Preparation and Characterization of Cerium Doped Ti/SnO_2-Mn_2O_3/PbO_2 Electrode

The acid-proof anode Ti/SnO2+Mn2O3/PbO2 doped with Ce was prepared by thermal decomposition and electrodeposition combination technology, the effect of Ce on the morphology and structure of anode was also studied in this paper. The results obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that PbO2 crystal grains presented honeycomb structure were formed on the electrode surface by doping with Ce. The specific surface areas and catalytic active sites of the Ce-PbO2 doped electrode were increased and the catalytic activity was evidently greater than the undoped one. However, when Ce was doped into the intermediate layer (SnO2+Mn2O3), a more cracked surface structure formed, thus leading electrode deactivation by passivation of the Ti-substrate. So the anodic stability was decreased according to the accelerated life tests.

Designing Membrane Electrode Assembly for Electrochemical CO_(2)Reduction:a Review

Currently, the electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2) RR) can realize the resource conversion of CO_(2) , which is a promising approach to carbon resource use. Important advancements have been made in exploring the CO_(2) RR performance and mechanism because of the rational design of electrolyzer systems, such as H-cells, flow cells, and catalysts. Considering the future development direction of this technology and large-scale application needs, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) systems can improve energy use efficiency and achieve large-scale CO_(2) conversion, which is considered the most promising technology for industrial applications. This review will concentrate on the research progress and present situation of the MEA component structure. This paper begins with the composition and construction of a gas diff usion electrode. Then, the application of ion-exchange membranes in MEA is introduced. Furthermore, the eff ects of pH and the anion and cation of the anolyte on MEA performance are explored. Additionally, we present the anode reaction type in MEA. Finally, the challenges in this field are summarized, and upcoming trends are projected. This review should offer researchers a clearer picture of MEA systems and provide important, timely, and valuable insights into rational electrolyzer design to facilitate further development of CO_(2) electrochemical reduction.

Novel Perovskite Oxide Hybrid Nanofibers Embedded with Nanocatalysts for Highly Efficient and Durable Electrodes in Direct CO_(2) Electrolysis

The unique characteristics of nanofibers in rational electrode design enable effec-tive utilization and maximizing material properties for achieving highly efficient and sustainable CO_(2) reduction reactions( CO_(2)RRs)in solid oxide elec-trolysis cells(SOECs).However,practical appli-cation of nanofiber-based electrodes faces chal-lenges in establishing sufficient interfacial contact and adhesion with the dense electrolyte.To tackle this challenge,a novel hybrid nanofiber electrode,La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.15)Fe_(0.8)Pd_(0.05)O_(3-δ)(H-LSCFP),is developed by strategically incorporating low aspect ratio crushed LSCFP nanofibers into the excess porous interspace of a high aspect ratio LSCFP nanofiber framework synthesized via electrospinning technique.After consecutive treatment in 100% H_(2) and CO_(2) at 700°C,LSCFP nanofibers form a perovskite phase with in situ exsolved Co metal nanocatalysts and a high concentration of oxygen species on the surface,enhancing CO_(2) adsorption.The SOEC with the H-LSCFP electrode yielded an outstanding current density of 2.2 A cm^(-2) in CO_(2) at 800°C and 1.5 V,setting a new benchmark among reported nanofiber-based electrodes.Digital twinning of the H-LSCFP reveals improved contact adhesion and increased reaction sites for CO_(2)RR.The present work demonstrates a highly catalytically active and robust nanofiber-based fuel electrode with a hybrid structure,paving the way for further advancements and nanofiber applications in CO_(2)-SOECs.

Photoelectrochemical degradation of Methylene Blue with β-PbO_2 electrodes driven by visible light irradiation

β-PbO2 electrodes were prepared by electro-deposition and characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and linear sweep voltammetry.We confirmed pure β-PbO2 crystals were on the electrode and it had a high oxygen evolution potential.The photoactivity and photoelectrochemical（PEC） properties of the β-PbO2 electrode were investigated under visible light irradiation（λ 〉 420 nm） for the decolorization of Methylene Blue.Pseudo first-order kinetics parameter（Kapp） for dye decolorization using the β-PbO2 electrode achieved 6.71×10-4 min-1 under visible light irradiation,which indicated its excellent visible light-induced photoactivity.The Kapp of the PEC process was as much as 1.41×10-3 min-1 and was 1.71 times that of visible light irradiation or electrolysis even in the presence of the β-PbO2 electrode.A significant synergetic effect was observed in the PEC system.We also employed TiO2 modified β-PbO2 electrodes in this test,which revealed that the TiO2 immobilized on the β-PbO2 electrode inhibited the visible light-induced PEC efficiency despite the amount of TiO2 used for electrode preparation.The β-PbO2 electrode was also superior to the dimensionally stable anode（Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2） in visible light-induced photoactivity and PEC efficiency.

