A Study on"Fengqiao Experience"from the Perspective of People's Livelihood

The"Fengqiao Experience"has risen from the"local experience"in the early days to the"national experience"now.Although it has gone through twists and turns,it is full of exuberant and strong vitality.Fengqiao Experience is the experience of grass-roots mass governance based on people's livelihood and other factors,so this paper studies the challenges faced by the application of"Fengqiao Experience"and the internal relationship between the experience and people's livelihood from the perspective of people's livelihood and summarizes the realization path of carrying forward the"Fengqiao Experience"from the perspective of people's livelihood.Strengthening the construction of grass-roots Party organizations,taking the mass line and implementing autonomy,rule by virtue and rule by law are the ways to carry forward the"Fengqiao Experience"in the new era,which has certain guiding significance for reality.

The Changes in the Chinese Rural Residents' Residential Structure:Can People's Livelihood be Really Improved?

People's livelihood improvement is the prerequisite of social harmony.Food,clothing shelter and transportation are the direct manifestation of the people's livelihood.In China's vast rural areas,the most significant manifestation of people's livelihood improvement is the improvement of living conditions.Based on the data on two censuses,this paper analyzes the degree of improvement of rural residents'living conditions from the changes in the rural residents'residential structure.Finally this paper puts forth the following recommendations for improving the rural residents'residential structure:continuing to put farmers in the first place;taking truly improving the residential structure as a starting point,and prohibiting the"vanity project";taking preferential policies for the improvement of living conditions.

China's Human Rights Construction Centers on People's Livelihood

1. Concept of People＇s Livelihood in Traditional Chinese Culture The concept of human rights was borrowed from the West. In order to have it become rooted in China, people needed to find traces in Chinese culture on which the human rights theoretical system could be based and the Chinese human rights idea could be realized.

Understanding livelihood vulnerability:a perspective from Western Sichuan’s ethnic rural settings

To explore the livelihood status and key influencing factors of rural households in the minority areas,we collected flat data from 284 rural households in 32 villages across 12 counties of Western Sichuan from 2021 to 2022.We conducted participatory household survey on the livelihood status of the rural households and try to identify the key factors to influence their livelihood vulnerability using multiple linear regression.The results showed that:the livelihood situation of the rural households is relatively vulnerable.The vulnerability varies significantly with the income levels,education levels,and income sources.The vulnerability of farm households,categorized from low to high livelihood types,follows the sequence:non-agricultural dominant households,non-agricultural households,agricultural dominant households,and pure agricultural households.The degree of damage to the natural environment,education costs,loan opportunities,the proportion of agricultural income to annual household income,and the presence of sick people in the household have significant positive effects on the livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)of rural households;while help from relatives and friends,net income per capita,household size,household education,agricultural land area,participation in industrial organizations,number of livestock,purchase of commercial houses,drinking water source,and self-supply of food have significant negative effects.Based on the findings,we believe that local rural households operate in a complex livelihood system and recommend continuous interventions targeting key influences to provide empirical research support for areas facing similar situations.

Assessing the role of forest resources in improving rural livelihoods in West Bengal of India

Forest resources play a vital role in supporting the livelihoods of rural communities residing in forest-rich areas.In India,a forest-rich country,a significant proportion of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)is consumed locally,supporting numerous rural communities relying on forests for essential resources,such as firewood,timber,and NTFPs.This study focuses on two forest-dominant districts in West Bengal of India,namely,Jhargram District and Paschim Medinipur District.Furthermore,this study aims to enhance the understanding of forest-dependent communities by comparing the standard of living among different village classes.Thus,we categorized villages into three classes based on the distance from home to forests,including inner villages,fringe villages,and outer villages.Through focus group discussions and household surveys,we explored the sources of local economy,income sources of household,and reasons for economic diversification in different village classes.The study findings confirm that substantial variations existed in the income sources and the standard of living in these villages.Forest income varied dramatically among the three village classes,with inner villages having greater forest income than fringe villages and outer villages.Meanwhile,households in outer villages depended on forests and engaged in diverse economic activities for their livelihoods.Compared with inner and fringe villages,households in outer villages derived a significant portion of their income from livestock.This discrepancy can be attributed to challenges,such as inadequate transportation,communication,and underdeveloped market chains in inner villages.Moreover,these findings emphasize the need to develop sustainable forest management practices,create alternative income-generation opportunities,and improve infrastructure and market access in inner villages,as well as promote economic diversification in outer villages.Through targeted policy measures,these forest-rich regions can achieve improved livelihoods,enhanced standard of living,and increased resilience for their communities.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Coverage Rate of Commercial Facilities in 15-minute Radius Livelihood Service Circles of Chunshu Street

