Pseudopemphigoid can cause a chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis that is clinically identical to the manifestations seen in mucous membrane pemphigoid, a disorder with a common clinical phenotype and multiple autoimmun...Pseudopemphigoid can cause a chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis that is clinically identical to the manifestations seen in mucous membrane pemphigoid, a disorder with a common clinical phenotype and multiple autoimmune links. For the purpose of this review, we will describe pseudopemphigoid as caused by topical drugs, the most common etiology with ocular manifestations, and as caused by the pemphigus disease, a more rare etiology. Specifically, we will discuss the ophthalmological features of drug-induced cicatricial conjunctivitis, pemphigus vulgaris, and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Other etiologies of pseudopemphigoid exist that will not be described in this review including autoimmune or inflammatory conditions such as lichen planus, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Wegener's granulomatosis), erythema multiforme(minor, major, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome), bullous pemphigoid, skin-dominated linear IgA bullous dermatosis, and skin-dominated epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Prompt diagnosis of the underlying etiology in pseudopemphigoid is paramount to the patient's outcome as certain diseases are associated with a more severe clinical course, increased ocular involvement, and differential response to treatment. A completehistory and ocular examination may find early cicatricial changes in the conjunctiva that are important to note and evaluate to avoid progression to more severe disease manifestations. When such cicatricial changes are noted, proper diagnostic techniques are needed to help elucidate a diagnosis. Lastly, collaboration between ophthalmologists and subspecialists such as dermatologists, pathologists, immunologists, and others involved in the care of the patient is needed to ensure optimal management of disease.展开更多
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid(OCP)is a subcategory of mucous membrane pemphigoid(MMP)where the conjunctiva is the main site of inflammation.It is a chronic and autoimmune disease characterized by acute and chronic con...Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid(OCP)is a subcategory of mucous membrane pemphigoid(MMP)where the conjunctiva is the main site of inflammation.It is a chronic and autoimmune disease characterized by acute and chronic conjunctivitis that can progress to severe conjunctival cicatrization,corneal opacification,ocular surface keratinization,and eyelid abnormalities.OCP can lead to structural damage that can result in visual impairment,visual loss,and blindness,and can have a significant impact in a patient’s quality of life.Patients may manifest with varying symptoms,degrees of severity and may have different rates of progression.Early diagnosis and appropriate systemic immunosuppression are of utmost importance for prompt and adequate disease control.Various systemic immunomodulatory therapies(IMTs),including anti-metabolites,alkylating,and biologic agents have been utilized to achieve inflammation control and remission.Careful monitoring of disease progression is important to assess response and to modify and escalate therapy if needed.Treatment to alleviate symptoms of dry eye disease and address trichiasis and other eyelid abnormalities is recommended as well.A multidisciplinary approach to optimize clinical care is recommended in the management of patients with OCP.This review will address the immunopathogenesis,clinical features,keys to diagnosis and staging of patients with OCP.It will highlight the current immunomodulators utilized for disease management and proposed stepladder strategies.This review will discuss the updated roles of combination therapy,novel use of biologics as well as the recent use of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)analog in severe recalcitrant cases.展开更多
With the widespread use of immunotherapy in numerous solid tumours,immunotherapy-related adverse events(irAEs)have started to emerge and bring new challenges for clinicians to manage.Among established irAEs,dermatolog...With the widespread use of immunotherapy in numerous solid tumours,immunotherapy-related adverse events(irAEs)have started to emerge and bring new challenges for clinicians to manage.Among established irAEs,dermatologic toxicity is one of the most common toxicities;it is often mild but can be severe and potentially life-threatening,such as bullous pemphigoid.Here,we report a case of nivolumab-mediated severe,extensive,refractory bullous pemphigoid involving both skin and oral mucosa in a patient with metastatic renal cancer.We also summarise a list of selected case reports of immunotherapy-induced bullous pemphigoid by literature review.We highlight various presentations,investigations and managements of this type of skin irAEs.Meantime,we would like to discuss the correlation of skin irAEs incidence rate with immunotherapy drug benefit and resistance.展开更多
Esophagitis dissecans superficialis(EDS)is a rare and severe endoscopic finding characterized by sloughing of large fragments of esophageal mucosal lining.Although EDS has been reported in association with serious ill...Esophagitis dissecans superficialis(EDS)is a rare and severe endoscopic finding characterized by sloughing of large fragments of esophageal mucosal lining.Although EDS has been reported in association with serious illnesses and certain medications,the pathophysiological association of autoimmune bullous dermatoses with EDS has gained remarkable attention.Among these dermatoses,pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigoid frequently present with various types of esophageal involvement including EDS.We review the pathophysiology and clinical features of this involvement with the presentation of our experiences.The importance of endoscopic evaluation of this entity is discussed.展开更多
