First and Second Laws Analyses of a Closed Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System

First and Second Law analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of a closed latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system employing calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O). The First and the Second Laws of thermodynamics were applied to the system from viewpoint of energy and exergy analyses, respectively. The energy storage tank in the system is neither fully mixed nor fully stratified. It may be considered as semithermal stratified. Experimente that include both charging and discharging periods were performed on sunny winter days in 1996. The energy and exergy variations and the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the closed LHTES system were calculated for the complete charging and discharging cycle of the selected fifteen clear-sky winter days. Mean energy and exergy efficiencies were found to be 55.20% and 34.83%, respectively.

The Fatigue Fracture Criterion Based on the Latent Energy Approach

The extensive literature on the fatigue problem, published for more than one hundred years, is reviewed by the known scientists [1,2]. As it follows from these investigations, the fundamental amount of failures in engineering practice connected with the fatigue fractures of materials and structure elements. The fatigue problem is complicated one and it is not solved yet. So the theoretical and experimental investigations of this problem will be continued. In our paper the energy approach to formulate the fatigue strength criterion is proposed. The criterion is based on the conception of the latent energy [3-7]. This conception was not applied previously to the fatigue problem. The latent energy is consumed to generate the irreversible deformation and to damage and fracture of metallic materials. So the fatigue fracture criterion can be formulated using the results of latent energy measurements in the macro experiments. This is most impotent advantage of the proposed approach. The logistic function is used to describe the dependence of latent energy from the value of irreversible deformation. It is assumed that the cyclic strength of metals is defined by the latent energy, stored in specimen, when it is reached the critical value in accordance with the logistic curve in a saturation zone. This proposal is used to formulate the fatigue strength criterion. The functions and parameters of received criterion are concretized and comparisons with experimental results for axial cyclic tension for sheet aluminum alloy specimens are given.

Numerical Assessment on Fin Design Parameters Employed for Augmentation of Natural Convection and Fluid Flow in a Horizontal Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Unit

The present work focus on the thermal performance of a horizontal concentric heat exchanger, which is numerically investigated to evaluate the heat transfer enhancement process by adding fins with different configurations. As a part of this investigation, the melting process is simulated from the onset of phase change to the offset involving physics of natural convection in PCM fluid pool. The investigation is carried out by ANSYS Fluent code, which is an efficient numerical analysis tool for investigating fluid flow and convective heat transfer phenomena during PCM melting process. The attention is mainly focused on the extension of contact area between the PCM body and cylindrical capsule to enhance heat transfer rates to PCM bodies during the melting process by employing longitudinal fins in the enclosed capsule. Two commercial PCMs: RT50 and C58, are introduced in a 2D cylindrical pipe with their thermo-physical properties as input for modelling. The selected modelling approach is validated against experimental result with respect to the total enthalpy changes that qualify our model to run in the proceeding calculation. It is ensured that an isothermal boundary condition (373 K) is applied to the inner pipe throughout the series of simulation cases and the corresponding Rayleigh number (Ra) ranges from 104 - 105 and Prandtl number (Pr) 0.05 - 0.07. Finally, parametric study is carried out to evaluate the effect of length, thickness and number of longitudinal fins on the thermal performance of PCM-LHTES (Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage) system associated with the physics of natural convection process during PCM melting.

Effective energy deposition and latent track formation of swift heavy ions in solids

In the present paper, latent track formation in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) produced by high energy Ar ions is briefly reported at first. Then, in the framework of thermal spike model, a phenomenological parameter describing the effective energy transfer from excited electrons to lattice atoms, effective energy deposition Qeff, is deduced. Qeff is a function of ion velocity, electronic energy loss (Se) and mean free path λ of excited electrons in the matter, and is a time moderate term initialized by Waligorski’s function of spatial energy deposition of secondary electrons ejected by incident ions. Size of ion latent track is proportional to Qeff value. From Qeff obtained by use of realistic λ values, the sizes of latent tracks in SiO2, YIG, Ti and Zr produced by given swift heavy ion irradiations are deduced and com- pared with experimental results. It is found that, from the fits to experimental results, the best λ values for SiO2, YIG, Ti and Zr are (6±1), (8±2), (6.1±1.0) and (9.6±1.0) nm, respectively. Moreover, the relationship between experimental damage and Qeff is discussed.

