An Empirical Study on China＇s Energy Supply-and-Demand Model Considering Carbon Emission Peak Constraints in 2030

China＇s energy supply-and-demand model and two related carbon emission scenarios, including a planned peak scenario and an advanced peak scenario, are designed taking into consideration China＇s economic development, technological progress, policies, resources, environmental capacity, and other factors. The analysis of the defined scenarios provides the following conclusions： Primary energy and power demand will continue to grow leading up to 2030, and the growth rate of power demand will be much higher than that of primary energy demand. Moreover, low carbonization will be a basic feature of energy supply-and-demand structural changes, and non-fossil energy will replace oil as the second largest energy source. Finally, energy- related carbon emissions could peak in 2025 through the application of more efficient energy consumption patterns and more low-carbon energy supply modes. The push toward decarbonization of the power industry is essential for reducing the peak value of carbon emissions.

A Predictive Nighttime Ventilation Algorithm to Reduce Energy Use and Peak Demand in an Office Building

The effect of two nighttime ventilation strategies on cooling and heating energy use is investigated for a prototype office building in several northern America climates, using hourly building energy simulation software （DOE2.1E）. The strategies include： scheduled-driven nighttime ventilation and a predictive method for nighttime ventilation. The maximum possible energy savings and peak demand reduction in each climate is analyzed as a function of ventilation rate, indoor-outdoor temperature difference, and building thermal mass. The results show that nighttime ventilation could save up to 32% cooling energy in an office building, while the total energy and peak demand savings for the fan and cooling is about 13% and 10%, respectively. Consequently, finding the optimal control parameters for the nighttime ventilation strategies is very important. The performance of the two strategies varies in different climates. The predictive nighttime ventilation worked better in weather conditions with fairly smooth transition from heating to cooling season.

Energy-Efficient Operation of Water Systems through Optimization of Load Power Reduction in Electricity Markets

Demand response(DR) is gaining more and more importance in the architecture of power systems in a context of flexible loads and high share of intermittent generation. Changes in electricity markets regulation in several countries have recently enabled an effective integration of DR mechanisms in power systems. Through its flexible components(pumps, tanks), drinking water systems are suitable candidates for energy-efficient DR mechanisms. However, these systems are often managed independently of power system operation for both economic and operational reasons. Indeed, a sufficient level of economic viability and water demands risk management are necessary for water utilities to integrate their flexibilities to power system operation. In this paper,we proposed a mathematical model for optimizing pump schedules in water systems while trading DR blocs in a spot power market during peak times. Uncertainties about water demands were considered in the mathematical model allowing to propose power reductions covering the potential risk of real-time water demand forecasting inaccuracy.Numerical results were discussed on a real water system in France, demonstrating both economic and ecological benefits.

A Modified Code Domain Transmitted Reference UWB System

Based on the research on time domain and frequency domain transmitted reference Impulse Radio Ultra-WideBand (IR-UWB) system, this paper studies the optimization design for code domain transmitted reference IR-UWB system, and proposes a modified code domain transmitted reference IR-UWB system. The Bit Error Rate (BER) expressions for the modified system model in the condition of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath fading are deduced respectively. In addition, the performances of the modified system and the other three transmitted reference IR-UWB systems are simulated and compared. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the performance of the modified system is superior to the other three systems.

An Amati-Like Correlation for Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are by far the most powerful explosions in the universe. Over the past two decades, several GRB energy and luminosity correlations were discovered for long gamma-ray bursts, which are bursts whose observed duration exceeds 2 seconds. One important correlation, the Amati relation, involves the observed peak energy, Ep,obs, in the vFv spectrum and the equivalent isotropic energy, Eiso. For many years, it was believed that the Amati correlation applied only to long GRBs. In this paper, we use a recent data sample that includes both long and short GRBs to re-examine the issue of whether the Amati correlation applies to long GRBs only. Our results indicate that although short bursts do not follow the Amati relation in the strict sense, they do exhibit a correlation between the intrinsic peak energy, Ep,i, and Eiso that is very similar to the Amati relation but with a different normalization and slope. The paper also discusses the physical interpretation of this correlation in the context of the internal shock model.

The Eiso-Liso Plane for Gamma-Ray Bursts

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most intense and powerful explosions in the universe. Based on their observed duration, they are traditionally divided into long bursts whose observed duration equals or exceeds 2 s, and short bursts whose observed duration is less than 2 s. Several GRB energy and luminosity correlations have been discovered for long gamma-ray bursts. Two important correlations are the Amati relation and the Yonetoku relation. The Amati relation is a correlation between the intrinsic peak energy, Ep,i, obtained from the νFν spectrum and the equivalent isotropic energy, Eiso, while the Yonetoku relation is a correlation between Ep,i and the peak isotropic luminosity, Liso. In this paper, we use a recent data sample that includes both long and short GRBs to compare these two correlations for the two groups of bursts. We also compare the Eiso-Liso plane for these two types of bursts. Our results indicate that both long and short bursts adhere to these two correlations but with different normalizations. We also find that the Eiso-Liso plane is similar for both types of GRBs but is shifted to lower values of Eiso for short GRBs.

Analysis of Dynamic Tensile Process of Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Acoustic Emission Technique

The fiber reinforced concrete has good dynamic mechanical properties. But corresponding research lacks the dynamic damage characteristics of the polypropylene fiber（fiber of low elastic modulus） and steel fiber（fiber of high elastic modulus） reinforced concrete under medium strain rate（10-6 s-1-10-4 s-1）. In order to study the effect of strain rate on the damage characteristics of fiber reinforced concrete during the full curve damage process, the real time dynamic acoustic emission（AE） technique was applied to monitor the damage process of fiber reinforced concrete at three strain rates. The AE wavelet energy spectrum in ca8 frequency band and average AE peak frequency at three strain rates were analyzed. With the accumulation of damage, the AE wavelet energy spectrum in ca8 frequency band increased first and then decreased, and the average AE peak frequency increased gradually. With the increase of strain rate, the AE wavelet energy spectrum in ca8 frequency band and average AE peak frequency decreased gradually. The polypropylene fiber content has more obvious effect on the Dynamic increase factor（DIF） of the peak stress than the steel fiber content. The theoretical basis was provided for the monitoring of dynamic damage of fiber reinforced concrete based on the AE technique.