An Adaptive Slope Compensation Circuit for Peak Current Mode of Boost Switching Power Supply

Based on the analysis of the basic principle of slope compensation, a high-precision adaptive slope compensation circuit for peak current mode boost DC/DC converter is designed. The circuit dynamically detects the input and output voltage of the boost circuit to realize automatic adjustment of the compensation amount with the change of duty ratio, which makes the ramp compensation slope optimized. The design uses a high-precision subtracter to improve the accuracy of slope compensation. While eliminating sub-slope oscillation and improving the stability of boost circuit, the negative impact of compensation on boost circuit is minimized, and the load capacity and transient response speed of boost circuit are guaranteed. The circuit is designed based on SMIC 0.18um CMOS technology, with simple structure, high reliability and easy engineering implementation. Spectre circuit simulator 17.1.0.124 64b simulation results show that the circuit has high compensation accuracy and wide input and output voltage range. When the working voltage is 3.3 V, the compensation slope can be adjusted adaptively under different duty cycles, and the minimum error between the compensation slope and the theoretical optimal compensation slope is only 0.42%.

The Peak Current Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Machine with Asymmetric Dual-Three Phases

The asymmetric dual-three phase BLDC motor has two sets of stator windings,in which the back EMF coefficients are different.This paper takes advantage of the asymmetric dual-three phase BLDC motor’s structural features and proposes a new method for the accelerated problem of the BLDC motor operating in the high speed and the constant electromagnetic power.The dual phase windings of the BLDC motor are integrated into the circuit in the starting stage.When the motor’s back EMF value is equal to the terminal voltage value,switch off a set of RST three phase windingswhose back EMF coefficient is bigger and make the other set of stator windingUVWwith smaller back EMF coefficient continue to operate under the rated power.As the motor rotor speed continues to increase,the electromagnetic torque remains unchanged.By using the peak current control strategy,we can deduce that the phase current of the UVW three-phase winding is twice the RSTthree-phase windingwhen the asymmetric dual-three phase BLDC motor operates at high speed and constant power.

Bifurcation and chaos in high-frequency peak current mode Buck converter

Bifurcation and chaos in high-frequency peak current mode Buck converter working in continuous conduction mode(CCM) are studied in this paper. First of all, the two-dimensional discrete mapping model is established. Next, reference current at the period-doubling point and the border of inductor current are derived. Then, the bifurcation diagrams are drawn with the aid of MATLAB. Meanwhile, circuit simulations are executed with PSIM, and time domain waveforms as well as phase portraits in i_L–v_C plane are plotted with MATLAB on the basis of simulation data. After that, we construct the Jacobian matrix and analyze the stability of the system based on the roots of characteristic equations. Finally, the validity of theoretical analysis has been verified by circuit testing. The simulation and experimental results show that,with the increase of reference current I_(ref), the corresponding switching frequency f is approaching to low-frequency stage continuously when the period-doubling bifurcation happens, leading to the converter tending to be unstable. With the increase of f, the corresponding Irefdecreases when the period-doubling bifurcation occurs, indicating the stable working range of the system becomes smaller.

PRIMARY SIDE DETECTION AND PEAK CURRENT MODE CONTROL IN FLYBACK CONVERTER

A new cycle-by-cycle control flyback converter with primary side detection and peak current mode control is proposed and its dynamic characteristics are analyzed. The flyback converter is verified by the OrCAD simulator. The main advantages of this converter over the conventional one are simplicity, small size, rapid regulating and no sensing control signals over the isolation barrier. The circuit is suitable for digital control implementations.

Experimental research on influence mechanism of loading rates on rock pressure stimulated currents

The study of pressure stimulated current(PSC)changes of rocks is significant to monitor dynamic disasters in mines and rock masses.The existing studies focus on change laws and mechanism of currents generated under the loading of rocks.An electrical and mechanics test system was established in this paper to explore the impacts of loading rates on PSCs.The results indicated that PSC curves of different rocks had different change laws under low/high loading rates.When the loading rate was relatively low,PSC curves firstly changed gently and then increased exponentially.Under high loading rates,PSC curves experienced the rapid increase stage,gentle increase stage and sudden change stage.The compressive strength could greatly affect the peak PSC in case of rock failure.The loading rate was a key factor in average PSC.Under low loading rates,the variations of PSCs conformed to the damage charge model of fracture mechanics,while they did not at the fracture moment.Under high loading rates,the PSCs at low stress didn’t fit the model due to the stress impact effects.The experimental results could provide theoretical basis for the influence of loading rates on PSCs.