Computational design of promising 2D electrode materials for Li-ion and Li–S battery applications

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and lithium-sulfur(Li–S)batteries are two types of energy storage systems with significance in both scientific research and commercialization.Nevertheless,the rational design of electrode materials for overcoming the bottlenecks of LIBs and Li–S batteries(such as low diffusion rates in LIBs and low sulfur utilization in Li–S batteries)remain the greatest challenge,while two-dimensional(2D)electrodes materials provide a solution because of their unique structural and electrochemical properties.In this article,from the perspective of ab-initio simulations,we review the design of 2D electrode materials for LIBs and Li–S batteries.We first propose the theoretical design principles for 2D electrodes,including stability,electronic properties,capacity,and ion diffusion descriptors.Next,classified examples of promising 2D electrodes designed by theoretical simulations are given,covering graphene,phosphorene,MXene,transition metal sulfides,and so on.Finally,common challenges and a future perspective are provided.This review paves the way for rational design of 2D electrode materials for LIBs and Li–S battery applications and may provide a guide for future experiments.

Peptide self‐assembly as a strategy for facile immobilization of redox enzymes on carbon electrodes

Redox-enzyme‐mediated electrochemical processes such as hydrogen production,nitrogen fixation,and CO_(2) reduction are at the forefront of the green chemistry revolution.To scale up,the inefficient two‐dimensional(2D)immobilization of redox enzymes on working electrodes must be replaced by an efficient dense 3D system.Fabrication of 3D electrodes was demonstrated by embedding enzymes in polymer matrices.However,several requirements,such as simple immobilization,prolonged stability,and resistance to enzyme leakage,still need to be addressed.The study presented here aims to overcome these gaps by immobilizing enzymes in a supramolecular hydrogel formed by the self‐assembly of the peptide hydrogelator fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyldiphenylalanine.Harnessing the self‐assembly process avoids the need for tedious and potentially harmful chemistry,allowing the rapid loading of enzymes on a 3D electrode under mild conditions.Using the[FeFe]hydrogenase enzyme,high enzyme loads,prolonged resistance against electrophoresis,and highly efficient hydrogen production are demonstrated.Further,this enzyme retention is shown to arise from its interaction with the peptide nanofibrils.Finally,this method is successfully used to retain other redox enzymes,paving the way for a variety of enzyme‐mediated electrochemical applications.

LiTFSI salt concentration effect to digest lithium polysulfides for high-loading sulfur electrodes

Sulfur utilization improvement and control of dissolved lithium polysulfide(LiPS;Li_(2)S x,2<x≤8)are cru-cial aspects of the development of lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries,especially in high-loading sulfur elec-trodes and low electrolyte/sulfur(E/S)ratios.The sluggish reaction in the low E/S ratio induces poor LiPS solubility and unstable Li_(2)S electrodeposition,resulting in limited sulfur utilization,especially under high-loading sulfur electrode.In this study,we report on salt concentration effects that improve sulfur utilization with a high-loading cathode(6 mgs ulfurcm^(-2)),a high sulfur content(80 wt%)and a low E/S ratio(5 m L gs ulfur^(-1)).On the basis of the rapid LiPS dissolving in a low concentration electrolyte,we estab-lished that the quantity of Li_(2)S electrodeposition from a high Li+diffusion coefficient,referring to the reduction of LiPS precipitation,was significantly enhanced by a faster kinetic.These results demonstrate the importance of kinetic factors for the rate capability and cycle life stability of Li-S battery electrolytes through high Li_(2)S deposition under high-loading sulfur electrode.

