In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic Peo...In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK)were published.During the period 2013–2014,HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology.The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014.These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds.Therefore,the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority,which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.展开更多
Theoretically, the whole-process people’s democracy involves five processes, namely, political process, policy process, urban and rural community governance process, enterprises and institutions management process, a...Theoretically, the whole-process people’s democracy involves five processes, namely, political process, policy process, urban and rural community governance process, enterprises and institutions management process, and international exchange process. Fach process includes several links which involve different democratic rights. To comprehensively promote the whole-process people’s democracy, it is necessary to make a detailed distinction between the democratic rights of each process, build a corresponding system and mechanism for the protection of rights, improve the ability of people in democracy, and establish the system and mechanism for evaluating the effect of democracy implementation.展开更多
Background:Given the restricted distribution of Schistosoma mekongi in one province in Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR)and two provinces in Cambodia,together with progress of the national control programmes ...Background:Given the restricted distribution of Schistosoma mekongi in one province in Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR)and two provinces in Cambodia,together with progress of the national control programmes aimed at reducing morbidity and infection prevalence,the elimination of schistosomiasis mekongi seems feasible.However,sensitive diagnostic tools will be required to determine whether elimination has been achieved.We compared several standard and novel diagnostic tools in S.mekongi-endemic areas.Methods:The prevalence and infection intensity of S.mekongi were evaluated in 377 study participants from four villages in the endemic areas in Lao PDR and Cambodia using Kato-Katz stool examination,antibody detection based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and schistosome circulating antigen detection by lateral-flow tests.Two highly sensitive test systems for the detection of cathodic and anodic circulating antigens(CCA,CAA)in urine and serum were utilized.Results:Stool microscopy revealed an overall prevalence of S.mekongi of 6.4%(one case in Cambodia and 23 cases in Lao PDR),while that of Opisthorchis viverrini,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura,Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia spp.were 50.4%,28.1%,3.5%,0.3%and 1.9%,respectively.In the urine samples,the tests for CCA and CAA detected S.mekongi infections in 21.0%and 38.7%of the study participants,respectively.In the serum samples,the CAA assay revealed a prevalence of 32.4%,while a combination of the CAA assay in serum and in urine revealed a prevalence of 43.2%.There was a difference between the two study locations with a higher prevalence reached in the samples from Lao PDR.Conclusions:The CCA,CAA and ELISA results showed substantially higher prevalence estimates for S.mekongi compared to Kato-Katz thick smears.Active schistosomiasis mekongi in Lao PDR and Cambodia might thus have been considerably underestimated previously.Hence,sustained control efforts are still needed to break transmission of S.mekongi.The pivotal role of highly sensitive diagnostic assays in areas targeting elimination cannot be overemphasised.展开更多
Whole-process people’s democracy profoundly reflects the features of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics,and comprehensively and systematically reveals the concept of people’s democracy as providing imp...Whole-process people’s democracy profoundly reflects the features of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics,and comprehensively and systematically reveals the concept of people’s democracy as providing important mechanisms of national and social governance.Based on the traditional democratic understanding of democracy as majority rule,whole-process people’s democracy emphasizes the universality and extensive range of democratic governance,but also has the natural value defects of democratic value itself.Therefore,we must organically combine democracy with the values of the rule of law and human rights,to build a well-defined governance order based on people’s democratic value.The whole process in the“whole-process people’s democracy”has really resolved the situation of people’s“absence”from many links of state power operation caused by over-emphasizing the election-democracy in the Western capitalist democratic system.Through the people’s extensive participation and effective supervision,the state power operation mechanism based on the fundamental political system,the people’s congress system,has been ensured to be always in the framework of people’s democratic governance.This effectively realizes the people’s sovereignty and is consistent with the declaration that“all power in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)belongs to the people,”stipulated in the Constitution of China.To improve the governance efficiency of whole-process people’s democracy in practice,we must bring it onto the rule of law,and use the rule of law philosophy and methods to reasonably and effectively resolve all kinds of theoretical and practical problems.展开更多
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-41)。
文摘In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK)were published.During the period 2013–2014,HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology.The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014.These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds.Therefore,the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority,which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.
