Evaluation of Trace Elements in the Soil of Typical Peach Orchards in Zunyi City

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the enrichment and paucity of trace elements in the soil environment of peach orchards in Zunyi City,and to provide reference for supplementary application of microelement fertilizers and high-quality peach production in peach orchards.[Methods]Taking the soil of three typical peach orchards(Taoli Renjia peach orchard,Pengrui peach orchard and Taohuadao peach orchard)in Shenxi Town,Honghuagang District,Zunyi City as the research object,the contents of trace elements in soil were analyzed through field sampling and indoor determination of trace elements.[Results]The effective contents of trace elements in the soil of peach orchard bases in the study area were at a medium level,and the soil of the peach orchards was rich in available Fe and Se.The contents of available Cu,Mo and Mn were relatively rich.The contents of available B were not high overall.The contents of available Zn were at a moderate to low level overall.The soil of Taoli Renjia peach orchard was relatively rich in trace elements.[Conclusions]The research results can provide a scientific basis for the production of high-quality crispy peaches in peach orchards.

Evaluation on Soil Improvement Effects of Organic Fertilization in Honey Peach Orchard in the Longquan Mountain

Combined application of organic fertilizer is an effective measure to improve the productivity and ecological effect of newly added soil.However,the effect of organic fertilizer application in newly added orchard soil is not clear.In this project,the soil of newly built peach orchard in the Longquan Mountain of Chengdu was applied with 45 t/hm 2 of organic fertilizer.After 9 months of planting 6 varieties of honey peach(Wanhujing,Baifeng,Zhongtao 13,Huangjinmitao 1,Zhongpan 101,Zhongpan 104),the locally well developed peach orchard was taken as the control.The physical and chemical properties of soil from four topography(top slope,middle slope,lower slope and flat land)of newly built peach orchard were analyzed,and the effect of organic fertilizer on soil was evaluated.The results showed that combined application of organic fertilizer had different effects on soils from orchards with different varieties of peach and from different terrain parts of the same peach variety.Specifically,it had the best effect on soil improvement in Baifeng(local variety),Zhongpan 101 and Zhongpan 104(introduced varieties).Meanwhile,the best effect of soil improvement was found on top slope.Cluster analysis divided newly built peach orchards,uncultivated soil,and locally well developed peach orchard into four groups,indicating that the selected amount of organic fertilizer application in this study has improved the soil of peach orchards to some extent,but it was still necessary to increase the application amount.It was better for 54 t/hm 2 amount of organic fertilization on the part of top and middle slope,and 60 t/hm 2 on the lower slope and flat land.The comprehensive ecological benefit assessment of organic fertilizer should be conducted based on long-term monitoring of peach orchard ecological environment,fruit tree growth,fruit yield and quality,which would provide scientific basis for peach orchard production and management.

Research Advance on Sod Culture in Peach Orchard

Sod culture in peach orchards is an advanced soil management. The significances of sod culture in peach orchard are introduced, as well as the sod ways. The effects of sod culture in a peach orchard on soil, microclimate and growth and development of peach tree, and disease, pest and weed are reviewed. The problems in sod culture in peach orchard in China are summarized. Sod culture could increase soil fertility, improve soil physical properties, relieve soil temperature change, increase soil microbial growth and soil enzyme activity, improve microclimate and fruit quality, reduce physiological disease, insect pests and weeds.

Control Effects of Several Technical Measures on Overwintering Generation of Oriental Fruit Moth in Peach Orchard

Peeling trunk,binding insect-attracting belt,cleaning orchard and soil-covering under the crown were the control methods on overwintering generation of oriental fruit moth.However,they had not been applied widely on the production because of the lack of systematic quantitative evaluation.Aiming at this fact,the control effects of these technical measures were studied in peach with different ripening period.The results showed that peeling trunk was the best with the control effect of88.64%.The control effect of binding insect-attracting belt of grass bundle was74.13%,which was the most economical and efficient.Covering with soil layer of 3cm under the crown during the middle ten days of March could holdback the adult getting out from soil.Cleaning deadwood could clean out the overwintering larvae on the ground.