Low Power State Assignment Algorithm for FSMs Considering Peak Current Optimization

Finite state machine(FSM)plays a vital role in the sequential logic design.In an FSM,the high peak current which is drawn by state transitions can result in large voltage drop and electromigration which significantly afect circuit reliability.Several published papers show that the peak current can be reduced by post-optimization schemes or Boolean satisfiability(SAT)-based formulations.However,those methods of reducing the peak current either increase the overall power dissipation or are not efcient.This paper has proposed a low power state assignment algorithm with upper bound peak current constraints.First the peak current constraints are weighted into the objective function by Lagrangian relaxation technique with Lagrangian multipliers to penalize the violation.Second,Lagrangian sub-problems are solved by a genetic algorithm with Lagrangian multipliers updated by the subgradient optimization method.Finally,a heuristic algorithm determines the upper bound of the peak current,and achieves optimization between peak current and switching power.Experimental results of International Workshop on Logic and Synthesis(IWLS)1993 benchmark suites show that the proposed method can achieve up to 45.27%reduction of peak current,6.31%reduction of switching power,and significant reduction of run time compared with previously published results.

A Novel Over-Current Protection Technique Applied to Peak-Current Type DC-DC Converter

The change of the over-current protection point of the power switches, caused by slope compensation, is analyzed in detail. It is discovered that the peak current protecting value increases as the duty cycle decreases. As a result, the safety operation of the switches is damaged greatly. A novel solution to improve over-current protection with constant peak current limitation is proposed by inducing synchronous slope compensation into the current limit function instead of the original constant voltage. The design principle and method of the protection circuit based on a UC3846 PWM controller for the interleaved dual-forward converter is presented. Experimental results are given to verify the analysis.

一种窄脉冲信号峰值电压检测电路设计

SiCMOSFET器件栅极峰值电流可以表征器件结温,但是栅极峰值电流信号上升下降速度快、维持时间短,给峰值电压信号检测电路设计带来了挑战。此处提出了一种基于两级峰值采样保持电路的窄脉冲峰值电压检测电路,其具有采集精度高、保持时间长等优点。首先介绍了峰值检测原理以及两级峰值检测原理,然后给出了详细的电路参数选型,最后,利用仿真和实验对此处所提峰值电流检测电路进行了验证。结果表明,所提峰值检测电路检测误差小于1.1%,电压下垂速率为0.55μV/μs。

峰值电流控制Buck变换器高频建模及结合遗传算法的控制器优化设计

峰值电流控制Buck变换器广泛应用于电源管理芯片。小信号建模是设计其控制器的关键。现有模型忽略电压外环引入的稳态控制信号纹波与小信号扰动延拓频谱对系统的影响,在高控制带宽场景下失效,从而无法指导控制器的设计。该文首先指出控制器设计决定了控制信号纹波类型,进而研究了可导型纹波对系统建模的影响;然后综合考虑电压、电流环导致的频谱耦合,得到精确的高频模型;最后基于高频模型,提出一种结合遗传算法的高带宽控制器优化设计方法。仿真与实验证明了该模型的精确性与设计方法的优越性。

一种应用于半桥拓扑的斜率补偿电路

针对在峰值电流控制模式下半桥型开关电源存在次谐波振荡的问题,提出一种新型斜率补偿电路。该斜率补偿电路由少量外围常用器件构成,其补偿深度可由外围器件参数进行调节,与开关驱动信号完全保持同步。基于LTspice搭建斜率补偿电路的仿真模型,仿真结果表明,该电路补偿效果良好。样机实测结果也验证了该斜率补偿电路的有效性。所提电路适用于选择峰值电流模式但电源管理芯片内部没有斜率补偿电路的应用场合。

