Comparative Performance Measurement of the Pareto Optimal Combination and Multi-Objective Combination Models for Controller Placement in Software-Defined Networks

The evolution of the current network has challenges of programmability, maintainability and manageability, due to network ossification. This challenge led to the concept of software-defined networking (SDN), to decouple the control system from the infrastructure plane caused by ossification. The innovation created a problem with controller placement. That is how to effectively place controllers within a network topology to manage the network of data plane devices from the control plane. The study was designed to empirically evaluate and compare the functionalities of two controller placement algorithms: the POCO and MOCO. The methodology adopted in the study is the explorative and comparative investigation techniques. The study evaluated the performances of the Pareto optimal combination (POCO) and multi-objective combination (MOCO) algorithms in relation to calibrated positions of the controller within a software-defined network. The network environment and measurement metrics were held constant for both the POCO and MOCO models during the evaluation. The strengths and weaknesses of the POCO and MOCO models were justified. The results showed that the latencies of the two algorithms in relation to the GoodNet network are 3100 ms and 2500 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively. In Switch to Controller Average Case latency, the performance gives 2598 ms and 2769 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively. In Worst Case Switch to Controller latency, the performance shows 2776 ms and 2987 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively. The latencies of the two algorithms evaluated in relation to the Savvis network, compared as follows: 2912 ms and 2784 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively in Switch to Controller Average Case latency, 3129 ms and 3017 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively in Worst Case Switch to Controller latency, 2789 ms and 2693 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively in Average Case Controller to Controller latency, and 2873 ms and 2756 ms for POCO and MOCO in Worst Case Switch to Controller latency respectively. The latencies of the two algorithms evaluated in relation to the AARNet, network compared as follows: 2473 ms and 2129 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively, in Switch to Controller Average Case latency, 2198 ms and 2268 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively, in Worst Case Switch to Controller latency, 2598 ms and 2471 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively, in Average Case Controller to Controller latency, 2689 ms and 2814 ms for POCO and MOCO respectively Worst Case Controller to Controller latency. The Average Case and Worst-Case latencies for Switch to Controller and Controller to Controller are minimal, and favourable to the POCO model as against the MOCO model when evaluated in the Goodnet, Savvis, and the Aanet networks. This simply indicates that the POCO model has a speed advantage as against the MOCO model, which appears to be more resilient than the POCO model.

Local Criteria Used by Farmers to Evaluate the Agronomic Performance and the Fertilizing Capacity of Cowpea Varieties: Diversity, Variability and Proximal Relation with Agronomic Measurements in Contrasted Sahelian Locations

When contributing to participatory research, farmers usually appreciate the performance of cowpea varieties using qualitative scores. The score they attribute to each variety are based on local knowledge. The specific criteria they individually use to attribute a score are not well described. The objectives of this work were to: 1) identify and describe exhaustively the local criteria used by farmers to measure the agronomic performance of cowpea;2) assess the variability and statistical structure of these farmer criteria across local contexts;3) and analyze the association between these farmer criteria and the classical agronomic measurement. To achieve these objectives, an augmented block design was implemented across fifteen locations in the regions of Maradi, Dosso and Tillabéri, representing a diversity of local contexts. From a set of 36 cowpea varieties, fifteen varieties were sown per location, including five varieties (controls) common to all locations. In each location, two replicates were sown in randomized Fisher’s blocks. After agronomic measurement and participatory evaluation (scoring of varieties by farmers), a group survey (focus group) was conducted in each location to identify the criteria considered by farmers to found their discretional scoring of varieties during the participatory evaluation. The analysis of the data identified, across locations, thirteen criteria defined by farmers to characterize the agronomic performance of cowpea. Some of these criteria were different according to location. Farmers ranked the three varieties with the best performance for each agronomical trait (Top 3 varieties). A comparison of the farmer ranking with the ranking based on agronomic measurements revealed similarity and complementary between both methods. This study highlighted the importance of considering both local and scientific knowledge in local varietal evaluations.

Correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stress:A case study of overcoring stress measurements

Understanding the mechanical properties of the lithologies is crucial to accurately determine the horizontal stress magnitude.To investigate the correlation between the rock mass properties and maximum horizontal stress,the three-dimensional(3D)stress tensors at 89 measuring points determined using an improved overcoring technique in nine mines in China were adopted,a newly defined characteristic parameter C_(ERP)was proposed as an indicator for evaluating the structural properties of rock masses,and a fuzzy relation matrix was established using the information distribution method.The results indicate that both the vertical stress and horizontal stress exhibit a good linear growth relationship with depth.There is no remarkable correlation between the elastic modulus,Poisson's ratio and depth,and the distribution of data points is scattered and messy.Moreover,there is no obvious relationship between the rock quality designation(RQD)and depth.The maximum horizontal stress σ_(H) is a function of rock properties,showing a certain linear relationship with the C_(ERP)at the same depth.In addition,the overall change trend of σ_(H) determined by the established fuzzy identification method is to increase with the increase of C_(ERP).The fuzzy identification method also demonstrates a relatively detailed local relationship betweenσ_H and C_(ERP),and the predicted curve rises in a fluctuating way,which is in accord well with the measured stress data.