Building a 15-minute radius livelihood service circle from the needs of residents is a topdown process of optimizing urban layout and promoting high-quality development implemented by the government.In September 2022,Xicheng District of Beijing served as a national pilot of the 15-minute radius livelihood service circle.Based on the data of POI,urban walking network and building outline,this paper studies the coverage of commercial service facilities in the 15-minute radius livelihood service circle of Chunshu Street by using kernel density analysis and urban network analysis tools.The research shows that the commercial facilities are concentrated in Zhuangsheng Square and Dazhalan commercial district.There are large gaps in housekeeping and couriers logistics facilities,which need to be further improved.

A Study on Trafic Congestion in Metropolises of China from the Perspective of People's Livelihood

The traffic congestion is not only a social problem but also an issue about livelihood.To solve this problem,the key is to change the traffic model from "automobile-based" to "people-oriented" with focus on fair road rights and equalization of public service resources.Based on the understanding above,this paper puts forward some policy recommendations such as prior road right of public transport,limiting the use of private cars by economic levers,development of multi-level public transport system,improving slow traffic system,advocating green travel and friendly driving,achieving equalization of public resources,and so on.

Can Multiple Livelihood Interventions Improve Livelihood Resilience of Out-of-poverty Farmers in Mountain Areas?A Case Study of Longnan Mountain Area,China

Clarifying the impact of livelihood interventions on the livelihood resilience of farmers in undeveloped mountain areas can not only optimize interventions,but also provide experiential support for global poverty alleviation.To analyze the impact of multiple livelihood interventions on livelihood resilience,we constructed an analytical framework and analyzed the enjoyment of livelihood interventions and the heterogeneity of livelihood resilience among out-of-poverty farmers in the Longnan mountain areas,China.Then,we studied the impact of intervention intensity on livelihood resilience through the multiple linear regression model.The results revealed that:1)the livelihood interventions enjoyed by out-of-poverty farmer in mountain areas were multiple.The proportion of farmers enjoyed diversified livelihood interventions was in descending order of high mountain areas,semi-mountain area and Chuanba valley areas.2)The overall livelihood resilience of farmers in Longnan mountain areas was generally low,with an average of 0.299.There were significant differences in the livelihood resilience of farmers across different geographic areas in the study area and types of interventions.3)The effects of industry interventions,employment interventions and education interventions were significant.The endogenous power of farmers not only had a significant positive effect on livelihood resilience,but also positively moderated the impact of the intensity of interventions on livelihood resilience.In addition,the household dependency ratio and the average altitude of the village area had a significant negative impact on their livelihood resilience.

A long way to go:impacts of urbanization on migrants’livelihoods and rural ecology in less industrialized regions

Urbanization,often coupled with industrialization,is generally considered as a boost for improving livelihood as well as alleviating ecological pressures of the rural areas.However,this experience needs to be tested in less industrialized areas,particularly where the urbanization is driven by non-economic factors such as urban public services and relevant government policies rather than employment opportunities.Taking two villages on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as examples,through the field investigation by using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews,and statistical data analysis,we explored the impacts of urbanization on migrants’livelihoods and the ecological conditions of their original village rangeland.We found that the disposable income and savings of emigrant households were less than the stay households,which might be correlated to the limited employment due to the lagged industrialization in the local township,and the mismatch between their traditional labor skills and the demands of urban services.Their home-village rangeland overuse was not alleviated since the increasing grazing pressure caused by the stay households,though the emigrant households intended to decrease the number of livestock on their home pasture.We concluded that the urbanization misaligned with local industrialization may fail to improve migrant livelihoods and local ecological conditions in less industrialized areas.Our research supplements the previous urbanization theory by highlighting the non-industrialization driven urbanization,and is particularly pertinent for the transitional countries worldwide.