Photoelectrochemical CO_(2) electrolyzers: From photoelectrode fabrication to reactor configuration

The photoelectrochemical conversion of CO_(2) into value-added products emerges as an attractive approach to alleviate climate change. One of the main challenges in deploying this technology is, however, the development and optimization of(photo)electrodes and photoelectrolyzers. This review focuses on the fabrication processes, structure, and characterization of(photo)electrodes, covering a wide range of fabrication techniques, from rudimentary to automated fabrication processes. The work also highlights the most relevant features of(photo)electrodes, with special emphasis on how to measure and optimize them. Finally, the review analyses the integration of(photo)electrodes in different photoelectrolyzer architectures, analyzing the most recent research work that comprises photocathode, photoanode,photocathode-photoanode, and tandem photoelectrolyzer configurations to ideally achieve self-sustained CO_(2) conversion systems. Overall, comprehensive guidelines are provided for future advancements in developing effective devices for CO_(2) conversion, bridging the gap towards the use of sunlight as the unique energy input and practical applications.

A facile finger-paint physical modification for bilateral electrode/electrolyte interface towards a stable aqueous Zn battery

Since the electrode/electrolyte interface(EEI)is the main redox center of electrochemical processes,proper manipulation of the EEI microenvironment is crucial to stabilize interfacial behaviors.Here,a finger-paint method is proposed to enable quick physical modification of glass-fiber separator without complicated chemical technology to modulate EEI of bilateral electrodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs).An elaborate biochar derived from Aspergillus Niger is exploited as the modification agent of EEI,in which the multi-functional groups assist to accelerate Zn^(2+)desolvation and create a hydrophobic environment to homogenize the deposition behavior of Zn anode.Importantly,the finger-paint interface on separator can effectively protect cathodes from abnormal capacity fluctuation and/or rapid attenuation induced by H_(2)O molecular on the interface,which is demonstrated in modified MnO_(2),V_(2)O_(5),and KMn HCF-based cells.The as-proposed finger-paint method opens a new idea of bilateral interface engineering to facilitate the access to the practical application of the stable zinc electrochemistry.

Preparation of B_(2)O_(3)-ZnO-SiO_(2)Glass and Sintering Densification of Copper Terminal Electrode Applied in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

B_(2)O_(3)-Zn O-SiO_(2)(BZS)glass containing Cu O with excellent acid resistance,wetting properties,and high-temperature sintering density was prepared by high temperature melting method and then applied in copper terminal electrode for multilayer ceramic capacitors(MLCC)applications.The structure and property characterization of B_(2)O_(3)-Zn O-SiO_(2)glass,including X-ray diffraction,FTIR,scanning electron microscopy,high-temperature microscopy,and differential scanning calorimetry,indicated that the addition of CuO improved the glass’s acid resistance and glass-forming ability.The wettability and acid resistance of this glass were found to be excellent when CuO content was 1.50 wt%.Compared to BZS glass,the CuO-added glass exhibited excellent wettability to copper powder and corrosion resistance to the plating solution.The sintered copper electrode films prepared using the glass with CuO addition had better densification and lower sintering temperature of 750℃.Further analysis of the sintering mechanism reveals that the flowability and wettability of the glass significantly impact the sintering densification of the copper terminal electrodes.

High-Con cent rat ion Electrosynthesis of Formic Acid/Formate from CO_(2):Reactor and Electrode Design Strategies

The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),driven by renewable energy,provides a potential carbon-neutral avenue to convert CO_(2)into valuable fuels and feedstocks.Conversion of CO_(2)into formic acid/formate is considered one of the economical and feasible methods,owing to their high energy densities,and ease of distribution and storage.The separation of formic acid/formate from the reaction mixtures accounts for the majority of the overall CO_(2)RR process cost,while the increment of product concentration can lead to the reduction of separation cost,remarkably.In this paper,we give an overview of recent strategies for highly concentrated formic acid/formate products in CO_(2)RR.CO_(2)RR is a complex process with several different products,as it has different intermediates and reaction pathways.Therefore,this review focuses on recent study strategies that can enhance targeted formic acid/formate yield,such as the all-solid-state reactor design to deliver a high concentration of products during the reduction of CO_(2)in the electrolyzer.Firstly,some novel electrolyzers are introduced as an engineering strategy to improve the concentration of the formic acid/formate and reduce the cost of downstream separations.Also,the design of planar and gas diffusion electrodes(GDEs)with the potential to deliver high-concentration formic acid/formate in CO_(2)RR is summarized.Finally,the existing technological challenges are highlighted,and further research recommendations to achieve high-concentration products in CO_(2)RR.This review can provide some inspiration for future research to further improve the product concentration and economic benefits of CO_(2)RR.

