Catalytic kinetics of dimethyl ether one-step synthesis over CeO_2–CaO–Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst in sulfur-containing syngas process

CeO_2–CaO–Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared for the dimethyl ether(DME) one-step synthesis in a continuous fixed-bed micro-reactor from the sulfur-containing syngas. The catalytic stability over hybrid catalyst of CeO_2–CaO–Pd/HZSM-5 was investigated to ensure that the kinetics experimental results were not significantly influenced by induction period and catalytic deactivation. A large number of kinetic data points(40 sets) were obtained over a range of temperature(240–300 °C), pressure(3–4 MPa), gas hourly space velocity(GHSV)(2000–3000 L·kg^(-1)·h^(-1)) and H_2/CO mole ratio(2–3). Kinetic model for the methanol synthesis reaction and the dehydration of methanol were obtained separately according to reaction mechanism and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. Regression parameters were investigated by the method combining the simplex method and Runge–Kutta method. The model calculations were in appropriate accordance with the experimental data.

Study on the in situ desulfurization and viscosity reduction of heavy oil over MoO_(3)–ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalyst

Heavy oil is characterized by high viscosity.High viscosity makes it challenging to recover and transport.HZSM-5,MoO_(3)/HZSM-5,ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 and MoO_(3)–ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalysts were developed to promote in situ desulfurization and viscosity reduction of heavy oil.The physical and chemical properties of catalysts were characterized by XPS,XRD,TEM,NH3-TPD,etc.The effects of temperature,catalyst type and addition amount on viscosity and composition of heavy oil were evaluated.The results showed that the presence of MoO_(3)–ZrO_(2)/HZSM-5 nanoparticles during aquathermolysis could improve the oil quality by reducing the heavy fractions.It reduced viscosity by 82.56%after the reaction at 280℃ and catalyst addition of 1 wt%.The contents of resins and asphaltic in the oil samples were 5.69%lower than that in the crude oil.Sulfur content decreased from 1.45%to 1.03%.The concentration of H2S produced by the reaction was 2225 ppm.The contents of sulfur-containing functional groups sulfoxide and sulfone sulfur in the oil samples decreased by 19.92%after the catalytic reaction.The content of stable thiophene sulfur increased by 5.71%.This study provided a basis for understanding the mechanism of heavy oil desulfurization and viscosity reduction.

正己烷异构化催化剂Pd/HZSM-5的研究

通过临氢微型反应器中催化剂评价实验,对Pd质量分数为0 1%、0 2%、0 3%、0 4%和0 5%的Pd/HZSM 5催化剂进行了评价,其裂解率分别为4 4806%、3 4817%、4 1884%、4 5858%和2 8182%,裂解率较高。在考察的范围内,催化剂的活性、异构化率均随着Pd质量分数的增加而略有上升;Pd质量分数在0 30%～0 50%时催化剂稳定性良好,Pd含量过低催化剂较易失活,催化剂的选择性较低。

Pd/HZSM-5涂层催化吸热燃料超临界裂解

超临界催化裂解反应是实现吸热燃料功能的关键途径。采用气体辅助涂层和化学镀方法在φ3管内壁制备了Pd/HZSM-5双功能涂层催化剂。利用SEM、XRD和XPS等对涂层进行了表征,结果显示催化剂涂层表面平整,涂层厚度为12μm^16μm,催化剂粒径为1μm^5μm;Pd颗粒分散均匀,主要以零价态存在。考察了模型吸热燃料正十二烷在反应管内的超临界催化裂解反应,结果表明,Pd/HZSM-5涂层能显著促进裂解反应,在温度640℃、压力4 MPa、停留时间10 s下,吸热燃料裂解率为55.5%,产氢率为3.1%,热沉为3 470 kJ/kg,较HZSM-5涂层分别提高了8.5%,58.7%和10.5%;较热裂解分别提高了17.3%,78.1%和13.5%。

Hydrogen Production by Low-temperature Steam Reforming of Bio-oil over Ni/HZSM-5 Catalyst

We investigated high catalytic activity of Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts synthesized by the impregnation method, which was successfully applied for low-temperature steam reforming of bio-oil. The influences of the catalyst composition, reforming temperature and the molar ratio of steam to carbon fed on the stream reforming process of bio-oil over the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were investigated in the reforming reactor. The promoting effects of current passing through the catalyst on the bio-oil reforming were also studied using the electrochemical catalytic reforming approach. By comparing Ni/HZSM-5 with commonly used Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, the Ni2O/ZSM catalyst with Ni-loading content of about 20% on the HZSM-5 support showed the highest catalytic activity. Even at 450 ℃, the hydrogen yield of about 90% with a near complete conversion of bio-oil was obtained using the Ni2O/ZSM catalyst. It was found that the performance of the bio-oil reforming was remarkably enhanced by the HZSM-5 supporter and the current through the catalyst. The features of the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were also investigated via X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods.