Water, CO_2 and Energy Exchange at Vegetation-air Interface

[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine meteorological and biomass data in Luancheng in 2008, water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem were explored. [Result] The results showed that latent and sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were of obvious daily and seasonal changes; latent and sensible heat fluxes shaped an inverted U in daily change, and CO2 fluxes were of a U-shape; daily flux peak differed significantly. Furthermore, the change of latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were closely related to environ- mental factors. Detailedly, the three were sensitive to light intensity and net radiation, and correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.90, 0.69, 0.74, respectively. Besides, the fluxes, sensitive to temperature, proved better in sunny day, especially for latent flux which is more sensitive to water in soils after precipitation. In addition, closure degree of energy balance in wheat fields was 0.91 and non-closure, caused by measurement error and neglection of heat storage, was observed, too. What＇s more. closure degree differed in months and time periods within a day. [Conclusion] The research concluded water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes, transport mechanisms and concerning factors, providing scientific reference for revealing mechanism of evapo- ration and heat dissipation of canopy, relationship between photosynthesis and water use efficiencyand energy distribution mechanism.

Application of Energy Balance Snowmelt Model on Sunny Slope in Western Tianshan Mountains

[Objective] The study aimed to apply energy balance snowmelt model for estimating the snowmelt runoff generated by seasonal snow in Tianshan Mountains. [Method] Three snow water collecting sites were set on a sunny slope in western Tianshan Mountains to measure the snowmelt rates at hourly interval. The positive sensible heat and negative latent heat fluxes were calculated by the energy balance snowmelt model; the snowmelt rate was also estimated by the model. Finally, the ac- curacy for the model was investigated in detail. [Result] The results indicated that sensible heat fluxes and latent heat fluxes accounted for 13.4% of total energy input and 15.1% of energy output, respectively. A good agreement between observed and estimated SWE was proved by low volume difference and the high Nash-Sutcliff coef- ficients（R2） which were 0.86, 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. [Conclusion] The energy balance snowmelt model has been proved to be a powerful tool for snowmelt estimation.

Surface energy balance of Bayi Ice Cap in the middle of Qilian Mountains,China

Energy balance at the glacier surface is important for understanding the impacts of climate change on glaciers. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of the glacier surface energy fluxes along with their contributions to glacier melt on Bayi Ice Cap in Qilian Mountains by using a point-scale energy balance model. The half-hourly meteorological data from an automatic weather station(AWS) located on the glacier was used to drive the energy balance model. The model simulated results could accurately represent the mass-balance observations from the stake near the weather station during summer 2016. Our results showed the net radiation(86%) played an important role in the surface energy balance, and the contribution of the turbulent heat fluxes(14%) to the energy budget was relatively less important. A distinct behavior of energy balance, as compared to other continental glaciers in China(e.g., two adjacent glaciers Laohugou No. 12 Glacier and Qiyi Glacier), is the fact that a sustained period of positive turbulent latent flux exists on Bayi Ice Cap during August, causing faster melt rate in the month of August. Our study also presented the effect of frequent summer snowfall in slowing down surface melt by changing the surface albedo during the beginning of the melting season.

Advances in thermal energy storage development at the German Aerospace Center(DLR)

Thermal energy storage(TES)is a key technology for renewable energy utilization and the improvement of the energy efficiency of heat processes.Sectors include industrial process heat and conventional and renewable power generation.TES systems correct the mismatch between supply and demand of thermal energy.In the medium to high temperature range(100~1000℃),only limited storage technology is commercially available and a strong effort is needed to develop a range of storage technologies which are efficient and economical for the very specific requirements of the different application sectors.At the DLR's Institute of Technical Thermodynamics,the complete spectrum of high temperature storage technologies,from various types of sensible over latent heat to thermochemical heat storages are being developed.Different concepts are proposed depending on the heat transfer fluid(synthetic oil,water/steam,molten salt,air)and the required temperature range.The aim is the development of cost effective,efficient and reliable thermal storage systems.Research focuses on characterization of storage materials,enhancement of internal heat transfer,design of innovative storage concepts and modelling of storage components and systems.Demonstration of the storage technology takes place from laboratory scale to field testing(5 kW^1 MW).The paper gives an overview on DLR's current developments.

Influence of the Fin Design on the Melting and Solidification Process of NANO3 in a Thermal Energy Storage System

The melting and solidification process of sodium nitrate, which is used as energy storage material, is studied in a vertical arranged energy storage device with two different bimetal finned tube designs （with and without additional lateral fins） for enhancing the heat transfer. The finned tube design consists of a plain steel tube while the material for the longitudinal （axial） fins is aluminum. The investigation analyses the influence of the lateral fins on the charging and discharging process. Three-dimensional transient numerical simulations are performed using the ANSYS Fluent 14.5 software. The results show that, every obstruction given by lateral fins reduces the melting and solidification velocity in direction to the outer shell.

Energy consumption for creep fracture of metallic materials

The energy conservation law is applied to formulate the ductile and brittle creep fracture criterion for metallic materials. The criterion contains a summary of heat and latent energies. Assuming that the heat energy is given out so it has no effect on the fracture process, the ductile creep fracture criterion is simplified. To take into account the evaluation of the damage state of materials the compressibility condition is introduced and the brittle creep fracture law is formulated.

