for 3 facility configurations (worst-case stack height, good practice stack height, and fugitive emissions), for urban and rural dispersion parameters, for 8-hour and 24-hour operating scenarios, and for 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual averaging times, for a total of 36 scenarios. The highest modeled concentrations were for the worst-case stack height, rural dispersion parameters, 24-hour operation scenario, and 1-hour averaging time. 108 specific chemical species, which are components of surface coatings, were identified as candidates for further health impacts review.

江苏省13个城市联合观测的大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

江苏省是长江三角洲的重要组成,近年来以臭氧(O_(3))和细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为特征的区域复合型污染突出。挥发性有机物(VOCs)是O_(3)和PM_(2.5)的重要前体物。2020年4月、8月和2021年1月在江苏省13个城市开展大气VOCs样品离线同步观测,在此基础上分析了江苏省大气VOCs的浓度水平、化学组成和空间分布。整体来看,全省平均VOCs体积分数为40.3×10^(-9),其中烷烃(41.8%)是主要贡献者,其次为含氧有机物(16.6%)、芳香烃(12.5%)、卤代烃(12.9%)和烯烃(9.6%)。从具体城市来看,VOCs高值区主要集中在苏南及苏中地区,呈现出明显的“南高北低”的区域分布特征,排名前3的城市分别为常州(52.0×10^(-9))、泰州(49.8×10^(-9))和苏州(45.2×10^(-9))。臭氧生成潜势(OFP)表明,芳香烃和烯烃是对江苏省O_(3)生成贡献最大的组分,OFP排名前3的组分均包括间/对二甲苯、甲苯和乙烯。利用正交矩阵因子(PMF)模型对江苏省VOCs进行来源解析,共解析出5个因子。工业排放是主要贡献者(40.1%),之后依次为机动车尾气(33.0%)、溶剂与涂料使用(15.9%)、油气挥发(8.4%)和天然源(2.6%)。对于省内各市而言,VOCs来源结构具有差异。常州、苏州工业排放源相对贡献最高;连云港、徐州、扬州和淮安的机动车尾气相对贡献较高;溶剂与涂料使用和油气挥发对各市VOCs贡献较低。优先控制交通相关排放和工业相关排放能够有效地控制长三角中部地区的大气O_(3)和PM_(2.5)污染问题。

氧化钙活化过硫酸盐修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤

采用氧化钙活化过硫酸盐氧化法修复重金属-有机物复合污染土壤,考察了过硫酸钠投加量、过硫酸钠与氧化钙投加比、水土比等对修复效果的影响,探讨了机理。结果表明,在过硫酸钠投加量2.5 mmol/g,氧化钙与过硫酸钠投加比2∶5,水土比3∶1的条件下,汞、砷的钝化率分别为81%和83%,存在形态由弱酸提取态转化为更为稳定的残渣态,氯仿、苯、总石油烃和1,2,3-三氯丙烷的去除率分别为99%,98%,82%,80%。氧化钙一方面,催化过硫酸盐,产生硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基氧化重金属、降解有机污染物。另一方面,通过物理固封和吸附、络合、沉淀作用钝化汞、砷。研究为重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复技术的实际应用奠定基础。

不同固废基载体材料固定化菌剂的制备及其对复合污染土壤的修复效果比较

为了更加高效绿色地修复重金属多环芳烃复合污染土壤,将3种PAHs高效降解菌毛霉、黑曲霉和分枝杆菌复配后,选择不同的固废基材料作为载体制备固定化菌剂,考察了不同固定化菌剂对土壤中重金属和多环芳烃的修复效果。结果表明:小麦秸秆在马弗炉700℃无氧煅烧2 h制得的生物炭作为载体的固定化菌剂,对土壤中镉和多环芳烃的修复解效果最好;当投加的固定化菌剂的质量分数为1%时,复合污染土壤中phe(菲)的降解效率高达86.78%以上,pyr(芘)的降解率高达60.77%;污染土壤中Cd的钝化率达到23.99%。

上海西南某工业区夏季臭氧污染时期挥发性有机物特征及来源分析

于2020年8月1—31日在上海金山区省界工业区附近设置观测点,对空气中104种挥发性有机物(VOCs)、氮氧化物(NO_(x))和臭氧(O_(3))水平进行观测。观测期间,O_(3)小时质量浓度为17~262μg/m^(3),平均值为83μg/m^(3),期间出现两次O_(3)污染时段,O_(3)时均值分别为119、110μg/m^(3);观测期间总VOCs(TVOCs)体积分数为66.67×10^(-9),VOCs呈白天低、夜间高的变化趋势,各VOCs组分的日变化趋势与TVOCs一致;VOCs的总臭氧生成潜势(OFP)为578.85μg/m^(3),烯烃对OFP的贡献最大;源解析结果表明,两个污染时期的VOCs均与机动车尾气排放及涂料溶剂使用有关,应加强两个VOCs来源的管控;后向轨迹聚类分析表明,两污染时期VOCs高值气团均来自于海上,除周边城市的区域输送外,海上排放源也需加强关注。

陆上石油天然气开采过程中减污降碳协同管控

石油天然气行业是挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放的重要源头,也是甲烷(CH_(4))的最大工业释放源。在石油天然气开采中对VOCs与CH_(4)进行协同管控,实现减污降碳,对我国大气环境治理和“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。石油天然气开采过程中大部分VOCs和CH_(4)释放源具有同根同源性,其中工艺有组织排放和火炬排放分别为最大的VOCs释放源和CH_(4)释放源;在加入新型网络化监测的协同管控路径基础上,选择适宜的管控措施,可提高污染物协同管控的效率;治理成本效益核算中多污染物成本效益法具有更高的经济效益,吸收法和吸附法是技术成熟度和经济性较高的VOCs治理技术,而减少压缩机和发动机启动次数是最经济的CH_(4)减排措施。