Background: There has been a rapid global development of the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing process termed fracking. This involves the dispersion of “produced water” which contains naturally occurring ...Background: There has been a rapid global development of the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing process termed fracking. This involves the dispersion of “produced water” which contains naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) which may contaminate surface water and pose a health risk. Objectives: To investigate association between early (0-28 days) infant mortality by county in Pennsylvania and fracking. Methods: We compared early infant mortality for 2007-2010 after fracking developed with a control period 2003-2006, contrasting a group of the 10 most heavily fracked counties with the rest of Pennsylvania. Results: Whilst early infant deaths decreased by 2.4% in the State over the period, in the 82,558 births in the 10 fracked counties there was a significant increase in mortality (238 vs 193;RR = 1.29;95% CI 1.05, 1.55;p = 0.011). For the five north east fracked counties Bradford, Susquehanna, Lycoming, Wyoming and Tioga the combined early infant mortality increased from 34 deaths to 60 (RR 1.66;1.05, 2.51;p = 0.014), whereas in the south western 5 counties Washington, Westmoreland, Fayette, Butler and Greene the increase was modest, 157 to 178 (RR 1.18;0.95, 1.46;p = 0.13). Increased risk was associated with exposure to groundwater, expressed as the county ratio of water wells divided by the number of births. Conclusions: Fracking appears to be associated with early infant mortality in populations living in counties where the process is carried out. There is some evidence that the effect is associated with private water well density and/or environmental law violations.展开更多
Professor Amy Gutmann, President of the University of Pennsylvania, visited Tsinghua on January 8, 2009. During her visit, a cooperation agreement was signed between University of Pennsylvania and Tsinghua.
在独立战争和建国初期作为美国首都的费城(Philadelphia),在美国历史上占有十分重要的位置。它现在不仅是宾夕法尼亚州(the State of Pennsylvania)的最大城市,而且是仅次于纽约、芝加哥、洛杉矶的美国第4大城市。1948年美国国会通过法...在独立战争和建国初期作为美国首都的费城(Philadelphia),在美国历史上占有十分重要的位置。它现在不仅是宾夕法尼亚州(the State of Pennsylvania)的最大城市,而且是仅次于纽约、芝加哥、洛杉矶的美国第4大城市。1948年美国国会通过法案,将费城中心独立厅周围所有历史性建筑加以保护,并为此成立历史公园——“展开更多
文摘Background: There has been a rapid global development of the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing process termed fracking. This involves the dispersion of “produced water” which contains naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) which may contaminate surface water and pose a health risk. Objectives: To investigate association between early (0-28 days) infant mortality by county in Pennsylvania and fracking. Methods: We compared early infant mortality for 2007-2010 after fracking developed with a control period 2003-2006, contrasting a group of the 10 most heavily fracked counties with the rest of Pennsylvania. Results: Whilst early infant deaths decreased by 2.4% in the State over the period, in the 82,558 births in the 10 fracked counties there was a significant increase in mortality (238 vs 193;RR = 1.29;95% CI 1.05, 1.55;p = 0.011). For the five north east fracked counties Bradford, Susquehanna, Lycoming, Wyoming and Tioga the combined early infant mortality increased from 34 deaths to 60 (RR 1.66;1.05, 2.51;p = 0.014), whereas in the south western 5 counties Washington, Westmoreland, Fayette, Butler and Greene the increase was modest, 157 to 178 (RR 1.18;0.95, 1.46;p = 0.13). Increased risk was associated with exposure to groundwater, expressed as the county ratio of water wells divided by the number of births. Conclusions: Fracking appears to be associated with early infant mortality in populations living in counties where the process is carried out. There is some evidence that the effect is associated with private water well density and/or environmental law violations.
文摘Professor Amy Gutmann, President of the University of Pennsylvania, visited Tsinghua on January 8, 2009. During her visit, a cooperation agreement was signed between University of Pennsylvania and Tsinghua.
文摘在独立战争和建国初期作为美国首都的费城(Philadelphia),在美国历史上占有十分重要的位置。它现在不仅是宾夕法尼亚州(the State of Pennsylvania)的最大城市,而且是仅次于纽约、芝加哥、洛杉矶的美国第4大城市。1948年美国国会通过法案,将费城中心独立厅周围所有历史性建筑加以保护,并为此成立历史公园——“
