Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health.In this study,the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey.The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed.Finally,several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows:to promote delineation in a more scientific way,to safeguard the sanctity of the law,to make better plan on water saving,and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.

Assessment of Spatial Distribution and Submerged Scope for Storm Surge in the Pearl River Delta Region

The aim of this study was to explore the spatial distribution and submerged scope for storm surge in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) region.Based on the data of storm surges in the PRD region in the past 30 years,the return periods of 12 tide-gauge stations for storm surges were calculated separately with the methods of Gumbel and Pearson-III.The data of another six tide-gauge stations in Guangdong Coast was quoted to depict the overall features of storm surges in Guangdong.Using least-square method,the spatial distribution models of storm surges in different return periods were established to reveal the distribution rule of the set-up values of storm surges.The spatial distribution curves of storm surges in different return periods in the PRD Region were drawn up based on the models and the terrain of Guangdong Coast.According to the curves,the extreme set-up values of storm surges in 1 000,100,10 a return periods were determined on each spot of Guangdong Coast.Applying the spatial analysis technology of ArcGIS,with the topography data of the PRD Region,the submerged scopes of flood caused by storm surge in 1 000,100,10 a return periods were drawn up.The loss caused by storm surges was estimated.Results showed that the storm surges and the topography of PRD region jointly led to the serious flood in the PRD region.This assessment would be useful for the planning and design department to make decision and provide government scientific basis for storm surge prediction,coastal engineering designing and the prevention of storm surge disaster.

SPATIAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS IN PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION, CHINA

Concentrations and spatial distributions of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric particles were measured at 8 sites in four cities (Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhuhai) of Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR), China during 2001 winter period and 2002 summer period. PM2.5 (particie diameter smaller than 2.5 um) and PM10 (particie diameter smaller than 10 um) samples were collected on pre-fired quartz filters with mini-volume samplers and analyzed using thermal optical reflectance (TOR) method. The average PM2.5and PM10 Ievel were 60.1 and 93.1 μg·m-3, respectively, with PM2.5 constituting 65.3% of the PM10 mass. The average OC and EC concentrations in PM2.5 were 12.0 and 5.1 μg·m-3, respectively, while those in PM10 were 16.0 and 6.5 μg·m-3, respectively. The carbo-naceous aerosol accounted for 37.2% of the PM2.5 and 32.8% of the PM10. The highest concentrations of OC and EC were observed at Guangzhou city in both vvinter and summer seasons. The average OC/EC ratios were 2.4 for PM2.5 and 2.5 for PM10, indicating the presence of secondary organic aerosols. The OC and EC in PRDR were found to be strongly correlated (correlation coefficients > 0.6), which implied that similar emission source contribute to the ambient carbon particles.

Wet and dry deposition fluxes of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta Region(China):Characteristics,ecological risk assessment,and source apportionment

The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements（Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn） in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou（urban） and Dinghushan（suburban） sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons（April to September） and winter monsoon seasons（October to February） in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles(PM_(2.5)) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols＇ hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14-C32 fatty acids, C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5 collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14-C32 fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4- C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20-C32 fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while Cl4-C18 fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14-C32 fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14-C18 fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%-85% of the C20-C32 fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%-95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.

Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Impacts in the Pearl River Delta Region of China during the Dry Season

Aerosol optical properties and direct radiative effects on surface irradiance were examined using seven years （2006-2012） of Cimel sunphotometer data collected at Panyu--the main atmospheric composition monitoring station in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China. During the dry season （October to February）, mean values of the aerosol optical depth （AOD） at 550 nm, the Angstrom exponent, and the single scattering albedo at 440 nm （SSA） were 0.54, 1.33 and 0.87, respectively. About 90% of aerosols were dominated by fine-mode strongly absorbing particles. The size distribution was bimodal, with fine-mode particles dominating. The fine mode showed a peak at a radius of 0.12 μm in February and October （- 0.10 μm3 μm-2）. The mean diurnal shortwave direct radiative forcing at the surface, inside the atmosphere （FATM）, and at the top of the atmosphere, was -33.4± 7.0, 26.1 ± 5.6 and -7.3 ±2.7 W m-2, respectively. The corresponding mean values of aerosol direct shortwave radiative forcing per AOD were -60.0 ±7.8, 47.3 ± 8.3 and -12.8 ±3.1 W m-2, respectively. Moreover, during the study period, FATM showed a significant decreasing trend （p 〈 0.01） and SSA increased from 0.87 in 2006 to 0.91 in 2012, suggesting a decreasing trend of absorbing particles being released into the atmosphere. Optical properties and radiative impacts of the absorbing particles can be used to improve the accuracy of inversion algorithms for satellite-based aerosol retrievals in the PRD region and to better constrain the climate effect of aerosols in climate models.