河南郑州桃园桃病毒T的RT-PCR检测

通过选取河南省郑州市周边桃园生长不正常的树体叶片,进行RT-PCR检测桃病毒T的感染。结果表明,18份样品中检测到了6份样品存在病毒感染,检出率为33.3%。检出病毒的桃树样品分布在新郑市多个乡镇的果园,共有5个品种检出病毒;来自巩义市的样品未检测出桃病毒T。检出病毒的桃品种既有生产上的老品种,又有近几年栽植的新品种。结合多个桃园的病毒检出,说明病毒T已在生产中存在较长时间,并在局部区域呈扩散趋势。

浅山旱区重茬桃园更新改造技术规程

桃树经济寿命短,品种更新换代快,重茬栽培是产业可持续发展面临的主要障碍之一。在多年试验的基础上,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、老桃园清理、土壤处理、苗木选择与处理、定植及栽培管理等方面制定了浅山旱区重茬桃园更新改造栽培技术。

不同覆盖方式对桃园土壤性状及果实产量品质的影响

连续2年在上海市12年生蟠桃园将修剪枝条粉碎后翻埋还田,并将此措施与碎枝覆盖、果园生草或反光地布覆盖相结合,探索桃园碎枝利用及复合覆盖的适宜形式。结果表明,相对于对照(不做任何处理),翻埋粉碎树枝、翻埋粉碎树枝+覆盖粉碎树枝、翻埋粉碎树枝+人工生草、翻埋粉碎树枝+铺设反光地布4种措施能使蟠桃单果质量提升13.8%~35.0%,增产16.0%~36.9%,其中以碎枝覆盖结合翻埋的增产提质效果最佳。连续2年的碎枝覆盖结合翻埋,使得0~30 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量比对照显著高出82.1%、52.0%、48.5%和47.7%,0~10 cm土层土壤容重比对照显著降低12.0%,0~20 cm土层土壤平均含水量比对照显著高出10.0%,且在土壤含水量偏低时的保水作用更显著。蟠桃单果质量和产量与土壤含水量、孔隙度、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量等土壤理化指标表现出极显著或显著正相关关系。碎枝翻埋和覆盖相结合是适宜华东地区的桃园废弃物就地利用的良好方式。

基于改进YOLOv4-tiny的果园复杂环境下桃果实实时识别

为实现果园复杂环境下的桃果实实时识别,提出一种基于YOLOv4-tiny的桃果实实时识别方法 YOLOv4-tinyPeach。通过在主干网络中引入卷积注意力模块CBAM,优化其通道维度和空间维度的特征信息;在颈部网络中添加大尺度浅层特征层,提高对小目标识别精度;采用双向特征金字塔网络BiFPN对不同尺度特征信息进行融合。通过训练和比较,YOLOv4-tiny-Peach模型在测试集下的平均精度AP为87.88%,准确率P为91.81%,召回率R为73.84%,F1值为81.85%,相比于改进前,AP提升5.46%,P提升2.29%,R提升4.09%,F1提升3.44%。为检验改进模型在果园复杂环境下的适应性,在不同数目、不同成熟期和遮挡的情况下对果实图像进行识别,并与原模型识别效果进行对比,结果表明改进模型在三种情况下的识别精度均高于原模型,尤其在大视场和未熟期场景下模型改进效果显著。YOLOv4-tiny-Peach模型占用内存为27.4 MB,识别速度为49.76 fps,适用于农业嵌入式设备。为果园复杂环境下的桃果实自动采摘提供实时精准的目标识别指导。