New Measurement Method for Spline Shaft Rolling Performance Evaluation using Laser Displacement Sensor

In order to control the quality of spline shaft in rolling process, an efficient measurement method for rolling performance evaluation is essential. Here, a newly developed on-machine non-contact measurement prototype based on laser displacement sensor and rotary encoder is proposed. The prototype is intended for the automated evaluation of the spline shaft rolling performance by measuring the dimensional change of tooth root, which is correlated with the surface residual stress and micro-hardness. Laser displacement sensor and rotary encoder are used to record the polar radius and polar angle of each point on measuring section. Data are displayed in a polar coordinate system and fitted in a gear. Through multipoint curvature method, the roots of spline shaft are recognized automatically. Then, the dimensional change can be calculated by fitting the radius of the tooth root circle before and after rolling. Systematic error covering offset error is also analyzed and calibrated. At last, measurement test results show that the system has advantages of simple structure, high measurement precision(radius error < 0.6 μm), high measurement efficiency(measuring time < 2 s) and automatic control ability, providing a new opportunity for the efficient evaluation of various spline shafts in high-precision mechanical processing.

Workflow logs analysis system for enterprise performance measurement

Workflow logs that record the execution of business processes offer very valuable data resource for real-time enterprise performance measurement. In this paper, a novel scheme that uses the technology of data warehouse and OLAP to explore workflow logs and create complex analysis reports for enterprise performance measurement is proposed. Three key points of this scheme are studied: 1) the measure set; 2) the open and flexible architecture for workflow logs analysis system; 3) the data models in WFMS and data warehouse. A case study that shows the validity of the scheme is also provided.

Detection performance and inversion processing of logging-while-drilling extra-deep azimuthal resistivity measurements

We present systematic investigations on the physics,detection performance and inversion of logging-while-drilling extradeep azimuthal resistivity measurements(EDARM).First,the definitions of EDRAM measurements are discussed,followed by the derivation of the attenuation and phase-shift geometrical factors to illustrate the relative contributions of formation units to the observed signals.Then,a new definition of detection depth,which considers the uncertainty of inversion results caused by the data noise,is proposed to quantify the detection capability of ED ARM.Finally,the B ayesian theory associated with Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is introduced for fast processing of EDARM data.Numerical results show that ED ARM is capable of detecting the azimuth and distance of remote bed boundaries,and the detection capability increases with increasing spacing and resistivity contrast.The EDARM tool can accommodate a large range of formation resistivity and is able to provide the resistivity anisotropy at arbitrary relative dipping angles.In addition,multiple bed boundaries and reservoir images near the borehole are readily obtained by using the Bayesian inversion.

Test Rig Effect on Performance Measurement for Low Loaded Large-Diameter Fan for Automotive Application

Large diameter fans with low solidity are widely used in automotive application for engine cooling. Their designs with small chord length help reducing the torque on the electrical motor and providing a good aerodynamic compromise between several operating conditions, some of these being at high flow rate. Their global performances are measured according to the ISO standard DP 5801, which allows comparison of results from different facilities. However, some variations in global performances are observed when considering results from two different test rigs. On a fan selected for the purpose of this study, up to 6 % of efficiency is lost on the worst case. As efficiency is more than ever a key factor to select a component, some experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to analyze the fan behavior on each facility. Two sets of measurement and simulation are performed and compared. Geometries considered for the domain of computation include the test rig plenum, the torquemeter, the ground and a large domain for the atmospheric conditions. The exact fan geometry with tip clearance and under-hub ribs is also considered. Numerical results show a good agreement with experiment in both cases when convergence is reached and for low flow rate when computations are switched to unsteady mode. Comparisons show that simulations are able to capture the different fan behaviors depending on the confguration and those efficiency losses previously observed are correctly predicted. These results are further analyzed to perform some post-processing. Blade loading remains identical for both cases but disparities appear in the wake and its interaction with the surrounding. Tiny details that are often neglected during experiment and/or simulation appear to be the cause of slight variations. Position of the torquemeter and shape of the plenum are among the parameters that various and that have cumulative effects. Efficiency being a ration of pressure and torque, variations are rather important. Finally, these results are discussed in terms of rules for conception and a new geometry less sensible to loss of efficiency is proposed.

