Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase on Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified by Ionic Liquids

Functionalized ionic liquids containing ethyoxyl groups were synthesized and immobilized on magnetic silica nanoparticles （MSNP） prepared by two steps, i.e., Fe304 synthesis and silica shell growth on the surface. This magnetic nanoparticle supported ionic liquid （MNP-IL） were applied in the immobilization of penicillin G acylase （PGA）. The MSNPs and MNP-ILs were characterized by themeans of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The results showed that the average size of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MSNPs were -10 and -90 nm, respectively. The saturation magnetizations of magnetic Fe304 nanoparticles and MNP-ILs were 63.7 and 26.9 A＇m2·kg^-1, respectively. The MNP-IL was successfully applied in the immobilization of PGA. The maximum amount of loaded enzyme-was about 209 mg·g^-1 （based on carder）, and the highest enzyme activity of immobilized PGA （based on ImPGA） was 261 U·g^-1. Both the amount of loaded enzyme and the activity of ImPGA are at the same leyel of or higher than that in previous reports. After 10 consecutive operat!ons, ImPGA still mainrained 62% of its initial activity, indicating the＇good recovery property of ImPGA activity. The ionic liquid modified magnetic particles integrate the magnetic properties of Fe304 and the structure-tunable properties of ionic liquids, and have extensive potential uses in protein immobilization and magnetic bioseparation. This work may open up a novel strategy to immobilize proteins by ionic liquids.

Immobilization of penicillin G acylase on paramagnetic polymer microspheres with epoxy groups

Paramagnetic polymer microspheres were synthesized by the inverse suspension polymerizationmethod through polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate,ally glycidyl ether and methacrylamide onthe surface of silica‐coated Fe3O4nanoparticles using N,N’‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide)as across‐linking agent.Penicillin G acylase(PGA)was covalently immobilized on the surface of theparamagnetic microspheres by reacting the amino groups of the PGA molecules with the epoxygroups of the paramagnetic polymer microspheres.The effect of the SiO2coating and the amount ofparamagnetic Fe3O4nanoparticles on the initial activity and the operational stability of the immobilizedPGA was investigated.The results indicated that SiO2played an important role in the polymerization process and paramagnetic polymer microspheres with a SiO2‐coated Fe3O4nanoparticles mass content of7.5%are an optimal support material for PGA immobilization.Immobilized PGA on the paramagnetic polymer microspheres shows a high initial activity of430U/g(wet)and retains99%of its initial activity after recycling10times.Furthermore,immobilized PGA exhibits high thermal stability,pH stability and excellent reusability,which can be rapidly recycled by the aid of magnet.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase on Calcined Layered Double Hydroxides

A hydrotalcite-like Mg 2+ /Al 3+ layered double hydroxide(LDH) material was prepared by means of a modified coprecipitation method involving a rapid mixing step followed by a separate aging process. LDH calcined at 500 ℃, denoted as CLDH, was characterized by XRD, IR and BET surface area measurements. CLDH has a poor crystalline MgO-like structure with a high surface area and porosity. CLDH was used as a support for the immobilization of penicillin G acylase(PGA). The effect of varying the immobilization conditions, such as pH, contact time and the ratio of enzyme to support, on the activity of the immobilized enzyme in the hydrolysis of penicillin G has been studied. It was found that the activity of the immobilized enzyme decreased slightly with decreasing pH and reached a maximum after a contact time of 24 h. The activity of the immobilized enzyme increased with increasing the ratio of enzyme to support. It was found that the adsorption of PGA inhibited the expected reaction of CLDH with an aqueous medium to regenerate a LDH phase. Its original activity(36%) after 15 cycles of reuse of the immobilized enzyme was retained, but no further loss in the activity was observed.

An efficient synthesis of ampicillin on magnetically separable immobilized penicillin G acylase

Penicillin G acylase(PGA) was immobilized on the magnetic hydrophilic polymer microspheres with average pore size of 17.1 nm,specific surface area of 128.2 m2/g and saturate magnetization of 6.4 emu/g.The 96.7%ampicillin yield with 1.60 of the synthesis/hydrolysis(S/H) ratio from 6-aminopenicillanic acid(6-APA) and D-(-)-alpha-phenylglycine methyl ester(D-PGME) can be achieved using the resultant magnetic biocatalyst in ethylene glycol,where only 82.1%yield with 1.40 of the S/H ratio was obtained using the free PGA under the identical reaction conditions.The immobilized PGA can be separated magnetically and recycled for five times without obvious loss of its catalytic activity.