Drought Impacts on Community Livelihoods in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya

Drought is the most common of all natural disasters in Kenya, in terms of the large areas covered, populations adversely affected and socio-economic impacts. The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin of Kenya is a drought-prone zone, lying on the lee slopes of both Mt. Kenya and Aberdares range. This study sought to determine opinions of communities on drought and its impacts on their livelihoods. Baseline data were collected from published reports and literature reviews augmented with information gathered through interviews with communities and key informants. Field data were collected mainly in the three counties of Laikipia, Isiolo and Meru, utilizing semi-structured questionnaire surveys. A total of 187 respondents were interviewed of which 150 were community members and 37 were policy makers. The typologies of community respondents interviewed included small-scale farmers, large commercial farmers, pastoralists, conservancies, water user associations and conservation groups. It was found that drought is a serious disaster in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro basin, which has been escalating. Communities experienced negative impacts of drought, with the biggest problem being water scarcity, closely followed by food and fodder shortages and poor incomes from farming. Other problems include spikes in livestock theft, loss of livestock from diseases and shortage of pasture. Conflicts over water and pasture escalate during droughts and crime increases due to lack of on-farm employment opportunities. Since drought events are natural phenomena expected to happen any time, there is need to identify how to improve local capacities in drought preparedness, adaptation and resilience.

Determinants of Household Choice of Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Selected Drought Prone Areas of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region, Ethiopia

The study aimed at identifying the determinants of household’s choice of livelihood diversification strategies. The result of the study based on a total of 384 sample respondents selected using multistage sampling procedures. Furthermore the study employed bivariate Probit econometric model to identify factors affecting household’s choice of livelihood diversification strategies. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that households in the study area were engaged in four types of combination of livelihood diversification strategies: on-farm only, on-farm plus off-farm, on-farm plus non-farm, and on-farm plus off-farm plus non-farm with their respective share of 34.9, 11.5, 47.9 and 5.7 percent respectively. The econometric model result showed that wealth, sex, education level, livestok holding, and training were negatively and significantly determined households choice of off-farm livelihood strategies;whereas past erosion hazard and distance to market were positively and significantly determined their choice of off-farm livelihood strategies. On the other hand, wealth, dependency ratio, past erosion hazard, market availability, yield loss/reduction due to drought, distance to credit source, distance to market, frequency of extension contact, and ICT ownership (Radio, TV and/or Mobile phone) positively determine household’s choice of non-farm livelihood strategies whereas access to irrigation and distance to credit negatively determined their choice of non-farm livelihood strategies.

Social interactions in periodic urban markets and their contributions to sustainable livelihoods:Evidence from Ghana

Periodic markets are an important aspect of local economies,providing a platform for farmers(producers),wholesalers,retailers,and consumers to interact face-to-face and exchange goods and services.These markets have been increasing in urban areas in Africa,Asia,and South America because of urbanization.The increase of periodic urban markets(PUMs)in urban areas is observed as an index of modernization,reflecting a response to transition process.However,there are limited studies on how social interactions in PUMs contribute to sustainable livelihoods.This study investigated the types of social interactions occurring in PUMs in Ghana,the benefits of social interactions for participants of PUMs,and how social interactions contribute to sustainable livelihoods.This research interviewed 162 participants,comprising 27 farmers(farmers were regarded as producers in this study),61 retailers,47 wholesalers from 9 selected PUMs across Ghana,and 27 officers from government institutions and non-governmental market associations to obtain their opinions.We analyzed the interview data using the NVivo software.The results showed that there are seven kinds of social interactions in PUMs,including(i)producer-wholesaler relationship,(ii)producer-consumer relationship,(iii)wholesaler-retailer relationship,(iv)retailer-consumer relationship,(v)trader-driver relationship,(vi)trader-institution relationship,and(vii)trader-international buyer relationship.We found that these social interactions in PUMs enhance sustainable livelihoods by supporting human,social,financial,natural,and physical assets of traders(traders refer to producers,wholesalers,and retailers in this study).Therefore,we concluded that the development of policies to improve PUMs could strengthen social interactions,enabling the achievement of sustainable livelihoods in developing countries.

Evaluating the Influence of Sea Level Rise on Beel Kapalia’s Livelihood and Local Adaptation Strategies: Perspectives from the Local Community

Bangladesh is vulnerable to climate change-induced sea level rise due to its location and socioeconomic position. The study examines the Beel Kapalia region in polder no. 24 of the Monirampur upazila of Jessore district, Khulna division. To assess local attitudes on sea level rise-related permanent flooding, Kapalia, Monoharpur, Nehalpur, Balidaha, and Panchakori were polled. This flooding has disrupted residents’ lifestyles, making them vulnerable to increasing sea levels. Viability and adaptability were assessed using livelihood capitals. Participants’ thoughts and knowledge about their resilience in several livelihood factors were gathered using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) instruments and a questionnaire survey in the area. Major discoveries include the impact of permanent floods on Beel Kapalia’s livelihoods, vulnerability and resilience assessments in numerous villages, and community viewpoints on regional adaptation methods to mitigate these consequences. The study found that a sustained 30.5 cm inundation would reduce local human, natural, physical, financial, and social capital resilience to 69.6%, 30.7%, 69.1%, 68.9%, and 69.1%. A constant 61 cm inundation would lower resistance to 40.9%, 8.7%, 42.4%, 45.6%, and 43.8%. Residents believe they can weather a 30.5 cm inundation with local adaptation measures, but if the water level rises to 61 cm, they may be displaced.

