REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER VALLEY

Unbalanced development in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Valley is so obvious that it can be divided into three grades. The east including Shanghai municipality, Jiangsu and Zheyang provinces enjoys its advance prestige; the middle including Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces occupies the second position; and the wet including Guizhou, Yunnan, Qinghai provinces and the Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region remains backward. The differences of the three grades are shown in the following aspects: (1) economic strength including gross national product (GNP), gross output value of industry and agriculture etc, inclines to the east; (2) the total social output valed per capita, the output value of agriculture and industry per capita are lowerand lower from the lower reaches to the upper arches; (3) the proportions of output value of industry to total output value of industry and agriculture, light industry to total industry, rural industry to agriculture, etc. are gradually reduced from the east to the west; (4) the ratio of farming labour employment to the total labour employment of society in the east is much lower than that of the middle and upper reaches; (5) the living standard in the lower reaches is much higher than that of the middle and upper reaches.

A Study on the Influencing Factors on Ground Motion in a Valley Site

A trapezoid valley site is chosen as a research site,and according to numerical models based on orthogonal design,the factors influencing ground motion in the valley site are studied with two-dimensional finite difference method. The influencing factors are ranked,and then the calculation results are verified by ground motion analysis. The conclusions are as follows:there are four factors that have important effects on ground motion of trapezoid valley sites,but the effects are different as the location of sites changes,the influencing factors rank differently with different site locations; The ranking of the influencing factors is the same for all the sites located within a distance of 40m from the valley's side,among them,the most effective one is the valley slope angle ranks,followed by depth-to-width ratio,overburden thickness,at last the input ground motion intensity.The impact of the factors on surface ground motion is roughly the same in the valley sites within a certain distance to the valley side,and the geometric parameters of the valley terrain play a greater part in influencing ground motion. With the increase of distance away from the valley's side,the ranking of the influencing factors also changes,the rating of slope angle moves backward,the ranking of the input ground motion and overburden thickness move ahead. The effect of valley geometric parameters on ground motions is gradually weakened,but the effect of other two influence factors are gradually increased,similar to cases of a horizontal layered site. Strong motion records in Anning River valley site were analyzed,and the results show that the valley topography has a significant amplification effect on ground motion,and that the numerical results of this paper are credible.

Investigation of Spatial Risk Factors for RVF Disease Occurrence Using Remote Sensing &GIS—A Case Study: Sinnar State, Sudan

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an emerging, mosquito-borne disease with serious economical and negative implications on human and animal health. This study was conducted to verify the factors which influenced the spatial pattern of Rift Valley Fever occurrence and identified the high risk areas for the occurrence of the disease at Sinner State, Sudan. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite and rainfall data in addition to the point data of RVF clinical cases in humans were used in this study. In order to identify the RVF high risk areas, remote sensing data and rainfall data were integrated in a GIS with other information including, soil type, water body, DEM (Digital Elevation Model), and animal routes and analyzed using Spatial Analysis tools. The information on clinical cases was used for verification. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to describe vegetation patterns of the study area by calculating the mean NDVI. The results of the study showed that, RVF risk increased with the increase in vegetation cover (high NDVI values), and increase in rainfall, which both provided suitable conditions for disease vectors breeding and a good indicator for RVF epizootics. The study concluded that, identification of high risk area for RVF disease improved the understanding of the spatial distribution of the disease and helped in locating the areas where disease was likely to be endemic and therefore preparedness measures should be taken. The identification represents the first step of prospective predictions of RVF outbreaks and provides a baseline for improved early warning, control, response planning, and mitigation. Further detailed studies are recommended in this domain.

Inverse Proportion Technique Based Scheduling Strategy for Energy Storage System Considering Load Demand Differences

The energy storage system(ESS)as a demand-side management(DSM)resource can effectively smooth the load power fluctuation of a power system.However,designing a more reasonable ESS operational strategy will be a prerequisite before incorporating the energy storage device into DSM.As different load levels have different demands for the real-time chargedischarge power of an ESS,this paper proposes a heuristic ESS operation scheduling strategy which can take into account the electrical load demand differences.In this paper,firstly,two demand degree concepts for charging power and discharging power are defined to describe the differentiated ESS demand under the condition of different electrical load levels.Secondly,an inverse proportion technique based ESS scheduling strategy,with the consideration of the load demand difference,is proposed in this paper.Thirdly,some evaluating indices are defined in this paper for describing the influence of the proposed strategy on the smoothing degree of the daily load curve.Finally,several case studies are designed to verify the validity and correctness of the proposed technique,and the results show that the proposed technique can effectively smooth the load curve and improve the ability of peak shaving and valley filling.