Poly(GMA/MA/MBAA)Copolymer Beads:a Highly Efficient Support Immobilizing Penicillin G Acylase

The hydrophilic, macroporous and beaded ternary copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate （GMA）/methacrylamide（MA）/N,N＇-methylene-bis（acrylamide）（MBAA）was synthesized using the industrial agents by inverse suspension polymerization. The apparent activity of the immobilized penicillin G acylase reached 1096 IU/g for hydrolysis penicillin G on the beads with diameter of 0.11-0.13 ram, and it changed hardly after 50 cycles. It can be expected to be a good potential in industrial application,

Gold Nanoparticles for Colorimetric detection of hydrolysis of antibiotics by penicillin G acylase

A simple inexpensive method of monitoring hydrolysis of an antibiotic penicillin G (pen G) and subsequent enzyme detection using gold nanoparticles is presented. Gold nanoparticles capped with Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) are synthesized using chemical route. The particles could be used for detection of Penicillin G acylase (PGA) enzyme by incorporating hydrolysis reaction with pen G. This hydrolysis reaction leads to a shift in the surface plasmon band of gold nanoparticles from 527 nm to 545 nm accompanied by a visual colorimetric change in the solution from red to blue. The process is attributed to aggregation of nanoparticles caused due to displacement of CTAB bilayer by byproducts of the hydrolysis reaction. It is proposed that the presence of 0.007 mg/ml of PGA can be detected by a color change of gold nanoparticles solution without requiring any complicated instrument or highly trained operator to conduct the test. The method could also identify the presence of different penicillins by showing different spectral shifts. Thus the work presented here would be useful not only for the detection of the pharmaceutically important drug Pen G, but also represents a general methodology for the detection of enzymes, eg PGA.

Immobilization of penicillin G acylase onto amino-modified silica hydrogel

Amino-modified silica hydrogel(N-MSHG)was prepared by a simple sol-gel processing via the cocondensation of commercial silica sol with 3-aminopropyltrieoxysilane.Penicillin G acylase(PGA),a model enzyme,was covalently immobilized onto the N-MSHG and then was used for the enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin.The samples were characterized by Nitrogen sorption analysis,FT-IR and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA).The results showed that the amino-modified gel was a mesoporous material with an average pore size of 12.64±0.17 nm.The immobilization process was efficient and the immobilized enzyme showed high catalytic efficiency.The yield of the synthesis of amoxicillin in aqueous media was 38%for 2.5 h.This sol-gel preparation is simple and shows prominent potential value in industrial processing.

Covalent Assembly of Penicillin Acylase in Mesoporous Silica Based on Macromolecular Crowding Theory

To improve the covalent immobilization of penicillin acylase （PA）, macromolecular crowding theory was applied to its immobilization. Influence of mass ratio of enzyme to the silica, as well as, activation time with glutaraldehyde on the activity of assembled PA, was studied. In the mesopores, the effect of fl-cyclodextrin （β-CD） on the immobilization of the enzyme was also investigated. It was remarkable that the coupled yield and relative activity reached 99.5% and 92.3%, respectively, when penicillin acylase assembled covalently in the mesopores. The results here indicate that mimicked macromolecule crowding could significantly ameliorate the performance of covalently immobilized PA.

重组青霉素G酰化酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达条件优化

为获得巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素 G酰化酶 (PGA)的高产菌株和条件 ,构建了分泌表达 PGA的基因工程枯草杆菌菌株 ,对表达条件进行了优化 .以 LB作为初始培养基 ,考察了温度、苯乙酸、装液量、碳源对于工程菌 PGA产量的影响 .实验发现重组细胞产酶不再需要变温和苯乙酸诱导 .充足的通气量和适当浓度的淀粉可使细胞密度及 PGA表达量大为提高 .表达条件优化后 ,菌体 A60 0由 3提高到 2 0 ,PGA的表达量由 3～ 6U/ml提高到 35～ 40 U/ml,为目前生产用巨大芽孢杆菌表达量的 6倍 .