基于生计资本的农户可持续生计研究——以滇琼天然橡胶主产区为例

运用海南和云南橡胶主产区615个种植户的调查数据,测算了农户生计资本水平,设计了生计活动多样性指数和家庭收入多元化指数,通过多元线性回归模型和中介效应模型,探讨了生计资本配置对农户可持续生计的影响机制。研究发现:1)农户生计资本积累有助于丰富农户家庭生计活动和收入来源结构,尤其是金融资本积累有助于提升农户生计活动多样性水平;不同生计资本结构对农户生计结果的影响存在地域性差异;自然资本禀赋对海南产区的收入多元化水平有显著推动作用,但在云南产区却可能存在“诅咒”效应。2)地域差异、生产决策和农户特性对可持续生计有重要影响。村庄所处的海拔高、距县城距离远对农户开展多样化生计构成挑战;割胶生产规律固化虽然可能会削弱农户其他生产经营活动,但由于其劳动力调整灵活性强,可更好地稳定家庭收入;土地细碎化具有多元化生计的效果,但不一定有收入效应;虽然贫困户身份可帮助农户获得相关政策的支持,但增强生计能力才是实现可持续生计的关键所在。3)生计资本对生计活动和家庭收入的影响存在中介效应。生计资本对生计多样性的促进作用,有52.70%是通过提高生计资本统筹能力实现的,家庭就业策略优化有助于增强生计资本对收入多元化的促进作用,中介效应达30.52%。最后,建议通过提高农户家庭生计资本统筹能力、加强生计能力建设、扩展就业信息渠道等来增强农户生计综合能力。

参与旅游对农户生计脆弱性的影响机制

农户的生计脆弱性关系脱贫成果的巩固和乡村振兴战略的推进。基于可持续生计理论,实地调查了恩施土家族苗族自治州乡村旅游地432户农户,通过t检验、方差分析等方法比较了不同旅游参与程度农户的生计脆弱性,运用多元线性回归、倾向得分匹配等稳健性检验、中介效应检验方法,深入探究了农户参与旅游对生计脆弱性的影响机理。研究发现,参与旅游降低了农户的生计脆弱性,尤其是提高了农户的适应力。在不同旅游参与程度的农户中,旅游兼营型农户的生计脆弱性最低,适应力最高。机制分析表明,农户通过参与旅游增强了生计技能和收入多样化等内生发展动力,降低了自身的生计脆弱性。农户参与旅游对生计脆弱性的影响因乡村旅游发展模式不同而存在异质性,仅生态农业依托模式的农户通过参与旅游显著降低了其生计脆弱性。恩施州乡村旅游地应提升乡村旅游社区参与程度、增强农户的内生发展动力,以降低农户的生计脆弱性,推进乡村振兴。

乡村文化振兴视角下脱贫户可持续生计能力提升路径探析

乡村振兴面临着满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的新挑战,同时也肩负着确保不发生规模性返贫的底线任务。乡村振兴战略实施以来,脱贫群众精神风貌有了很大改观,生活水平显著提升。但目前一些农户仍面临生计脆弱、内生动力不足等问题,需要注重提升其自主、自助、自为的可持续生计能力。文化振兴是乡村振兴的精神内核,也是提升脱贫户可持续生计能力的有效途径。从乡村文化振兴的视角看,提升农户自身抗逆能力和发展能力,一要激发其内生发展动力,为可持续生计提供动力源泉;二要提升其科学文化素质,为可持续生计提供智力源泉;三要加大乡村文化的供给力度,为可持续性生计提供政策保障。