The regional nature of nitrate-dominant haze pollution during autumn over the Pearl River Delta area

China has experienced severe haze and visibility degradation problems in recent years because of rapid urbanization and industrialization.In this study,daily atmospheric fine-aerosol samples were concurrently collected at three sites over the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region during 1–29 October 2014.PM2.5 samples were analyzed for organic carbon and elemental carbon using a thermal/optical carbon analyzer.Major water-soluble inorganic ions including F−,Cl−,NO3−,SO42−,Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+were analyzed by ion chromatography.The results show that the temporal variations of PM2.5 concentration at the three sites were highly parallel,with particle pollution events simultaneously observed during 13–19 October(EP1)and 23–27 October(EP2),suggesting that pollution events in the PRD region are usually regional.This can most likely be attributed to the significant influences of synoptic conditions,which regionally facilitate or block diffusion of air pollutants.The chemical compositions of PM2.5 at the three sites were also found to be similar,dominated by organics and sulfates.The results indicate that accumulation of traffic emissions seems to play important roles in particle pollution for the PRD region,leading in this case to elevated nitrate contributions during both EP1 and EP2 at the three sites.Moreover,the authors found that locally emitted aerosols from biomass burning only markedly influenced the air condition at one site,Nanhai,during EP1,while regionally transported biomass burning aerosols from eastern and northern Guangdong Province influenced all three sampling sites when the PRD was dominated by polluted air from these directions during EP2.

Concentrations of phthalates metabolites in blood and semen and the potential effects on semen concentration and motility among residents of the Pearl River Delta region in China

Exposure to phthalate acid esters(PAEs)has been found to have adverse effects on reproduction of human and animal.However,the effects on the semen quality are controversial.In this study,we have collected paired blood and sperm samples from patients(n=103)at a medical clinic in Guangzhou,China,to determine the concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites∑8m-PAEs).The concentration ranges of P8m-PAEs were 2.7-55 and 0.99-17 ng/mL in blood and semen samples,respectively.MEHP(median,3.6 ng/mL in blood and 0.55 ng/mL in semen)and MnOP(median,3.4 ng/mL in blood and 0.69 ng/mL in semen)were the predominant analytes in both blood and semen samples.However,analytes were not correlated in paired blood and semen.Semen motility was significantly associated to the concentrations of∑8m-PAEs in semen,but it did not associate to the concentrations of PAEs in blood.Multi-linear regression analysis,including concentrations of PAEs in both blood and semen,as well as BMI,occupation,living habits,suggested that exposure to PAEs at current environmental levels had very limited effects on semen quality of population in Guangzhou,China.

Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region:Variations,source apportionment and effects on ozone formation

We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)at a receptor site(Wan Qing Sha,WQS)in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region from September to November of 2017.The average mixing ratios of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 36.3±27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes(55.5%),followed by aromatics(33.3%).The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone(O_(3)).Five VOC sources were resolved by the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model,including solvent usage(28.6%),liquid petroleum gas(LPG)usage(24.4%),vehicle exhaust(21.0%),industrial emissions(13.2%)and gasoline evaporation(12.9%).The regional transport air masses from the upwind cities of south China can result in the elevated concentrations of TVOCs.Low ratios of TVOCs/NO_(x)(1.53±0.88)suggested that the O_(3) formation regime at WQS site was VOC-limited,which also confirmed by a photochemical box model with the master chemical mechanism(PBM-MCM).Furthermore,the observation on high-O_(3) episode days revealed that frequent O_(3) outbreaks at WQS were mainly caused by the regional transport of anthropogenic VOCs especially for aromatics and the subsequent photochemical reactions.This study provides valuable information for policymakers to propose the effective control strategies on photochemical pollution in a regional perspective.

Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM 2.5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta （PRD） or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM 2.5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes （0.39 ± 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 ± 0.08 in the inland PRD）, pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio （0.97 ± 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 ± 0.06 in the inland PRD）, and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid （1.8 ± 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 ± 0.05 in the inland PRD）. Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio （9 ± 2） while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.

Annual Fluxes of Heavy Metal Elements in Atmospheric Dry and Wet Depositions in the Pearl River Delta Economic Region, Guangdong Province

There are 158 sampling points to be set up in the Pearl River delta economic region. The collecting period is mostly one year, namely, from July 2007 to July 2008. The eight heavy metal elements of Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd in 474 dry and wet deposition samples were tested in terms of the standard procedures. Their average annual fluxes have no obvious difference between dry deposition and wet deposition. So these elements might be at an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium state between dry deposition and wet deposition.