Graphene-based electrodes and catalysts for electroreduction of CO_(2)to low-carbon alcohols

The electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)(CO_(2)ER)into the renewable and sustainable green fuels,such as low-carbon alcohols,is one of several workable strategies.CO_(2)ER can be combined with renewable electricity to transform intermittent energy sources(such as wind,hydro,and solar)into a fuel that can be stored until it is ready to be used.The intrinsic characteristics of the employed catalyst have a significant and substantial effect on the efficiency of CO_(2)ER and the ensuing economic viability.The paradigmatic multicarbon alcohol catalysts should increase the concentration of*CO in the reaction environment,stabilize the key intermediate products during the reaction,and facilitate the C-C coupling interaction.Since graphene has a large surface area and exceptional conductivity,it has been used as a support for active phases(nanoparticles or nanosheets).It is possible for graphene to enhance charge transport and accelerate CO_(2)conversion through its electronic and structural coupling effects.At the interface,a synergy can be produced that improves CO_(2)ER by increasing*CO adsorption,intermediate binding,and stability.This article focuses on recent advancements in graphene-based catalysts that promote CO_(2)ER to alcohols.Likewise,this paper also describes and discusses the key role graphene plays in catalyzing CO_(2)ER into alcohols.Finally,we hope to provide future ideas for the design of graphene-based electrocatalysts.

Free-Standing α-MoO_(3)/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene Hybrid Electrode in Water-in-Salt Electrolytes

While transition-metal oxides such as α-MoO_(3)provide high capacity,their use is limited by modest electronic conductivity and electrochemical instability in aqueous electrolytes.Two-dimensional(2D)MXenes,offer metallic conductivity,but their capacitance is limited in aqueous electrolytes.Insertion of partially solvated cations into Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene from lithium-based water-in-salt(WIS)electrolytes enables charge storage at positive potentials,allowing a wider potential window and higher capacitance.Herein,we demonstrate that α-MoO_(3)/Ti_(3)C_(2)hybrids combine the high capacity of α-MoO_(3)and conductivity of Ti_(3)C_(2)in WIS(19.8 m LiCI)electrolyte in a wide1.8 V voltage window.Cyclic voltammograms reveal multiple redox peaks from α-MoO_(3)in addition to the well-separated peaks of Ti_(3)C_(2)in the hybrid electrode.This leads to a higher specific charge and a higher rate capability compared to a carbon and binder containing α-MoO_(3)electrode.These results demonstrate that the addition of MXene to less conductive oxides eliminates the need for conductive carbon additives and binders,leads to a larger amount of charge stored,and increases redox capacity at higher rates.In addition,MXene encapsulated α-MoO_(3)showed improved electrochemical stability,which was attributed to the suppressed dissolution of α-MoO_(3).The work suggests that oxide/MXene hybrids are promising for energy storage.

新型电化学反应器降解苯酚废水的研究

以自制钛基PbO_(2)电极为阳极,以碳纤维管为阴极成功开发了一种基于电磁感应无线供电技术的微型电解池填充式电化学反应器,从电解质浓度、pH值和输入电压等等方面探究了新型电化学反应器对苯酚废水的最佳降解条件,当电解质浓度为0.012 5 mol/L,pH值为5,输入电压为8 V时进行降解100 min,苯酚降解率可达92%,处理效果最佳。与传统平板式电化学反应器相比具有明显优势。