桃园蚜虫对吡虫啉和双丙环虫酯的敏感度监测

【目的】评估桃蚜Myzus persicae和桃粉蚜Hyalopterus amygdali种群对两种常用杀虫剂吡虫啉和双丙环虫酯的敏感性。【方法】2022年和2023年在我国不同桃产区桃园采集桃蚜和桃粉蚜种群,利用玻璃管药膜法测定了两种蚜虫的毒力水平。【结果】2022年监测结果表明,浙江省嘉兴市的桃蚜种群对吡虫啉最敏感,LC50为0.222 mg·L^(-1),相比之下,河北省秦皇岛市、陕西省西安市和甘肃省兰州市的桃蚜种群表现出较低敏感性。2023年,浙江省杭州市的桃蚜种群对吡虫啉最敏感,LC50为1.574 mg·L^(-1)。对比两年的监测数据发现,山东省青岛市桃蚜对吡虫啉的敏感度变化不大,陕西省咸阳市桃蚜种群显示出对吡虫啉的敏感度降低的趋势。对于双丙环虫酯,2022年河北省秦皇岛市的桃蚜种群对双丙环虫酯最敏感,LC50为0.011 mg·L^(-1)。2023年,浙江省杭州市的桃蚜种群对双丙环虫酯最敏感,LC50为0.159 mg·L^(-1)。对比分析发现,甘肃省兰州市的桃蚜种群对双丙环虫酯的敏感度呈增加趋势。桃粉蚜的监测结果表明:云南省昆明市的桃粉蚜种群对吡虫啉和双丙环虫酯均表现出最高的敏感度,然而,河北省秦皇岛市和安徽省宿州市的桃粉蚜种群对吡虫啉的敏感度显著降低。【结论】不同地区和年份的桃蚜和桃粉蚜种群对吡虫啉表现出显著的敏感度差异。两种蚜虫对双丙环虫酯的敏感度差异不显著,均处于敏感水平。

陕西省关中地区桃园土壤肥力状况分析与评价

【目的】调查陕西省关中地区桃园土壤肥力状况,旨在为该区桃园土壤养分管理和施肥提供科学依据。【方法】以咸阳、宝鸡、铜川和渭南4市共24个桃园0~40 cm土层土壤为研究对象,对土壤容重、孔隙度、pH及有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、硝态氮和铵态氮含量进行测定分析并评价。【结果】陕西省关中地区桃园0~20 cm土层土壤容重和孔隙度处于适宜范围,而在>20~40 cm土层,咸阳地区土壤容重较高,宝鸡地区土壤容重较高且孔隙度较低,均超出适宜范围;研究区土壤pH平均值为8.1,除宝鸡桃园土壤pH在6.4~6.9之间外,其余地区桃园均为碱性土壤,pH在8.2~9.0之间;陕西省关中地区土壤肥力总体水平不高,土壤有机质最为缺乏,在0~40 cm土层中,66.7%以上的桃园土壤有机质和全氮含量均处于缺乏水平;0~40 cm土壤有效钾含量均处于适宜或丰富水平,>20~40 cm土层的土壤有效磷含量处于缺乏水平;关中地区速效氮平均含量(w,后同)为10.8 mg·kg^(-1),处于缺乏状态,其中渭南的桃园土壤氨态氮和硝态氮含量最高,0~40 cm土层平均值分别为5.1 mg·kg^(-1),13.6 mg·kg^(-1),咸阳、铜川地区次之,宝鸡地区最低。【结论】陕西省关中地区桃园土壤有机质含量低,肥力低,应采取综合措施调节土壤通气保水性、降低碱度并培肥土壤。