Pd/HZSM-5涂层催化剂及正十二烷裂解

采用涂覆法在不锈钢反应管内壁制备了Pd/HZSM-5涂层催化剂,并研究正十二烷裂解过程。采用SEM和XPS研究了涂层催化剂的表面结构,形态和组成,结果表明涂层表面平整,厚度大约10μm,Pd主要以0价态存在。600℃,4 MPa条件下正十二烷裂解热沉和产物分布结果表明,HZSM-5催化裂解热沉较热裂解热沉明显提高,负载Pd后,热沉进一步提高16.9%。

Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮合成甲基异丁基酮

以HZSM-5为载体,采用浸渍法制备系列Pd/HZSM-5催化剂,在高压连续流动固定床反应器中考察Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮性能,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,当HZSM-5载体上Pd负载质量分数为0.5%时,在反应温度140℃、氢压1 MPa、空速0.48 h-1和氢酮物质的量比为1条件下,Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化活性较高,丙酮转化率为45.91%,甲基异丁基酮选择性为94.33%。采用XRD、H2-TPD、SEM、EDS和TGA等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,负载质量分数0.5%的Pd在HZSM-5分子筛表面分散均匀,且0.5%Pd/HZSM-5催化剂具有较高氢吸附能力,失活的主要原因为催化剂表面积炭,采用流化床反应器取代传统的固定床反应器可以很好的解决催化剂积炭问题。

Pd/HZSM-5催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应特性的研究

以正庚烷为模型化合物,利用微反-色谱方法考察分子筛硅铝比、晶粒大小以及贵金属Pd负载量对Pd/HZSM-5催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应特性的影响。结果表明:随着硅铝比的增大,酸性中心数目减少,正庚烷转化率降低,异构化选择性提高;分子筛的晶粒大小对载体酸性和外比表面积的影响不大,使其对Pd/ZSM-5催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应的影响较小;负载Pd后,正庚烷转化率和异构化活性显著提高,当Pd负载量(w)超过0.4%时,催化剂的金属功能与酸性功能达到平衡,正庚烷转化率及异构化活性不再发生明显变化。

Preparation and Catalytic Application of Novel Water Tolerant Solid Acid Catalysts of Zirconium Sulfate/HZSM-5

Esterification of acrylic acid（AA） to produce AA esters has widespread application in the chemical industry. A series of water tolerant solid acid catalysts was prepared, and characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, TGA-DTA, XPS, and ammonia adsorption FTIR. The effects of Si/Al ratio, zirconium sulfate（ZS） loading on HZSM-5 and calcination temperature on the esterification were investigated. When 20% （mass fraction） ZS is loaded on HZSM-5, the conversion of AA reaches 100%. XRD analysis indicates that ZS is highly dispersed on HZSM-5 because no crystalline structure assigned to ZS is found. Catalytic activity and hydrophobicity of ZS supported on HZSM-5 are higher compared with those of parent ZS or HZSM-5. Results show that this kind of novel catalysts is an efficient water tolerant solid acid catalyst for esterification reactions.

Effects of ZrO_2 on the Performance of CuO-ZnO-Al_2O_3/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from CO_2 Hydrogenation

A series of composite catalysts were prepared by the wet mixing method, and the mass ratio of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-ZrO2 component to HZSM-5 zeolite （molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 being 25） was 2：1. The CuO-ZnO-Al2O3-ZrO2 （CuO/ZnO/Al2O3=3/6/1 by weight） component was prepared by a modified ＇two-step＇ co-precipitation method. The effects of ZrO2 on the performance of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSMo5 catalyst for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation were investigated. It was found that ZrO2 improved the properties of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5 as a structural promoter.

Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of n-Butane

The acidic modulations of a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were successfully made by calcination at different treatment temperatures, i.e. 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that the total acid amounts, their density and the amount of B-type acid of HZSM-5 catalysts rapidly decreased, while the amounts of L-type acid had almost no change and thus the ratio of L/B was obviously enhanced with the increase of calcination temperature （excluding 800 ℃）. The catalytic performances of modified HZSM-5 catalysts for the cracking of n-butane were also investigated. The main properties of these catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature, NH3-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and BET surface area measurements. The results showed that HZSM-5 zeolite pretreated at 800 ℃ had very low catalytic activity for n-butane cracking. In the calcination temperature range of 500-700 ℃, the total selectivity to olefins, propylene and butene were increased with the increase of calcination temperature, while, the selectivity for arene decreased with the calcination temperature. The HZSM-5 zeolite calcined at 700 ℃ produced light olefins with high yield, at the reaction temperature of 650 ℃ the yields of total olefins and ethylene were 52.8% and 29.4%, respectively. Besides, the more important role is that high calcination temperature treatment improved the duration stability of HZSM-5 zeolites. The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for cracking of n-butane was explored. It was found that the calcination temperature had large effects on the surface area, crystallinity and acid properties of HZSM-5 catalyst, which further affected the catalytic performance for n-butane cracking.

Low-temperature activation of methane over rare earth metals promoted Zn/HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the presence of ethylene

At low temperature of 723 K, methane can be easily activated in the presence of ethylene in the feed, and converted to higher hydrocarbons （C2-C4） and aromatics （C6-C10）, through its reaction over rare metals modified Zn/HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts without undesirable carbon oxides formation. Methane can get 37.3% conversion over the above catalysts under low temperature, and the catalysts show a longer lifetime than usual metal supported HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts without adding any rare earth metals. The effects of methane activation over various rare earth metal promoted Zn/HZSM-5 catalysts on the products and influences of several reaction conditions such as temperature, catalyst lifetime and molar ratio of CH4/C2H4 have been discussed.

Study on attrition of spherical-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydro-aromatization in a gas–solid fluidized bed

As a potential methane efficient conversion process,non-oxidative aromatization of methane in fluidized bed requires a catalyst with good attrition resistance,especially in the states of high temperature,longtime rapid movement and chemical reaction.Existing evaluation methods for attrition resistance,such as ASTM D5757 and Jet Cup test,are targeted for fresh catalysts at ambient temperature,which cannot well reflect the real process.In this study,spherical-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by dipping and spray drying was placed in a self-made apparatus for attrition testing,in which the catalyst attrition under different system temperatures,running time and process factors was investigated with percent mass loss(PML),particle size-mass distribution(PSMD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).Carbon deposition on the catalyst before and after activation,aromatization and regeneration was analyzed by thermogravimetry(TG),and the attrited catalysts were evaluated for methane dehydro-aromatization(MDA).The results show that the surface abrasion and body breakage of catalyst particles occur continuously,with the increase of system temperature and running time,and make the PML rise gradually.The process factors of activation,aromatization and regeneration can cause the catalyst attrition and carbon deposits,which broaden the PSMD in varying degrees,and the carbon-substances on catalysts greatly improve their attrition resistance at high temperature.Catalyst attrition has a certain influence on its catalytic performance,and the main reasons point to particle breakage and fine powder escape.

Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide over Pd nanoparticles embedded between HZSM-5 nanosheets layers

Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide(DSHP)was studied over Pd loaded on HZSM-5 nanosheets(Pd/ZN).Pd nanoparticles with average size of ca.4.3 nm were introduced into the adjacent nanosheet layers(thickness of ca.2.9 nm)by impregnation method.Pd/ZN with theoretical Si/Al molar ratio of 25 showed the highest selectivity for H2O2 among the prepared catalysts,together with highest formation rate of H2O2(38.0 mmol·(g cat)^-1·h^-1),1.9 times than that of Pd supported on conventional HZSM-5 zeolite(Pd/CZ-50).Better catalytic performance of nanosheet catalysts was attributed to the promoted Pd dispersion which promoted H2 dissociation,more BrΦnsted acid sites and stronger metal-support interaction which inhibited the dissociation of O-O bond in H2O2.The embedded structure sufficiently protected the Pd nanoparticles by space confinement which restrained the Pd leaching,leading to a better catalytic stability with 90%activity retained after 3 cycles,which was almost 3 times than that of Pd/CZ-50(30.4%activity retained).

Coking behaviors and kinetics on HZSM-5/SAPO-34 catalysts for conversion of ethanol to propylene

The coke deposition on HZSM-5/SAPO-34 composite catalysts has been studied in the conversion of ethanol to propylene. The HZSM-5/SAPO-34 composite catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal method（ZS-HS） and fully blending（ZS-MM）. The used catalysts were characterized by XRD, N;adsorption–desorption, TGA, TPO, elemental analysis, FTIR and XPS. The coking kinetics on both ZS-HS and ZS-MM has been investigated and their coking rate equations were obtained. The used ZS-MM catalyst had higher amount of coke and lower nC:nHthan the used ZS-HS. 90% of the coke was deposited in the micropores of ZS-HS, while almost 45% of the coke located in the micropores of ZS-MM. The coke deposited on ZS-HS catalyst was mainly graphite-like carbon species, whereas dehydrogenated coke species was the major on ZS-MM. The coking activation energy of ZS-MM was lower than that of ZS-HS, and the coking rate on ZS-MM was faster than on ZS-HS. In addition, the regeneration of ZS-MM catalyst showed that it had a good hydrothermal stability. The differences on coking behaviors on the two catalysts were due to their different acidic properties and textures.