5Cr油套管钢在含Cl^(-)的CO_(2)环境中的腐蚀特性研究

目的掌握油气井生产中CO_(2)腐蚀对油套管的影响规律,研究兼顾耐蚀性和经济性的5Cr油套管材料在含Cl^(-)的CO_(2)环境中不同时间下的腐蚀演变规律。方法采用XRD、XPS、SEM和EDS等技术分析5Cr油套管钢在不同时间下腐蚀产物膜的演变情况,利用丝束电极(WBE)和阻抗测试(EIS)技术对其腐蚀电化学行为进行研究。结果5Cr油套管钢腐蚀后期的平均腐蚀速率约为初期的1/2,在腐蚀14 d后,腐蚀产物膜中的Cr富集大于30%,Cr、Fe质量比达到较高水平,约为基体的15倍。随着腐蚀的进行,电荷传递电阻和产物膜覆盖引起的电阻增大,电化学反应阻力增大。在腐蚀前期具有局部不均匀性,随着腐蚀的进行,电极腐蚀电位有负移现象,最终分布区间为−0.59~−0.61 V,电极表面阳极电流区域大幅减少。结论在腐蚀时间延长的条件下,5Cr油套管钢腐蚀产物膜的致密性增加,电荷传递电阻呈变大趋势。在产物膜下的5Cr油套管钢区域,电流发生由阴极向阳极极性转变的现象,产物膜存在的孔隙使5Cr油套管钢基体金属被腐蚀,从而导致阳极电流的出现。表面局部腐蚀电位阳极区的形成和扩展使其有产生点蚀的倾向,但腐蚀产物逐渐沉积在点蚀坑内壁,形成了Cr富集的保护性表面层,原发生点蚀区域由原阳极活性点位转变为阴极区,对其发展起到了抑制作用。

PbO_(2)电极在电催化氧化领域中的应用

电催化氧化技术在废水处理方面拥有反应条件温和、自动化控制、稳定性好、降解迅速、无二次污染等优势,因而成为最有前景的废水处理技术之一。PbO_(2)电极因其制备简易、析氧电位高、导电性好、耐腐蚀强等特点在电催化领域备受青睐。PbO_(2)电极在制备过程中往往通过掺杂元素等手段来提高电极的电催化活性,以此来达到更高效的降解污染物。总结了近年来PbO_(2)电极的制备,重点讨论元素掺杂研究进展,整理不同元素对PbO_(2)电极的电催化性能改变,并且提出PbO_(2)电极在未来研究过程中的挑战及机遇。

β-PbO_2电极的改性制备及其性能

通过对传统电沉积 β PbO2 工艺技术的改进 (在镀液中加入纳米级TiO2 ) ,使镀层 β PbO2 ,的脆性大大降低 ,从而使其在温度为 90℃的H2 SO4 介质中使用 ,镀层不会与基材剥落 ,而是自然损耗。

新型Ti/Zr-SnO_(2)/β-PbO_(2)电极的构筑及高效降解亚甲基蓝

该文采用热分解法先制备Zr-SnO_(2)中间层,再电沉积β-PbO_(2)层,成功制备了Ti/Zr-SnO_(2)/β-PbO_(2)电极。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量散射谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对电极形貌、晶体结构、元素组成等进行了分析。通过循环伏安法(CV)、电化学交流阻抗法(EIS)、加速寿命实验等测试其电化学性能,考察其电催化降解亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue,MB)活性,优化电流密度和初始MB浓度。结果表明:Ti/Zr-SnO_(2)/β-PbO_(2)电极的表面为致密四棱锥结构,形成了非化学计量比的β-PbO_(2);与传统的Ti/β-PbO_(2)电极相比,Zr-SnO_(2)中间层可有效提高钛基涂层电极的析氧过电位;修饰电极阻抗为87.64Ω/cm2,电极加速寿命为439 min,是Ti/β-PbO_(2)电极的219.5倍,是Ti/SnO_(2)/β-PbO_(2)电极的1.71倍;在50 mA/cm2的电流密度下降解初始浓度为50.00 mg/L的MB时,180 min内MB去除率可达97%。

Mn^(2+)在Ti/SnO_2+SbO_x/PbO_2电极上的电氧化研究

比较了Ti/SnO2 +SbOx/PbO2 电极与Ti/PbO2 电极在电解Mn2 +体系中的析氧极化曲线、Mn2 +的氧化极化曲线和电极寿命 ,发现加入中间层后的Ti/SnO2 +SbOx/PbO2 电极对Mn2 +的电氧化有更好的催化活性和较长的使用寿命 .用正交实验法探讨影响Mn2 +→Mn3 ++e电极过程的因素 ,找出以Ti/SnO2 +SbOx/PbO2 电极为阳极用无隔膜电解槽电解Mn2 +的最佳工艺条件 ,在此条件下的平均电流效率达 95 .6 % .