桃园主要鳞翅目害虫性诱芯的混用诱捕效果

【目的】明确北方桃园内梨小食心虫、苹小卷叶蛾、桃蛀螟和桃潜叶蛾等4种害虫性诱芯之间的互作效应。【方法】通过田间诱芯混合诱捕试验,比较4种害虫性诱芯之间的相互作用。【结果】2022年和2023年调查发现,单个梨小食心虫性诱芯与各梨小食心虫性诱芯组合在梨小食心虫诱捕数量上均无显著差异。单个桃潜叶蛾性诱芯与各桃潜叶蛾性诱芯组合在桃潜叶蛾诱捕数量上也均无显著差异。苹小卷叶蛾性诱芯+梨小食心虫性诱芯组合对苹小卷叶蛾的诱捕数量均显著低于各年单独使用苹小卷叶蛾性诱芯时的诱捕数量(p<0.05)。【结论】在诱捕梨小食心虫时,梨小食心虫性诱芯可以与桃潜叶蛾、苹小卷叶蛾、桃蛀螟等3种害虫性诱芯混用;在诱捕桃潜叶蛾时,桃潜叶蛾性诱芯可以与梨小食心虫、苹小卷叶蛾、桃蛀螟等3种害虫性诱芯混用;在诱捕苹小卷叶蛾时,苹小卷叶蛾性诱芯可以与桃潜叶蛾和桃蛀螟这两种害虫的性诱芯混用,不能与梨小食心虫性诱芯混用。

Tree-Temperature Monitoring for Frost Protection of Orchards in Semi-Arid Regions Using Sprinkler Irrigation

Automated over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems were developed and tested in two orchards located in two separate locations in southern Iran （a 0.17 ha peach orchard and a 0.24 ha orange orchard） to protect peach blossoms and orange trees leaves and fruits from low temperature damage. The experiment used a system that monitored the trees and air temperatures using two thermistors. The water application rate by the irrigation system was determined by an energy balance as implemented by the software FROSTPRO, In the peach orchard, the system was tested during three frost events during the spring of 2003 and three other events during the spring of 2004. The system successfully kept peach flowers above the critical temperature, i.e., -4.0℃ in spring 2004 （control block -4.12℃, and sprinkled block ＋0.5℃） during all events. Similar results were obtained in the orange orchard during three frost events in the winter of 2004, during which the tree temperatures were at least 2.5℃ above the critical temperature. Results from field tests show that the system can effectively protect the peach blossoms from damage. Determination done after the frost events showed a 12% blossom kill in the sprinkled blocks while in the unsprinkled control block a 41.5% blossom kill. Calculations indicated that when using variable application rates, the amount of water used can be reduced by 54.3%. Spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during the three frosts was also studied in Jahrom, Iran. Results showed a significant temperature control in the experimental block, especially in the central part of the orchard, but the block margins （about 3.6% of the total area） were at the risk of low temperature due to the wind drift effects.

济源示范区桃园建园技术

从园区要求、品种选择、种植管理、主干形整形修剪等方面对济源示范区桃园建园技术进行了总结,以期为示范区内农业合作社及种植户提供科学参考。

兴义市绿化村桃园昆虫群落结构研究

为明确兴义市顶效镇绿化村桃园昆虫的群落结构,本研究于2022年5—11月进行了系统调查。研究结果表明:桃园昆虫共132种,分属13目84科121属。其中鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、双翅目(Stratiomys)、半翅目(Hemiptera)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)为优势类群;在科级水平上,蚜科(Aphididae)、缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)、蚊科(Culicidae)、叶蝉科(Cicadellidae)为优势科。总体而言,兴义市桃园昆虫群落丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数较高,三者趋势一致,Simpson优势度指数波动幅度较大,表明兴义市绿化村桃园昆虫群落结构具有丰富的多样性。

不同地布覆盖对桃园土壤及果实品质的影响

为研究不同类型地布对桃园土壤及果实品质的影响,2022年在婺城区白龙桥镇董村桃树种植基地开展可降解地布试验。试验品种为锦绣黄桃,以不覆盖地布为对照,设置双色地布、单色地布2个处理,采用田间调查、数据分析等方法,研究了不同地布对桃园土壤理化性质、果实品质以及土壤杂草生长状况的影响。结果表明,地布覆盖可以提高土壤含水量,覆盖双色地布的土壤湿度比未覆盖高21.5百分点;地布覆盖可以调节土壤温度,不同地布之间没有差异;地布覆盖后除了土壤碱解氮含量有提高,其余土壤养分没有影响;地布覆盖杂草抑制率100%,省工节本,单色地布成本更低,推广价值更高。