风光电源故障暂态解析及实用化短路电流峰值计算

研究风光电源的故障暂态过程及短路电流峰值能为设备选型及保护整定提供重要依据。然而,现有的风光电源暂态短路电流计算模型过于依赖参数,计算模型难以满足工程应用需求。因此,该文首先分别对光伏电源、永磁同步风机及双馈感应风机进行故障暂态解析,继而构建形式简洁实用的短路电流峰值表达式。对于光伏电源及永磁同步风机,在恒功率控制阶段建立了基于故障期间电源出力变化的暂态短路电流计算模型;在限幅控制阶段通过分析阻尼比系数,得到短路电流峰值的实用化表达式。对于双馈感应风机,通过分析其故障后定转子磁链的耦合关系,得到Crowbar电阻投入阶段短路电流的简化条件,进而求解出短路电流峰值表达式。最后通过录波数据与仿真数据验证了理论的可行性和正确性。

基于虚拟仪器的曳引式电梯节能效果检测方法

为提高曳引式电梯的节能检测能力,文中提出一种基于虚拟仪器的曳引式电梯的节能效果检测方法。构建曳引式电梯的节能参数解析模型,结合非正弦激励损耗分析方法,得到感应电动机驱动曳引式电梯的能量分布关系。根据能量分布关系分析曳引式电梯的节能参数与剩余损耗算式之间的函数关系,采用简化静态Preisach模型推导出曳引式电梯的节能效果的偏置小磁滞参数。考虑偏置小磁滞融合参数,通过检测相电流峰值点获得曳引式电梯的功率损耗和电能增益参数,采用Energetic磁滞模型,得到交流曳引式电梯的电动机转矩信息参数,根据参数估计结果,实现对曳引式电梯的节能效果检测。实验结果表明,采用本文方法进行曳引式电梯节能效果检测的可靠性和检测性能较好,提高了曳引式电梯节能效果的可视化交互和管理能力。

燃煤发电机组调峰对回转式空气预热器的影响及应对措施

近年来,随着风电、太阳能等可再生能源装机容量的迅猛增长,以及居民用电和第三产业用电负荷的增加,相应的发电负荷和用电负荷具有更明显的日波动性。电网的调峰问题日益突出,需要我国电力的主要来源——燃煤发电机组具有更高的调峰以及快速响应能力。燃煤机组长时间低负荷运行、频繁的升降负荷乃至停炉热备用给配套的回转式空气预热器的安全稳定运行带来挑战,主要体现在快速升降负荷过程中预热器运行电流异常波动以及长时间低负荷下预热器堵灰问题,本文针对上述问题进行研究并提出应对措施。

零序电流及改进峰值能量法在电机滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

基于滚动轴承故障引起的零序电流变化的机理,提出一种采用小波变换及改进峰值能量法的牵引电机轴承故障诊断方法,并进行了案例验证。首先,通过park变换获得零序电流信号;其次,采用小波变换及峰值能量法对零序电流信号分解并平方整流;最后,对整流信号进行包络及傅里叶分析,提取其中的轴承故障特征频率,实现轴承的故障诊断。案例结果表明,该方法能够有效地提取轴承故障特征频率,实现对电机轴承的故障诊断。

短路电流预测方法综述

随着用电负荷与新型电力系统容量的不断增大,短路保护如何与之适配的技术难题日渐突出。系统发生短路故障时,可对短路电流发展进行预测,并根据该规律制定最佳保护与控制方案,力求安全前提下,使得短路造成的停电范围、设施损害最小。因此,短路电流预测方法被广泛研究。首先对短路电流进行了数学分析,得出其主要特征与影响因素;其次,以不同短路电流预测应用场景为分类依据,将国内外主要相关贡献归纳为节点预测、零点预测和峰值预测共三种研究类型,并总结了各类型预测方法的优缺点;最后,对短路电流预测方法进一步的研究方向和趋势进行了展望。