Performance evaluation of two types of heated cables for distributedtemperature sensing-based measurement of soil moisture content

Distributed temperature sensing(DTS)using heated cables has been recently developed for distributed monitoring of in-situ soil moisture content.In this method,the thermal and electrical properties of heated cables have a significant influence on the measurement accuracy of soil moisture content.In this paper,the performances of two heated cables,i.e.the carbon-fiber heated cable(CFHC)and the metalnet heated cable(MNHC),are studied in the laboratory.Their structures,uniformity in the axial direction,measurement accuracy and suitability are evaluated.The test results indicate that the MNHC has a better uniformity in the axial direction than CFHC.Both CFHC and MNHC have high measurement accuracy.The CFHC is more suitable for short-distance measurement(500 m),while the MNHC can be used for longdistance measurement(>500 m).

Performance measurement of broadband, wide-angle polarizing beam splitter

Polarizing beam splitter (PBS) is a critical optical component in projection display system because PBS performance greatly influences the contrast and brightness of the system. PBS performance is usually measured by spectrophotometer after coating and cementing, but the measured result cannot represent the actual performance in practice because people usually change the incident angle in one plane (horizontal plane) and do not consider the other plane (vertical plane). Geometrical polarization rotation occurring at reduced F-number influences the measuring precision of s-polarization transmittance (Ts) and p-polarization reflectance (Rp). A more accurate and practical way to measure the performance of broadband, wide-angle PBS is presented in this paper.

Capacity-based performance measurements for loading equipment in open pit mines

The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated framework for capacity analysis to address the influence of systematic hazardous factors on the haulage fleet nominal capacity.The proposed model was made to capture unexpected risks for mining equipment based upon data-driven method considering different scenarios.Probabilistic risk assessment(PRA)was employed to quantify the loss of production capacity by focusing on severity of failure incidents and maintainability measurements.Discrete-event simulation was configured to characterize the nominal capacity for mining operation.Accordingly,the system capacity was analyzed through the comparison of nominal and actual capacity.A case study was completed to validate the research methodology.The past operation and maintenance field data were collected for shovel operation.The discrete-event simulation was developed to estimate the rate of shovel nominal capacity.Then,the effects of undesirable scenarios were assessed by developing the PRA approach.The research results provide significant insights into how to enhance the production capacity in mines.The analyst gets a well judgment for the crucial elements dealing with high risk levels.A holistic maintenance plan can be developed to mitigate and control the losses.

Using fuzzy cognitive maps to model performance measurement system of Internet-based supply chain

Fuzzy cognitive maps （FCM） is a well-established artificial intelligence technique, which can be effectively applied in the domains of performance measurement, decision making and other management science. FCM can be a useful tool in a group decision-making environment by using scientifically integrated expert knowledge. The theories of FCM and balance scorecard （BSC） both emphasize cause-and-effect relationships among indicators in a complex system, but few reports have been published addressing the combined application of these two techniques. In this paper we propose a FCM simulation model for the sample performance measurement system of Intemet-based supply chain, which is constructed by BSC theory. We gave examples to explain how FCM can be adapted to execute the causal mechanism of BSC, and also how FCM can support group decision-making and forecasting in performance measurement.

Functional safety verification and performance measurement of train-train communication link

The short-range wireless communication technology has advanced considerably and provides the feasibility of train-train(T2T)communication link in the communication-based train control system.The introduction of the T2T link would reduce the headway and improve operational efficiency.Formal methods are system design techniques that use rigorously specified mathematical models to ensure all behaviors work as expected.And it is exactly the functional safety verification needed.Therefore,to deal with the functional safety verification of the T2T link,an untimed colored petri net model is first constructed.Secondly,the verification process is performed.Conclusions can be drawn from the state space report and the computation tree logic queries.Lastly,the model is parameterized,and then data log files are obtained for further performance measurement.Results show that the proposed criteria are satisfied and there are no defects in the basic design requirements.The transmission delay has considered the reconnection,transmission errors and the interruption.The probability of the delay lower than 150 ms accounts for 98.106%,which meets the specification and the previous field test.

Structure analysis and performance measurement of Chinese health de-livery system

Objective:Although evidence has already demonstrated that the performance of Health Deliv- ery System(HDS) varies widely across nations,relatively little is known about the factors that give rise to these variations and the key point to improve the performance besides adjusting system structure.By setup of HDS performance measurement system on the base of association of financial,social,and environmental characteristics,we construct system dynamic model of HDS to simulate the invention policies.Methods: Performance measures were collected from HDS in 31 regions of China and combined with secondary data sources.Multivariate,linear,nonlinear regression and factor analysis models were used to estimate associ- ations between system characteristics and the performance.Results:Performance varied significantly with the size,financial resources and organizational structure of HDS.Performance measurement system of health delivery system was developed to give the rank of all Chinese regions.Conclusion:Performance measurement system of HDS is the basic of HDS modeling by system dynamic.