老桃园树种更新的关键技术

选择合适的杏李品种,利用嫁接的方式将其嫁接在老桃树的主枝上。经过连续4年的整形修剪、肥水管理和病虫害防治,调查树体生长和结果情况。结果表明,4个杏李品种均表现为品质优良,其中‘恐龙蛋’单果重和株产最高,其次为‘风味皇后’。

植物酵素营养液对桃园土壤肥力和微生物多样性的影响

【目的】研究植物酵素营养液对土壤养分和微生物变化的影响,以期为提升果园土壤肥力和植物酵素的应用提供理论依据。【方法】对桃园土壤分别施用植物酵素营养液和常规水肥的进行对比试验,分别采集两处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm的混合土样,研究土壤铵态氮、速效钾、速效磷、有机质含量及土壤微生物的变化情况,探讨植物酵素营养液对桃园土壤肥力以及土壤微生物的影响。【结果】在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤深度,植物酵素营养液处理的桃园土壤有机质含量较常规土壤对照的含量分别增加了1.40 mg/kg和0.40 mg/kg;在0~40 cm土层中,两处理土壤养分含量均随土层深度增加而减少,且植物酵素营养液处理的土壤养分含量高于常规处理的含量;植物酵素营养液处理增加了土壤中微生物的数量。【结论】土壤中施入植物酵素液可以提高桃树土壤肥力和土壤中微生物的数量。

桃园春季管理技术

春季管理是桃园全年管理工作的开始。加强桃园春季管理,可有效降低全年果园劳动投入、提高果实品质、增加收益。从修剪清园、肥水管理、花果管理、病虫害防控和春季低温冻害预防等方面介绍桃园春季管理技术,以期为桃树生产提供指导。

福建省6个桃园养分、重金属、抗生素特征分析与评价

为了解福建省主要桃产区桃园的土壤养分状况以及重金属、抗生素污染情况,测定了宁德市古田县、龙岩市连城县、南平市建瓯市、南平市建阳区、福州市晋安区、福州市闽侯县共6个桃园有机肥和土壤的养分含量、土壤样品中的重金属残留量、有机肥及土壤中的抗生素含量。根据相关标准对土壤的安全性进行了初步分析评价。测定结果表明,养分投入在各产区桃园差别不大,但是土壤各养分含量差异明显,对比国家土壤养分分级标准,全氮含量均小于0.05 g/kg,为第6级,显示极度缺乏;有效磷、速效钾含量平均值均达到1级标准,变化范围分别在0.650~631.186和44.606~418.595 mg/kg,变异程度大。8种重金属在样品土壤中的检出率为100%,除建瓯桃园Cr含量超标外,其余重金属及其他桃园重金属含量均低于国家农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但重金属含量差异较大,其中Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量较高,Hg和Cd的含量较低,建瓯桃园的Cr以及闽侯桃园的Cd单项污染指数均大于1,达到污染水平;建瓯、闽侯的内梅罗综合污染指数在0.7~1.0范围内,污染等级达到警戒线。测定的24种抗生素结果显示,有机肥中检出7种、土壤中检出5种,土壤中检测的抗生素含量高于有机肥中抗生素含量,特别是喹诺酮类中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星。总之,各桃产区应加强施肥,调整养分投入配比,保证养分吸收平衡;虽然土壤重金属、抗生素总体污染水平较低,但仍需警惕。

自然生草有机覆盖对低纬高原地区雨养桃园生理生态效应的影响

以自然生草有机覆盖区域(秋冬季辅以撒播紫花光叶苕子种子)为试验对象,清耕制区域作为对照,研究自然生草有机覆盖对土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤温度、桃树春梢生长、桃树品质的影响,结果表明,在低纬度高原地区的雨养桃园,自然生草有机覆盖可以提高土壤含水量、降低土壤容重、降低土壤温度、促进桃树春梢的生长,自然生草有机覆盖区域桃树果实的产量、总糖含量、维生素C含量都显著高于清耕制区域的桃树。