京津冀与珠三角产业协同发展比较研究

2024年是京津冀协同发展战略实施10周年,产业协同发展取得显著成效,但仍存在一些现实困难。与珠三角进行对比分析,有助于进一步明确京津冀产业协同发展的差距短板,明晰下一步发展的方向。运用量化分析、复杂网络等方法,对京津冀与珠三角的产业协同特征、产业链和创新链融合、数字产业发展等状况进行对比分析,发现京津冀产业协同发展存在以下亟待解决的问题:基于主导产业的区域产业链分工格局尚未形成,数字经济发展不均衡,产业链和创新链融合不足等。基于此,提出以下对策建议:加快构建具有首都特点的现代化产业体系,加强区域产业链供应链协同联动,强化创新协同,协同打造数字经济新优势,促进基本公共服务均等化,助力京津冀打造中国式现代化建设的先行区、示范区。

珠三角地区近20年城镇化与景观生态安全耦合协调分析

针对城镇化进程加快导致的珠三角地区生态景观胁迫程度日趋严峻,亟需加强区域生态保护的现状,构建新型城镇化与景观生态安全的耦合协调模型,定量测度2000—2020年珠三角地区城镇空间扩展与景观生态安全耦合协调时空格局以及发展状态,运用多元回归分析和灰色预测模型揭示其驱动机理,并预测2040年城镇空间扩展和景观生态安全耦合的发展趋势。结果表明:珠三角地区9市城镇化与景观生态安全的耦合协调度在20年间呈现缓慢波动上升的趋势,耦合协调度由2000年的0.305~0.436升至2020年的0.385~0.545,现处于拮抗耦合阶段,未来20年将继续向着协调同步、有序发展的方向前进。珠三角地区经济发展不平衡,城镇开发建设和生态环境保护难以同步发展,景观生态状况不乐观,生态环境滞后型的地市逐渐增多,尚未全面形成良好的协调发展状态。对外开放程度、经济发展水平、科技投入水平等因素对耦合协调度的影响较为显著(P<0.05),今后对于区域可持续发展需要加强耦合协调的机理研究,持续关注城镇空间拓展与景观生态安全的协调发展趋势及特征。

粤港澳大湾区建设对区域市场一体化程度的影响研究

为探究区域战略变动对周边区域市场一体化程度的影响,文章以粤港澳大湾区建设准自然实验法替换了常见的时间序列检验,基于双重差分模型考察了粤港澳大湾区建设对所在珠三角地区市场一体化程度的影响。研究发现,粤港澳大湾区建设能显著促进珠三角地区的市场一体化发展。文章据此提出,应该进一步推动粤港澳大湾区战略的实施,同时要进一步加强区域间协作。

珠三角区域出口贸易隐含碳的测算与分解——基于投入产出模型和结构分解的实证分析

首先基于2016—2020年珠三角数据,运用投入产出法测算出口贸易隐含碳的排放量,然后通过SDA分解模型,从规模、结构和技术三个层面分析了主要影响因子。结果表明:2016年起珠三角净输入量呈现下降的趋势;从分部门出口贸易隐含碳结构分解可知,规模效应整体呈现出快速上升—达到高峰—逐渐减少的三个阶段;部门结构效应的大部分效益值为负,说明珠三角区域的产业结构较为合理,可以有效地抑制碳排放的增长。鉴于此,认为珠三角地区应当优化进出口产品结构,加大绿色低碳技术创新力度,鼓励区域间合作减排。

城际铁路与高速地铁互联互通技术研究——以广州地铁22号线与广佛环城际铁路为例

目前,不同轨道交通制式间主要通过车站换乘的方式实现互联互通,随着珠三角地区城际及地铁线网的完善、经济的发展,旅客出行需求日益增长,对时效性和便捷性要求不断提升,为提高运输质量,有必要进一步研究实现不同轨道交通系统间跨线运营的互联互通。以广州地铁22号线(采用市域D型车)与广佛环城际铁路为例,从客流特征、运输需求、列车运输组织及工程技术方案等方面分析两者实现互联互通的可行性。研究结果表明:广佛环线与广州地铁22号线实现跨线运营在时效性上具有吸引力,具备客流支撑条件;城际线与采用D型车的高速地铁线在主要标准方面采取相关技术措施后可基本实现兼容统一,满足互联互通条件,但需要对信号、无线通信、票务等系统进行相关工程改造和兼容性设计。

