Implement Constitutional Principles to Uncover Tort Cases——An interview with Wang Zhenchuan, deputy chief procurator of the Supreme People's Procuratorate

EDITOR'S NOTE: Since May 2004, the people's procuratorates in China have concentrated their efforts on uncovering cases of encroaching upon human rights by government functionaries by abusing their power. The move has aroused extensive attention. On this, our staff reporter interviewed Deputy Chief Procurator Wang Zhenchuan, who is in charge of the campaign against human rights violations.

Human Rights in China:Exploration and Development of Whole-process People’s Democracy

Whole-process people’s democracy represents a new exploration of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era as well as a novel and important method for protecting the human rights of the Chinese people.It is conducive to solving a multitude of problems hindering the protection of civil rights and political rights.The greatest highlight of whole-process people’s democracy is that the people are the masters of their own country and exercise the power to govern the state through“extensive participation and consultation.”China’s experience and approaches in advancing whole-process people’s democracy provide a reference for other countries.

The Transformation of Environmental Governance from the Point of the Interaction between Government and National People's Congress

Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.

Letter from Li Peng Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, To China Society for Human Rights Studies

China Society for Human Rights Studies, I would like to extend my warm greetings to the launch of your Human Rights magazine. Enjoying human rights fully is a lofty goal long pursued after by human race. Over the years when they carried out revolution, construction and reforms, the Chinese people have struggled indomitably and strived incessantly to achieve this goal. Progress made in this regard has caught worldwide attention. When struggling for, safeguarding, promoting and developing human rights, the Chinese people have always combined the universality prin-

Testative Discussion on how to be an Eligible Interpreter--Based on the People’s Republic of China of the National People’s Congress and Committee of the People’s Political Consultative Conference from 2012 to 2014

In recent years,with the rapid development of the Chinese economy,the“two sessions”in March of every year which sponsored by the ministry of foreign affairs attract more and more journalists from all over the world.The press conference in the“two sessions”likes an important window to show China’s policies and claims to the world.Meanwhile,the premier who answers questions in the press conference,respectively,shows the world the eloquence and polite manners of China’s premier,such as Premier Wen Jiabao and Premier Li Keqiang.Their astute response,excellent,and emotional expression makes a deep impression on audiences.Moreover,as a bridge between the speaker and the listeners,the interpretation once is incorrect will cause some mistakes even conflicts.Therefore,the interpreter plays a most important role in the press conference.How to improve the interpretation level in the press conference is a significant topic.The thesis mainly introduces the content of press conference interpreting from 2012 to 2014.At present,the practical study of press conference interpretation is far from enough.The last part gives the summary of the study and points out the main findings for the further study.

Since Reform and Opening the Change Course of People＇s Congress System

Since the reform and opening up, people＇ s congress system has gone through four stages of development, is to restore respectively, the initial development, further strengthen and improve, deepen the development stage. From four stages of development, we can draw the four laws since the reform and opening up people＇ s congress system changes that adhere to the party＇ s leadership, adapt to changes in the economic system, in theory and in practice, innovation in the legal, institutional design and constantly improve the standard. Four stages and the four laws draw people＇ s congress system experiences, the study of people＇ s congress system in future developments of great significance.

Legislation has safeguarded the self-determination of Tibetan people——Interviewing Mr.Leque,the Chairman of the People’s Congress of TAR

My last interview of Mr.Leque was when he was the Chairman of the Government of Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR).As time went by,Mr.Leque became the Chairman of the People's Congress of TAR.Following the custom,I paid my respects by presenting a delicate Karta whereupon,he gracefully gifted me another in return.Talking and laughing between us put me at ease and then led naturally into my questions.