基金phased achievement of both the National Social Science Fund Project “Research on Grassroots Political Stability and Risk Management and Control”(Project No. 19BZZ048)the National Human Rights Education and Training Base Project of the Ministry of Education “Research on the Contents and Implementation Method of Civil Participation Rights”(Project No. 21JJD820003)
文摘Theoretically, the whole-process people’s democracy involves five processes, namely, political process, policy process, urban and rural community governance process, enterprises and institutions management process, and international exchange process. Fach process includes several links which involve different democratic rights. To comprehensively promote the whole-process people’s democracy, it is necessary to make a detailed distinction between the democratic rights of each process, build a corresponding system and mechanism for the protection of rights, improve the ability of people in democracy, and establish the system and mechanism for evaluating the effect of democracy implementation.
基金We are grateful to financial support of the Task Force for Global Health,Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Centre,the Department of Parasitology,Leiden University Medical Center and the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute.
文摘Background:Given the restricted distribution of Schistosoma mekongi in one province in Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR)and two provinces in Cambodia,together with progress of the national control programmes aimed at reducing morbidity and infection prevalence,the elimination of schistosomiasis mekongi seems feasible.However,sensitive diagnostic tools will be required to determine whether elimination has been achieved.We compared several standard and novel diagnostic tools in S.mekongi-endemic areas.Methods:The prevalence and infection intensity of S.mekongi were evaluated in 377 study participants from four villages in the endemic areas in Lao PDR and Cambodia using Kato-Katz stool examination,antibody detection based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and schistosome circulating antigen detection by lateral-flow tests.Two highly sensitive test systems for the detection of cathodic and anodic circulating antigens(CCA,CAA)in urine and serum were utilized.Results:Stool microscopy revealed an overall prevalence of S.mekongi of 6.4%(one case in Cambodia and 23 cases in Lao PDR),while that of Opisthorchis viverrini,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura,Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia spp.were 50.4%,28.1%,3.5%,0.3%and 1.9%,respectively.In the urine samples,the tests for CCA and CAA detected S.mekongi infections in 21.0%and 38.7%of the study participants,respectively.In the serum samples,the CAA assay revealed a prevalence of 32.4%,while a combination of the CAA assay in serum and in urine revealed a prevalence of 43.2%.There was a difference between the two study locations with a higher prevalence reached in the samples from Lao PDR.Conclusions:The CCA,CAA and ELISA results showed substantially higher prevalence estimates for S.mekongi compared to Kato-Katz thick smears.Active schistosomiasis mekongi in Lao PDR and Cambodia might thus have been considerably underestimated previously.Hence,sustained control efforts are still needed to break transmission of S.mekongi.The pivotal role of highly sensitive diagnostic assays in areas targeting elimination cannot be overemphasised.
文摘Whole-process people’s democracy profoundly reflects the features of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics,and comprehensively and systematically reveals the concept of people’s democracy as providing important mechanisms of national and social governance.Based on the traditional democratic understanding of democracy as majority rule,whole-process people’s democracy emphasizes the universality and extensive range of democratic governance,but also has the natural value defects of democratic value itself.Therefore,we must organically combine democracy with the values of the rule of law and human rights,to build a well-defined governance order based on people’s democratic value.The whole process in the“whole-process people’s democracy”has really resolved the situation of people’s“absence”from many links of state power operation caused by over-emphasizing the election-democracy in the Western capitalist democratic system.Through the people’s extensive participation and effective supervision,the state power operation mechanism based on the fundamental political system,the people’s congress system,has been ensured to be always in the framework of people’s democratic governance.This effectively realizes the people’s sovereignty and is consistent with the declaration that“all power in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)belongs to the people,”stipulated in the Constitution of China.To improve the governance efficiency of whole-process people’s democracy in practice,we must bring it onto the rule of law,and use the rule of law philosophy and methods to reasonably and effectively resolve all kinds of theoretical and practical problems.