Interannual Variability of Energy Flux in Atmospheric Instability Conditions at Pantanal of Mato Grosso-Brazil

The energy balance partitions in wetlands have gained notoriety due to the dynamics and importance of these areas for regional and local climate. Thus, the study was conducted about seasonal and interannual behavior energy fluxes, as well as the influences of the conditions of atmospheric stability and instability. The results showed highest fluxes happened in instability atmospheric conditions. The fluxes of latent and sensible heat showed seasonal variation, indicating that the water availability in the atmosphere has influence on the site energy partition, but the interannual patterns remained similar during the two years of study.

Research of Thermal Energy Storage Technology in the Solar Thermodynamic Power

Recently, although renewable energy has a great development, primary source is still thermal power generation, which uses fossil fuel as the energy source. Supply and demand of fossil fuel are essential for social and economy development. However, development pattern that excessively relies on the natural source is impossible to provide a sustainable development way for us. As a result, we should combine renewable energy with new energy technology as the aim of economy. It means that it is urgent to exploit new energy. Meanwhile, the ratio of energy waste cannot be ignored. How to decrease energy waste is also significant. Construction sector costs a lot of energy, which is mainly used for heating and refrigeration. In the new energy generation technology, thermal energy can be transformed to electricity with combination of BIPV and thermal energy storage technology. Photovoltaic generation has a great progress in the building construction. As a result, the thermal energy storage technology becomes the key link in the production chain. In this paper, feasibility of applying phase-change material (PCM) in the thermal energy storage will be analyzed. And analysis results are provided with a relative mathematical model.

Some Ideas of James Watt in Contemporary Energy Conversion Thermodynamics

James Watt contributed significantly to the development of the thermodynamics of energy conversion as a science. Several of his ideas are now integral part of thermodynamics, but Watt as their creator is not mentioned. This paper presents some of Watt’s concepts of energy conversion, including his thermodynamic analysis of the Newcomen steam engine that marks the beginning of thermal engineering. The analysis illuminated the causes of the enormously high heat losses in the installation and showed the ways for their reduction. This led him to a new conception of the steam engine with a separate condenser. Not less important was Watt’s determination of some physical properties of water and steam used as the working substance. In the experiments he observed the decrease of the latent heat of steam with increasing temperature and its disappearance at very high temperature led him to postulate the existence of a thermodynamic critical state of water. He introduced the work associated with volume change into thermodynamics and illustrated it graphically. Several of Watt’s numerous ideas deserve to be included into the history of the thermodynamics of energy conversion but they are rarely mentioned in the scientific literature. Arguably the most important is the First Law of Thermodynamics, which he introduced in his 1769 patent and related works in 1774 and 1778.

干燥物系解析理论研究进展

干燥是含湿物料与有限介质两个独立物系,在限定的工艺条件下,自发进行能量传递和转换的过程。它隶属热力学范畴,而又不同于一般的热力过程,在物系边界存在诸多错综复杂的随机因素交互作用,使得基于热力学熵参数无法对实际过程的能效进行实时的定量评价。基于传递定律建立扩散模型,得不到传递系数严格意义的数学解,存在微积分结果偏离实际较远的情况;基于反应工程原理建立干燥动力学模型,存在指前因子,活化能,机理函数等待定的物理量,实际应用存在很大的局限性。如何从理论上完整地解析出实际过程,得到其分析解是热力学应用技术基础科学研究领域自古以来的重大理论难题。近十几年,笔者从非均相系热力学基础和干燥㶲分析入手,以干燥㶲传递和转换时的自由能消耗为统一尺度,以水分活度为一切干燥物系的共同属性,揭示了干燥物系固有特征函数及其理论解,丰富了热力学应用技术基础理论。该文从干燥物系解析理论发展的历史现状,阐释揭示物料干燥理论过程、评价工艺装备能效的解析理论与方法并指明其应用与发展的技术途径,为揭示物系传递机理、评价工艺装备系统能效、实现干燥过程自适应控制和制订科学的工艺能效评价标准提供参考。

尾矿陶粒/正壬醛酰腙复合材料的制备、表征和相变储能性质

针对固液相变储能材料在相变过程中液体发生泄漏而缩短其使用寿命,甚至造成安全隐患问题,实验研究常压下自发浸渗法制备了一种低相变温度、高潜热的尾矿陶粒/正壬醛酰腙复合材料,通过红外光谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱、XRD和对N2吸脱附实验对复合材料进行了表征,测试了复合材料的热稳定性和相变储能稳定性。红外光谱和紫外可见漫反射光谱结果表明,尾矿陶粒与正壬醛酰腙之间作用力是氢键;XRD测试和N2吸脱附实验显示,在形成复合材料过程中,正壬醛酰腙钻入到了尾矿陶粒的孔结构中;TG和DSC测试结果表明,形成复合材料后热稳定性增强,在100次升温和降温循环试验后,复合材料的熔化潜热仅降低了1.10%,凝固潜热增加了0.40%,说明复合材料具有良好的循环稳定性和热稳定性。