Tibet:14 Years of Brilliant, Extraor Achievements——An interview with Raidi, vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Tremendous changes have takenplace in Tibet under the state policy of reform andopening up to the outside world, especially over thepast 14 years since the Fourth Plenary Session of the13th Central Committee of the Chinese CommunistParty. Unprecedented are the development of the localeconomy, and so are the changes in the outlook ofcities and countryside in the region, and life of ethnicTibetan has kept improving.Raidi, vice-chairman of the Standing Committee ofthe National People's Congress (NPC), is a mostqualified eyewitness to these changes. He was born intoa serf's family before the Democratic Reform in thelate 1950s, and had worked on various leading posts inTibet before he was elected to NPC, China's highestlegislature. In July 1990, Jiang Zemin, then generalsecretary of the CPC Central Committee, cited Raidi asan example when speaking on the question of humanrights during an inspection tour of Lhasa. Said he,'What do human rights mean? Comrade Raidi, aformer serf, now works as the second most seniormember of the Chinese Communist Party Committee ofTibet Autonomous Region, his experiences bring outthe meaning of human rights. Aren't we justified topublicize that?'Following is a slightly abridged text of an interviewgiven by Raidi to our staff reporter on the eve of theNew Year's day, in which he talked about theachievements Tibet has made over the past 14 yearsand the Party's policy in Tibet.

A Pioneer of Human Rights Protection——An interview with Professor Wu Qing,Deputy to Haidian District/Beijing Municipal People's Congresses

The first time I have learnt the name Wu Qing was in a host show, "Close-Up" on CCTV-4. She is a professor of Beijing Foreign Studies Univer-sity, and moreover she is the daughter of one of Chinese literary giants, Ms. Bing Xin. I was immediately fascinated not

“五四宪法”对国家监督体系的奠基

“五四宪法”奠定了新中国国家监督体系的基本框架。“五四宪法”建立的国家监督体系以人大制度为基础,以行政监察和检察监督为重要方式,政协发挥着政治监督的功能。这一体系确定了人民代表大会在国家机构体系中的基础地位,丰富了以民主集中制为原则的权力运行机制,巩固了中国共产党的领导核心地位。但是,这一体系存在着宪法实施不足、监督内涵缺失和党内监督弱化的问题。以“五四宪法”为参照,未来要坚持与完善党和国家监督体系,须着力实现党内监督和国家监督的贯通融合,国家监督体系内部的协调衔接,民主制度和程序的完善便捷,公民基本权利的充分保障。

审议促监督的转化机制——以Y市空间规划监督工作为例

人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度,各级人民政府由人大产生,对人大负责,受人大监督。人大监督是规制现代政府公权力,避免其异化的重要环节。既有研究重在监督权力的配置与归属,研究对象较为传统,监督工具的缺失致使监督权力的运行过程还较为模糊。审议是地方人大对规划行政实施监督的重要工具,然而从工具的使用到监督效能的转化,其过程机制还有待揭示。为此,文章以Y市为基础,以访谈文本的扎根分析为依托,对审议全过程进行研究。研究发现,现阶段人大对规划的审议,更多表现为工具理性,监督价值有待引入。地方人大要实现对空间规划的有效监督必须考虑审议议题、审议程序和审议结果三要素,并且让审议三要素分别在压力机制、追责机制和赋能机制的主导下发挥效用。

“五四宪法”中人民代表大会制度及其实施的国家治理逻辑

人民代表大会制度在“五四宪法”中有着特定规范内涵,具体包括制度来源论、制度属性论、制度地位论和制度功能论。70年来的制度实践,尽管在文本规范上和具体实施中有所变动,但人民主权原则、最高国家权力机关的本质内涵从未变迁。新时代以来,人民代表大会制度日益凸显其在国家治理体系中的重要理论方位,具体体现于制度方位、民主方位、法治方位和治理方位。在确定和厘清上述理论方位的基础上,人民代表大会制度必将为践行全过程人民民主、促进高质量发展、推动现代化强国建设以及助力中华民族伟大复兴提供更好的发展方略。