大型城镇集中安置区搬迁移民生计资本组合对家庭收入影响机理的实证研究

易地搬迁移民已成为防止规模性返贫的重要群体。当前,搬迁移民面临着就业市场风险增大,生计资本存量减少以及家庭增收困难等现实问题,优化移民生计资本内部结构,发挥生计资本间的组合效应,提升生计资本组合对移民家庭收入的贡献作用是解决上述问题的重要途径。学界当前与易地搬迁相关的研究多聚焦分析移民生计资本对家庭总收入的作用机制,较少基于结构功能理论视角,从实证层面探讨生计资本组合对家庭不同收入来源的影响及其相互作用机制。本文以贵州省大型城镇集中安置区移民为研究对象,首先测算移民家庭生计资本,分别采用OLS和分位数回归分析生计资本与家庭收入之间的作用机理,然后采用多元线性回归模型测算生计资本间的互补效应和替代效应,构建了移民家庭收入与生计资本组合之间的矩阵分析模型,分别应用tobit和logit回归进行实证检验,并剖析了不同维度下不同生计资本组合对不同类型收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)移民生计资本总量有助于提升家庭收入水平。在后搬迁时代,自然资本对家庭收入的边际贡献最小,而社会资本对家庭收入呈现负向影响。(2)五大资本中的人力资本与自然资本、物质资本、社会资本以及金融资本之间存在着普适性互补效应,金融资本与社会资本间存在替代效应。(3)互补性生计资本值越大,移民家庭工资收入和财产收入越高;互补性和替代性资本量均较低的家庭主要以获得转移性收入维持生计。

驾驶疲劳对危险化学品道路运输事故风险的影响规律

近年来,随着危险化学品使用量的急剧攀升,危险化学品道路运输事故率也呈现上升的趋势,且此类事故的发生往往会导致严重后果。为研究危险化学品道路运输事故动态风险变化规律,在修正贝叶斯网络模型基础上,利用2017—2021年历史数据进行机器学习,根据驾驶疲劳程度计算得到“驾驶人行为”动态节点的状态转移概率矩阵,建立基于动态贝叶斯网络(Dynamic Bayesian Network,DBN)的危险化学品道路运输动态风险预测模型并进行推理分析。研究显示:在驾驶3 h内,驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”发生概率随时间推移而增加,但增幅有所下降;在最常见情境下,随驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”概率增加,“侧翻”和“碰撞”事故类型的发生概率明显增加,进而导致“泄漏”事故后果的发生概率有所增加;驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”概率增加会导致“有伤亡事故”发生概率增加,即加重事故的严重程度;在驾驶3 h内,“侧翻”“碰撞”“泄漏”和“有伤亡事故”发生概率的变化趋势与驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”发生概率的变化趋势一致。

我国退捕渔民转产安置施行重点、逻辑与展望

禁捕关系到渔民的生计,帮助受禁捕等政策影响的退捕渔民重塑可持续生计是实现共享发展的应有之义。为保障制度性“失海”“失水”渔民的生计,各级部门、地方出台了系列政策并进行了实践层面的有益探索。论文对我国退捕渔民转产安置政策的演进过程进行了梳理,提出保障退捕渔民基本生活和助力退捕渔民转产转业是各级政策施政重点。对施政逻辑的剖析发现,退捕渔民身份特征与生计脆弱性是政策设计的逻辑起点,同时还体现了协同共治的总体逻辑和内生动力激发与外源动力匹配并重的实现逻辑。展望未来,应进一步深化对退捕渔民帮扶需求的精准识别和精准施策,进一步完善退捕渔民生计追踪、动态监测与评估机制,同时更加关注退捕渔民新环境适应和社会融入问题。

旅游发展背景下藏族社区居民生计适应的集体行动实践——以夏乌村为例

乡村振兴战略背景下,集体行动的积极效能需要结合乡村发展的现实进行充分探讨.通过旅游助推乡村振兴的实践,更需基于有效的集体行动,形成多主体共建共治共享的社会治理新格局.该文选择西藏夏乌村作为案例地,通过长期的人类学田野调查,对虫草“挖三休二”制度的形成与发展、轮流打工制度的形成与发展、社区旅游参与实践路径的研究发现,夏乌村集体行动实践具有强烈的自发性,组织上的村民小组网格化管理模式和均质化、公平的发展理念,使得村民个体平等决策和共同参与公共事务成为可能.该文结合当地独特的生态环境、生计条件和社区文化,依托夏乌村集体行动的实践方式和集体行动的制度形成过程,呈现当前旅游助推乡村振兴过程中解决集体主义困境的可能路径,重点讨论少数民族旅游社区在集体行动实践中的自发性和主动性,个体行动和集体行动在过程中产生策略性互动,并为旅游发展奠定充分的制度基础和组织基础.