固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶酶促合成头孢氨苄的研究

β—内酰胺系列抗菌素抗菌谱广、疗效高、毒副作用小,国际上研究与应用日渐广泛深入。头孢氨苄(Cephalexin)是重要的半合成抗菌素之一,由头孢霉素母核7—氨基脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸(简称7-ADCA)和侧链结构物苯甘氨酸或其甲酯(PGME)经酰化而生成。酰化有化学法和酶法两种。采用青霉素G酰化酶或a—氨基酸酯酶或,a—氨酰转移酶的酶法,具有工艺操作简单、无需基团保护、环境污染轻等优点。继日本人于70年代初试验成功酶法之后,80年代初我们开展了这方面研究。制备方面,胞外酶优于胞内酶;使用方面,固定化酶优于固定化细胞。在用具有青霉素G酰化酶活性的固定化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)细胞合成头孢氨苄的基础上,又研究了用固定化巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)BP931胞外青霉素G酰化酶酰化合成头孢氨苄的条件。本文报道这一研究结果。

固定化青霉素G酰化酶水解头孢菌素G制备7—ADCA的研究

用聚丙烯腈纤维固定化青霉素酰化酶水解头孢菌素G制备7-ADCA,固定化酶对头孢菌素G的最适pH为9.0,最适温度50℃。在37℃、pH8.0固定化酶对头孢菌素G的表观米氏常数为1.67×10^(-2)mol/L。最大反应速度为3.01mmol·g^(-1)·min^(-1)。头孢菌素G溶液浓度在2％以上时,对固定化酶有明显的抑制作用。固定化酶水解头孢菌素G的最佳投料浓度为5％～6％,水解时用酶量以每克头孢菌素G投300U以上为好。按上述条件水解头孢菌素G,操作25批后固定化酶保留活力77.8％,7-ADCA平均收率92.68％。

巨大芽孢杆菌BP931胞外青霉素G酰化酶的产生条件

研究了巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)BP 931胞外青霉素G酰化酶的产生条件。菌在由葡萄糖0.7％,氮源1号0.5％,酵母膏1.0％和苯乙酸0.8％组成的液体培养基(灭菌前pH9.0,灭菌后pH8.0)中,28℃振荡培养44h。以6-硝基-3-苯乙酰胺基苯甲酸为底物,培养滤液酶活力为9.0IU/ml。诱导物苯乙酸于培养6h后加入,酶活力可以提高到11.0IU/ml。Ca^(2+)、Al^(3+)、Sn^(4+)、Mn^(2+)和Fe^(2+)离子降低酶的形成;Cu^+和C0^(2+)离子显著抑制菌生长,降低酶的形成;Zn^(2+),Cd^(2+)和Hg^(2+)离子完全抑制菌生长和酶形成。

以聚丙烯腈纤维为载体制备固定化青霉素G酰化酶的研究

以酸部分水解聚丙烯腈纤维为载体 ,以戊二醛为交联剂 ,共价键结合制备了固定化胞外青霉素G酰化酶。当水解后的载体中 NH2 基含量为 690 μmol g和含水量为 64%时 ,对酶蛋白的固定量达 1 0 0mg g以上 ,固定化酶的活力达 2 30 0IU g ,酶活力总产率为 30 % ,固定化效率为 56%。酶活力的总产率和固定化率随加酶量的增加而降低。该酶可以将浓度为 2 5%～1 2 5%的青霉素G钾盐水解 98%以上。批投青霉素G钾盐为 1 0g,酶负荷为 1 50IU g(PGK) ,经2 0批水解反应后 ,剩余酶活力为 80 %。用二硫基苏醣醇处理固定化酶 ,对水解青霉素G钾盐的操作稳定性有促进作用。固定化酶的室温保存半衰期为 1 30d。用戊二醛和硼氢化钠溶液处理固定化酶后 ,酶活力的室温保存稳定性有所降低。

环氧化磁性羟基微球的制备及在固定化青霉素G酰化酶中的应用

采用悬浮聚合法合成了一系列磁性羟基微球,以环氧氯丙烷活化后用于固定化青霉素G酰化酶。交联度为30%的微球固定化酶效果最优,并得到最适固定化条件为:给酶量2000u/g,反应时间24h,反应温度35℃,pH8.0。制得固定化酶酶活力为782.2u/g。水解青霉素G钾盐的最适pH8.5,最适温度45℃。