影响多孔定型相变储能材料性能的因素分析

太阳能作为一种可再生能源,因其在解决日益增长的能源需求和温室气体排放方面的巨大潜力受到越来越多的关注。然而,太阳自身的间歇性和随机性大大限制了太阳能的转换和储存效率。近年来,基于固-液相变储能材料的潜热储存系统,由于具有高储热密度和出色的化学稳定性,有望成为提高太阳能吸收和转换的合适方法。但固-液相变储能材料在实际应用中常受到自身相分离、换热速率低、过冷、熔融状态泄漏、性能不稳定等限制。其中一种解决方法是将多孔载体与固-液相变储能材料相结合来制备多孔定型相变储能材料。介绍了相变储能材料的储能机理和传热强化机理,系统分析了多孔载体材料的种类、制备方法对多孔定型相变储能材料的影响及其潜在应用。

月桂酸基二元低共融储能材料的制备及热性能

相变材料的潜热储能技术利用于建筑节能领域。以月桂酸(LA)为基础,引入石蜡(PW)和癸酸(CA),研究月桂酸基二元相变材料的热性能、稳定性及可靠性。通过理论预测得到LA-PW、LA-CA的相变温度为35.75℃和18.11℃,通过实验得到LA-PW的最佳比例为76∶24,LA-CA的最佳比例为30∶70。LA-PW、LA-CA的相变温度分别为37.45℃和17.82℃,与理论值相差1.70℃、0.29℃,相变潜热分别为186.9J/g、129.16J/g。FTIR和XRD分析发现LA-PW、LA-CA都没产生新物质,为纯物理结合且在蓄放热实验过程中表现出良好的储热性能。热重分析可以看出在100℃内,LA-PW、LA-CA都没有发生热解现象,表现出良好的热可靠性。经过500次冷热循环后LA-PW、LA-CA的相变温度最大差率分别为9.5%、2.15%,相变潜热最大差率分别为3.8%、3.27%,能保持较好的稳定性和蓄热性能,适用于建筑行业的节能研究应用。

ICU护士隐性缺勤类别特征的潜在剖面分析

目的探讨ICU护士隐性缺勤的潜在类别特征,并分析其影响因素。方法采用便利抽样的方法,2023年5月选取浙江省4所三级甲等综合医院420名ICU护士作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、隐性缺勤量表和职业倦怠量表进行调查。运用R语言进行潜在剖面分析,并采用单因素分析、Logistic回归分析ICU护士隐性缺勤类别特征的影响因素。结果391名ICU护士完成调查,其隐性缺勤得分为(16.10±4.64)分,处于中等水平,分为4个潜在类别:分别命名为低工作受限-低工作精力型(n=51,13.04%)、高工作受限-中等工作精力型(n=96,24.55%)、低工作受限-高工作精力型(n=19,4.86%)、中等工作受限-中等工作精力型(n=225,57.55%),其影响因素包括平均月薪、职业倦怠中的情感衰竭与个人成就感维度(均P<0.05)。结论ICU护士隐性缺勤具有明显的分类特征。护理管理者可根据其影响因素对不同类别特征护士进行干预,以降低护士隐性缺勤水平,进而提高护理服务质量。

《中国蓄热储能产业发展报告(2024)》——产业技术、发展现状与典型示范

蓄热技术在平衡可再生能源的波动性、提高能源利用效率和增强能源系统的灵活性方面发挥着重要作用。本文精选了《中国蓄热储能产业发展报告(2024)》的重要内容,从蓄热技术、发展现状和典型示范三方面,对当前我国蓄热储能行业进行综述。介绍了显热蓄热、潜热蓄热和热化学蓄热技术的特点及其适用场景,包括蓄热能力、稳定性等关键参数。概述了蓄热行业的市场规模、发展趋势及相关政策。重点关注了蓄热技术在建筑、区域供热/供冷、电力和工业过程中的典型示范,并总结了蓄热技术在多种应用场景中的实用性,为行业推广提供了经验。

提高石蜡相变潜热的改性技术及研究进展

石蜡具有优异储热/放热性能,已被广泛应用于储能领域,进一步开发高热储能材料是储能领域的发展趋势。通过梳理总结近年来国内外关于提高石蜡相变潜热改性技术的研究成果,对各种改性技术进行分类并进行了总结,重点介绍了各类改性技术的原理、方法及实验结果。指出当前接枝改性在提高石蜡类相变材料相变潜热上的技术优势,并对改性技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。该综述对深入探讨提高石蜡相变潜热的改性技术具有重要参考价值。