基金The Department of Veterans Affairs,Veterans Health Administration,Office of Research and Development,Clinical Sciences Research and Development’s Career Development Award,No.CDA-2-024-10S(Dr.Galor)NIH Center Core Grant,No.P30EY014801,Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant,Department of Defense,Nos.W81XWH-09-1-0675 and W81XWH-13-1-0048 ONOVAThe Ronald and Alicia Lepke Grant,The Lee and Claire Hager Grant,The Jimmy and Gaye Bryan Grant,and the Richard Azar Family Grant(institutional grants)
文摘Pseudopemphigoid can cause a chronic cicatricial conjunctivitis that is clinically identical to the manifestations seen in mucous membrane pemphigoid, a disorder with a common clinical phenotype and multiple autoimmune links. For the purpose of this review, we will describe pseudopemphigoid as caused by topical drugs, the most common etiology with ocular manifestations, and as caused by the pemphigus disease, a more rare etiology. Specifically, we will discuss the ophthalmological features of drug-induced cicatricial conjunctivitis, pemphigus vulgaris, and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Other etiologies of pseudopemphigoid exist that will not be described in this review including autoimmune or inflammatory conditions such as lichen planus, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Wegener's granulomatosis), erythema multiforme(minor, major, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome), bullous pemphigoid, skin-dominated linear IgA bullous dermatosis, and skin-dominated epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Prompt diagnosis of the underlying etiology in pseudopemphigoid is paramount to the patient's outcome as certain diseases are associated with a more severe clinical course, increased ocular involvement, and differential response to treatment. A completehistory and ocular examination may find early cicatricial changes in the conjunctiva that are important to note and evaluate to avoid progression to more severe disease manifestations. When such cicatricial changes are noted, proper diagnostic techniques are needed to help elucidate a diagnosis. Lastly, collaboration between ophthalmologists and subspecialists such as dermatologists, pathologists, immunologists, and others involved in the care of the patient is needed to ensure optimal management of disease.
文摘Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid(OCP)is a subcategory of mucous membrane pemphigoid(MMP)where the conjunctiva is the main site of inflammation.It is a chronic and autoimmune disease characterized by acute and chronic conjunctivitis that can progress to severe conjunctival cicatrization,corneal opacification,ocular surface keratinization,and eyelid abnormalities.OCP can lead to structural damage that can result in visual impairment,visual loss,and blindness,and can have a significant impact in a patient’s quality of life.Patients may manifest with varying symptoms,degrees of severity and may have different rates of progression.Early diagnosis and appropriate systemic immunosuppression are of utmost importance for prompt and adequate disease control.Various systemic immunomodulatory therapies(IMTs),including anti-metabolites,alkylating,and biologic agents have been utilized to achieve inflammation control and remission.Careful monitoring of disease progression is important to assess response and to modify and escalate therapy if needed.Treatment to alleviate symptoms of dry eye disease and address trichiasis and other eyelid abnormalities is recommended as well.A multidisciplinary approach to optimize clinical care is recommended in the management of patients with OCP.This review will address the immunopathogenesis,clinical features,keys to diagnosis and staging of patients with OCP.It will highlight the current immunomodulators utilized for disease management and proposed stepladder strategies.This review will discuss the updated roles of combination therapy,novel use of biologics as well as the recent use of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)analog in severe recalcitrant cases.
文摘With the widespread use of immunotherapy in numerous solid tumours,immunotherapy-related adverse events(irAEs)have started to emerge and bring new challenges for clinicians to manage.Among established irAEs,dermatologic toxicity is one of the most common toxicities;it is often mild but can be severe and potentially life-threatening,such as bullous pemphigoid.Here,we report a case of nivolumab-mediated severe,extensive,refractory bullous pemphigoid involving both skin and oral mucosa in a patient with metastatic renal cancer.We also summarise a list of selected case reports of immunotherapy-induced bullous pemphigoid by literature review.We highlight various presentations,investigations and managements of this type of skin irAEs.Meantime,we would like to discuss the correlation of skin irAEs incidence rate with immunotherapy drug benefit and resistance.
文摘Esophagitis dissecans superficialis(EDS)is a rare and severe endoscopic finding characterized by sloughing of large fragments of esophageal mucosal lining.Although EDS has been reported in association with serious illnesses and certain medications,the pathophysiological association of autoimmune bullous dermatoses with EDS has gained remarkable attention.Among these dermatoses,pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigoid frequently present with various types of esophageal involvement including EDS.We review the pathophysiology and clinical features of this involvement with the presentation of our experiences.The importance of endoscopic evaluation of this entity is discussed.