重组巨大芽孢杆菌产青霉素G酰化酶发酵条件研究

对重组巨大芽孢杆菌产胞外青霉素G酰化酶的发酵条件进行优化。先用单因素实验确定最适碳源、氮源以及碳源浓度、氮源浓度、发酵时间和发酵温度的范围。采用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析方法,对重组巨大芽孢杆菌产青霉素G酰化酶的发酵条件进行优化,得出其最佳发酵条件为:葡萄糖32 g/L、胰蛋白胨17 g/L、时间42.5 h、温度34℃,在此条件下青霉素G酰化酶的活力达到10 614±8 U/L,较优化前提高了16.83%。

叶酸受体阳性肿瘤细胞对Folate-PGA偶联酶的特异性结合

目的考察叶酸受体阳性肿瘤细胞对叶酸偶联的青霉素G酰化酶(Folate-PGA)的特异性结合。方法采用Iodo-gen法标记的125I-Folate-PGA测定叶酸受体表达阳性FR(+)HeLa与SKOV3细胞以及叶酸受体表达阴性FR(-)A549细胞于4℃对Folate-PGA偶联酶的结合。结果125I-Folate-PGA对FR(-)A549无特异性结合;与HeLa和SK-OV3细胞的特异性结合的Kd分别为0.11nmol·L-1和0.25nmol·L-1。结论叶酸偶联的PGA酶对FR(+)肿瘤细胞具有较好的亲和力和靶向性,可用于叶酸导向的酶前体药物疗法的进一步研究。

青霉素G酰化酶在γ-氧化铝上的吸附交联固定化

以 γ-氧化铝为载体 ,利用戊二醛对巨大芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus megaterium) Bp931胞外青霉素 G酰化酶进行吸附交联固定化。酶活力回收为 31% ,在 37℃、p H8.0的条件下 ,固定化酶对青霉素 G的活力为30 4IU/ g;作用于青霉素 G的表观米氏常数 Km值为 3.2 3× 10 - 2 M。该固定化酶可耐高离子强度洗涤 ,连续合成头孢拉定 (cephradine) 10批次 ,酶活力剩余 82 %

巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶在新型环氧载体ZH-HA上的固定化

巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶共价结合在新型环氧-氨基型载体ZH-HA上,通过对酶浓度、固定化时间、pH以及缓冲液浓度等条件的考察,确定了最优固定化条件:50 mg比活力6000U/g的巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶蛋白和1g ZH-HA悬浮于pH9.0 1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液,室温搅拌6 h,制得固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶,活力2126 U/g湿载体,活力回收率7.67%。比较研究了固定化酶与原酶性质,原酶最适温度45℃,最适pH为8.0。固定化酶则分别是50℃和9.0,分别比溶液酶偏移5℃、1.0个pH单位。经过40批连续水解青霉素G钾盐,固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素酰化酶仍保持80%的活力,显示出良好的工作稳定性。

戊二醛交联壳聚糖固定化青霉素G酰化酶及其性质研究

以戊二醛为交联剂,壳聚糖为载体固定化粪产碱杆菌来源的青霉素G酰化酶.通过单因素和正交试验优化确定固定化最佳条件:0.1 g载体,2.5%戊二醛,酶量160 U,0.6mol/L NaCl,0.2 mol/L磷酸缓冲液9.5 mL3,7℃,pH 8.0,固定化38 h.固定化酶最高比活为48.7 U/g湿载体.固定化酶性质研究表明其最适反应温度为55℃,最适pH 9.5;具有较好的批次反应稳定性.

固定化青霉素G酰化酶活性的X射线微分析Ⅰ:捕捉剂的X射线能谱分析

筛选了能捕捉固定化青霉素 G酰化酶活性部位的捕捉剂 ;底物经固定化青霉素 G酰化酶水解 ,捕捉剂与水解产物反应生成沉淀 ,沉积在固定化青霉素 G酰化酶的催化活性部位。排除了载体、底物、固定化青霉素 G酰化酶对捕捉剂的干扰 ,Fe Cl3能用于固定化青霉素 G酰化酶 X射线微区活性定位的捕捉剂。