Effect of Binders on Aromatization Performance of HZSM-5 Catalyst

The effect of different binders on light hydrocarbon aromatization performance of the HZSM-5 catalyst was investigated. Physicochemical properties of the catalysts, such as the specific surface area, pore volume and acidity, etc., were characterized to correlate with their aromatization performance data. The results showed that the pore structure of Al2O3 could significantly affect the catalyst performance. As the accessible pore diameter of the catalyst increased from 8.0 nm to 9.0 nm, the light aromatics yield increased by 2.7 percentage points, while the operating time of the catalyst nearly doubled. In addition, catalysts prepared with SiO2 and aluminum phosphate was more active and stable than that prepared with Al2O3, of which the light aromatics yield enhanced 6---8 percentage points and the rtm length, or seivice eife run length nearly doubled.

Formation of Methane and Ethylene in Methanol Conversion over HZSM-5 Catalyst

Primary formation of methane and secondary formation of ethylene in methanol conversion are evidenced by temperature-programmed-surface- reaction of adsorbed methanol on HZSM-5 catalyst.A reaction mechanism accounts for the observed results is described.

Pd/NaZSM-5负载型催化剂上CO完全氧化研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Pd/NaZSM 5负载型催化剂 .考察了焙烧温度、反应温度、Pd含量及预还原等对CO氧化性能的影响 .结果表明 :制备条件和反应条件对催化活性均有较大影响 ,催化剂的活性随着焙烧温度的增加而降低 ,随反应温度及Pd含量的增加而增加 .XRD ,TEM结果表明催化剂中Pd组分处于高分散状态 ;表面XPS分析证实催化剂表面Pd物种PdO2 和PdO在反应过程中发生明显的表面化学变化 ,高价Pd物种随反应的进行逐步被CO还原为低价Pd物种 ,催化剂活性下降与Pd物种被还原有关 .H2 预还原作用也导致催化剂活性有所下降 .

铈改性NaZSM-5分子筛担载Pd催化剂上CO氧化性能研究

以浸渍法制备了一系列添加CeO2 的Pd Ce/NaZSM 5负载型催化剂 .以CO氧化为模型反应 ,考察了反应温度、Ce含量、预还原、空速及水蒸气等对CO氧化性能的影响 ,并利用XRD和XPS等手段对催化剂体相及表面结构进行了表征 .结果表明 :加入CeO2 作助剂可明显提高催化剂的活性 ,且催化转化率随着反应温度及Ce含量的增加而增加 ;随着空速的增加而降低 ;催化剂对水蒸气不敏感 ,在水蒸气存在的条件下反应可连续进行 72 0h以上保持CO完全转化 ;H2 预还原作用使催化剂活性有所提高 .XRD测试结果表明 ,催化剂中Pd组分处于高分散状态 ,CeO2 的引入促进了Pd物种在NaZSM 5载体上的分散 .表面XPS分析证实催化剂表面Pd物种处于较高的氧化状态 ,且CeO2 与Pd物种间存在协同作用 .Pd的高分散及其与CeO2

Pd/ZSM-5催化剂加氢裂化性能研究

采用N2吸附-脱附和NH3-TPD分析手段,考察ZSM-5分子筛硅铝比和晶粒粒径对载体孔结构和酸性的影响,并以正庚烷和环己烷为原料,考察硅铝比和晶粒粒径对催化剂加氢裂化性能的影响以及Pd负载量对双功能催化剂加氢裂化性能的影响。结果表明:随着硅铝比增大,催化剂的酸性中心数量减少,加氢活性中心数量相对提高,在抑制二次裂化的同时,可提高异构化选择性;而分子筛晶粒粒径的变化对载体外比表面积的影响不大,分子筛晶粒粒径的降低,使催化剂的酸度略有减小,但对催化剂的活性改进有限;分子筛载体负载Pd后,改变了反应路径,使催化剂的加氢裂化性能明显提高,当Pd负载量大于0.4%时,催化剂的加氢转化活性趋于稳定,成为平衡双功能催化剂。