粤港澳珠三角区域大气复合污染趋势及人群健康效应

准确评估空气污染对健康的风险是当前大气环境领域普遍关注的焦点之一。本文利用2015−2019年粤港澳珠三角区域细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度和臭氧日最大8 h平均浓度(MDA8 O_(3)浓度)的观测数据,研究了其空间分布、变化趋势及对人体健康的影响。结果表明:①2015−2019年PM_(2.5)平均浓度呈从西北到东南递减的空间分布特征,而MDA8 O_(3)平均浓度的空间分布则呈从东南向西北递减的特征。PM_(2.5)浓度和MDA8 O_(3)浓度的月变化特征分别呈“V”型和“M”型。与其他研究不同的是,粤港澳珠三角区域MDA8 O_(3)浓度在秋季最高,其次是春季和夏季。②2015−2019年PM_(2.5)年均浓度总体呈下降趋势,年均降速为1.5μg/m^(3),而MDA8 O_(3)年均浓度表现为每年上升2.2μg/m^(3)。空间上,澳门地区、中山、香港地区、佛山和东莞的PM_(2.5)浓度降速较高,而珠海的MDA8 O_(3)浓度升速最高,其次是中山和深圳。③2019年粤港澳珠三角区域因PM_(2.5)长期暴露导致的全因与心血管疾病死亡人数分别为19638人〔95%置信区间(CI):4442~29458人〕与1236人(95%CI:782~1690人),与2015年相比分别下降了29.1%和29.3%;2019年因O_(3)长期暴露引起的全因与心血管疾病死亡人数分别为12769人(95%CI:6449~25280人)与5700人(95%CI:1925~11227人),分别较2015年增加了21.5%与21.3%。研究显示,粤港澳珠三角区域大气PM_(2.5)污染改善所带来的健康风险可能会被O_(3)污染增加导致的健康风险所抵消,因此未来该地区需要特别重视PM_(2.5)和O_(3)的协同控制。

2008-2020年泛珠三角区域大气氨排放清单及分布特征

精确的区域氨排放清单编制对于制定有效的空气污染控制措施至关重要.以福建省、江西省、湖南省、广东省、广西壮族自治区、海南省、四川省、贵州省、云南省等9省份为研究区域,基于10种不同氨排放源活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了泛珠三角区域2008−2020年的氨排放清单,并利用ArcGIS软件对2020年研究区的氨排放量进行1 km×1 km空间网格分配.结果表明:①2008−2020年泛珠三角区域氨排放量为2685.40×10^(3)~2839.35×10^(3) t,总体较为稳定,年变化率在−1.42%~1.88%之间,农业源占氨排放总量的92.23%~93.79%,非农业源贡献率为6.21%~7.77%.②2020年,四川省氨排放量最大,为689.07×10^(3) t,占研究区氨排放总量的24.53%;其次为云南省和湖南省,贡献率分别为14.70%和13.90%.蛋鸡、肉牛和生猪是畜禽养殖氨排放主要贡献源,其氨排放量分别为661.75×10^(3)、339.88×10^(3)和310.97×10^(3) t.尿素占氮肥施用氨排放量的97.17%.③2020年,泛珠三角区域氨排放呈显著的空间分布差异,高值区主要集中在四川省中部地区,排放强度高达481.03 t/km^(2);低值区主要位于四川省西部和云南省西北部区域.④在95%置信区间上,2020年研究区氨排放量的不确定度范围为−18.08%~20.97%,其中畜禽养殖和燃料燃烧的不确定度较低,分别为−7.43%~8.15%和−9.50%~10.32%.研究显示,泛珠三角区域历年氨排放趋势总体变化较小,以畜禽养殖排放源为主,加强畜牧业氨减排技术的积极推广和普遍实施将是显著削减氨排放的实现途径.

空间生产视角下珠三角地区全域土地综合整治响应策略研究

全域土地综合整治作为我国特有的以土地资源为主要调控对象的政策制度,深度参与着城乡空间的生产过程,既对城乡空间进行重塑,也反映着城乡空间背后的政治、经济、社会需求与运行逻辑。引入空间生产的三元理论,以珠三角地区为对象构建全域土地综合整治的理论认知框架,提出珠三角地区全域土地综合整治在空间表征方面应落实区域协调与生态文明的新意志,在空间实践方面应做优现代产业与经济发展的新空间,在表征空间方面应保障多元化社会人群安居的新需求。并分析珠三角地区全域土地综合整治在空间生产方面的现状困境,最后聚焦规划制度框架、土地制度空间、产业经济空间和人居生活空间四大维度的策略重构响应,提出珠三角地区全域土地综合整治的优化建议。