“五四宪法”与中华民族共同体建设

1954年制定的第一部宪法在中华民族共同体发展历程上具有重要的意义:宪法指出社会主义的建设目标,为中华民族共同体的发展指明了方向;宪法创设的人民代表大会制度和民族区域自治制度,奠定了中华民族共同体政治建设的两大制度基石;宪法确立了统一、平等、团结互助、尊重少数民族权益等处理民族关系的原则,初步构建了中华民族共同体内不同民族交往的原则和规范,为中华民族共同体的稳定、发展和繁荣提供了重要保障。

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China-ChapterⅡ

The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens Article 33. All persons holding the nationality of the People’s Republic of China are citizens of the People’s Republic of China. All citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law. Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law.

理一分殊:全国人大及其常委会宪法监督权的差异化构造

对全国人大及其常委会宪法监督权的同质化理解忽略了宪法文本的差异,也会造成“实效性难题”与“冗余性难题”。全国人大相对其他国家机关具有政治上的优越地位,其宪法监督权建基于最高国家权力机关的地位与民主集中制原则。全国人大可通过多种方式监督其他国家机关的工作,宪法监督是其中一项,在类型上属于政治控制型监督。全国人大常委会是最高国家权力机关的常设机关,相对其他国家机关具有相对的优越地位,也有权开展政治控制型的宪法监督。1982年《宪法》特别授予全国人大常委会“解释宪法,监督宪法的实施”的权限,使得常委会得以独占性地开展合宪性审查。合宪性审查属于规范控制型宪法监督,它的依据是宪法的规范效力。应注重两机关宪法监督权的性质差异,推进政治控制型监督与规范控制型监督共同保障宪法实施。

全国人大决定行权方式的全面规范化——以《中华人民共和国立法法》第68条为制度支点

全国人大决定行权方式的全面规范化是宪法全面实施的内在要求,因而其具有显著意义。2023年《中华人民共和国立法法》第68条特别规定,全国人大及其常委会作出“有关法律问题的决定”适用《中华人民共和国立法法》的有关规定。该适用规则成为全国人大决定行权方式全面规范化、制度化、程序化的一个最重要的制度支点。全国人大决定行权方式的规范化命题蕴含三个子议题:一是规范类型上,全国人大决定行权方式包含抽象规范性决定、具体规范性决定和政策性决定三种规范类型;二是效力原则上,效力分层原则、程序判断效力原则构成了全国人大决定行权方式复合效力原则的核心;三是拣选标准上,“形式与内容的合比例性”构成了全国人大拣选决定行使方式的总理据,经立法程序决定之拣选标准的本质是立法便宜主义的政策考量,非经立法程序决定的拣选标准首先要考虑法律保留原则。

《地方组织法》调整对象的重塑与结构优化

为适应改革开放初期民主法制建设需要,1979年《地方组织法》在确定调整对象时采取了“扩张性”策略,“有法可依”成为当时立法的首要价值需求。国家机构相关法律规范体系建立和完善后,《地方组织法》立法功能与其他法律开始出现重合,对法律的稳定性和国家法制统一造成挑战,“扩张性”的调整对象面临重新检视和策略调整。《地方组织法》调整对象的重塑,应在厘定相关法律调整对象基础上,排除替代性立法功能,以实现国家机构法律规范体系的时代自新和协调统一。

东江各属行政会议:周恩来召开的东江各界人民代表会议

第二次东征战事结束之际,周恩来被任命为东江各属行政委员。虽然履职仅44天,周恩来却召开了东江历史上第一次也是唯一一次的东江各属行政会议。会议由人民代表组成,规范议事日程,实行议行合一原则,这些都使会议具备了人民代表大会的主要特征。周恩来将广州国民政府治下的东江变成了人民政权的试验场,这是大革命时期中国共产党人继罢工工人代表大会、农民协会之后,为建立人民政权及组织形式的又一次创造性实践,也是他在探索人民代表大会制度历程上埋下的第一块重要基石。