兼顾本地与直流受端电网调峰需求的水电站群短期优化调度模型

面对巨型水电站群高压直流送端电网和受端电网日益严峻的调峰压力,建立了一种兼顾本地与直流受端电网调峰需求的梯级水电站群短期优化调度模型。模型以多电网剩余负荷最大值最小为目标,考虑常规梯级水电站群水力、电力约束,以及复杂高压直流输电线路运行约束,并引入直流线路与水电站之间耦合运行约束。在模型求解阶段,引入辅助变量将目标函数、水电运行约束、直流运行约束线性化,并采用大M法对直流线路与水电站之间双向区间耦合约束进行线性化,将原模型转换为混合整数线性规划模型。以中国西南地区某巨型水电站群冬季和夏季典型日为实例研究,结果表明:送端电网负荷峰谷差降幅高达100%,受端电网负荷峰谷差降幅分别达28.1%和31.6%。所提模型能够利用高压直流输电线路共享水电灵活性,有效实现多电网调峰,并保证直流输电线路运行在安全区间,可以为巨型梯级水电站群短期多电网调峰提供参考和借鉴。

Observation and analysis of halo current in EAST

Plasma in a typically elongated cross-section tokamak(for example, EAST) is inherently unstable against vertical displacement. When plasma loses the vertical position control, it moves downward or upward, leading to disruption, and a large halo current is generated helically in EAST typically in the scrape-off layer. When flowing into the vacuum vessel through in-vessel components, the halo current will give rise to a large J × B force acting on the vessel and the in-vessel components. In EAST VDE experiment, part of the eddy current is measured in halo sensors, due to the large loop voltage.Primary experimental data demonstrate that the halo current first lands on the outer plate and then flows clockwise, and the analysis of the information indicates that the maximum halo current estimated in EAST is about 0.4 times the plasma current and the maximum value of TPF × Ih/IP0is 0.65, furthermore Ih/Ip0and TPF × Ih/Ip0tend to increase with the increase of Ip0. The test of the strong gas injection system shows good success in increasing the radiated power, which may be effective in reducing the halo current.

Estimation of Lightning-Generated NO_(x) in the Mainland of China Based on Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Location Data

Lightning-generated nitrogen oxides(LNO_(x))have a major influence on the atmosphere and global climate change.Therefore,it is of great importance to obtain a more accurate estimation of LNO_(x).The aim of this study is to provide a reference for the accurate estimation of the total LNO_(x) in the mainland of China based on cloud-to-ground lightning(CG)location data from 2014 to 2018.The energy of each CG flash was based on the number of return strokes per CG flash,the peak current of each return stroke,and the assumed CG breakdown voltage.The energy of intracloud lightning(IC)was based on the estimated frequencies of IC and the assumed energy of each IC flash.Combining the energy of lightning and the number of nitric oxide(NO)molecules produced by unit energy(ρno),the total LNO_(x) production in the mainland of China was determined.The LNO_(x) in the mainland of China estimated in this study is in the range(0.157-0.321)×10^(9) kg per year[Tg(N)yr-1],which is on the high end of other scholars’works.Negative cloud-to-ground lightning(NCG)flashes produce the most moles of NO_(x),while positive cloud-to-ground lightning(PCG)flashes produce the least total moles of NO_(x).The breakdown voltage of PCG is greater than that of IC or NCG,while the latter has a greater output of LNO_(x).

Threshold Current Characteristics of Intracavity-contacted Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Laser

Threshold current characteristics of intracavity-contacted oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser had been investigated in detail. Threshold current characteristics not only were depended on the size of oxide-aperture, but also were also strongly affected by the mismatch of its lasing mode and gain peak. For the same degree detuning of the gain peak and lasing mode at room temperature, the threshold current was approximately proportional to the square of the oxide-aperture diameter of above 5μm. For the same oxide-aperture device, the larger the detuning degree of the lasing mode shifted to the shorter wavelength of the gain peak at room temperature was, the lower the minimum threshold current was. The wavelengths of the lasing mode and gain peak were ±N×10nm detuning at 300K, The temperature of the minimum threshold current was changed to be about ±N×40K(N real number). The calculated results were consistent with the experimental ones.