Determinants of international joint venture performance measurement： A theoretical framework

International joint ventures （IJVs） have increasingly their role in business world and also in research field of international business. There have been a lot of studies related to determinant factors of IJV performance. However, there are very few studies focusing on the measurement of I Jr performance. Especially, researchers have ignored how foreign parent firms really choose their measures in the evaluation of their IJV performance. This research investigates determinant factors of performance measures of 1JVs. Determinant factors of IJV performance measures include motives for establishment, establishment mode, location of IJVs, distribution of ownership in IJVs, cultural background of parent firms, and trust between partners, IJV life stages, parent firms＇ international experience, and relatedness of the IJVs to their parents. Performance measures are divided into financial measures and non-financial measures. The paper shows how different determinant factors are expected to lead foreign parent firms preferring one kind of measure over the other.

Research of Entropy-Based Overall Performance Measurement Model of Enterprises Technology Alliance

The performance measurement of enterprise technology alliances is complex.In this article,evaluation mechanism of entropy has been applied to it.Above all,performance connotation of enterprise technology alliance is defined from the aspect of self-organizatlon theory.Then,on dynamic and systerna-tical view,an entropy-based overall performance measurement model for technology alliance is established,using its life-cycle as the principal line,which includes initial condition evaluation,process e- valuation as well as benefit evaluation.Finally,a case study is carried out to the demonstration of that model.The author believes that an improved performance measurement model based on alliance life-cycle would be practicability to alliance.

A Nationwide Evaluation of the State of Practice of Performance Measurements for Intelligent Transportation Systems

State departments of transportation’s (DOTs) decisions to invest resources to expand or implement intelligent transportation systems (ITS) programs or even retire existing infrastructure need to be based on performance evaluations. Nonetheless, an apparent gap exists between the need for ITS performance measurements and the actual implementation. The evidence available points to challenges in the ITS performance measurement processes. This paper evaluated the state of practice of performance measurement for ITS across the US and provided insights. A comprehensive literature review assessed the use of performance measures by DOTs for monitoring implemented ITS programs. Based on the gaps identified through the literature review, a nationwide qualitative survey was used to gather insights from key stakeholders on the subject matter and presented in this paper. From the data gathered, performance measurement of ITS is fairly integrated into ITS programs by DOTs, with most agencies considering the process beneficial. There, however, exist reasons that prevent agencies from measuring ITS performance to greater detail and quality. These include lack of data, fragmented or incomparable data formats, the complexity of the endeavor, lack of data scientists, and difficulty assigning responsibilities when inter-agency collaboration is required. Additionally, DOTs do not benchmark or compare their ITS performance with others for reasons that include lack of data, lack of guidance or best practices, and incomparable data formats. This paper is relevant as it provides insights expected to guide DOTs and other agencies in developing or reevaluating their ITS performance measurement processes.

Evaluation of Arterial Signal Coordination with Commercial Connected Vehicle Data: Empirical Traffic Flow Visualization and Performance Measurement

Emerging connected vehicle (CV) data sets have recently become commercially available, enabling analysts to develop a variety of powerful performance measures without deploying any field infrastructure. This paper presents several tools using CV data to evaluate traffic progression quality along a signalized corridor. These include both performance measures for high-level analysis as well as visualizations to examine details of the coordinated operation. With the use of CV data, it is possible to assess not only the movement of traffic on the corridor but also to consider its origin-destination (O-D) path through the corridor. Results for the real-world operation of an eight-intersection signalized arterial are presented. A series of high-level performance measures are used to evaluate overall performance by time of day, with differing results by metric. Next, the details of the operation are examined with the use of two visualization tools: a cyclic time-space diagram (TSD) and an empirical platoon progression diagram (PPD). Comparing flow visualizations developed with different included O-D paths reveals several features, such as the presence of secondary and tertiary platoons on certain sections that cannot be seen when only end-to-end journeys are included. In addition, speed heat maps are generated, providing both speed performance along the corridor and locations and the extent of the queue. The proposed visualization tools portray the corridor’s performance holistically instead of combining individual signal performance metrics. The techniques exhibited in this study are compelling for identifying locations where engineering solutions such as access management or timing plan change are required. The recent progress in infrastructure-free sensing technology has significantly increased the scope of CV data-based traffic management systems, enhancing the significance of this study. The study demonstrates the utility of CV trajectory data for obtaining high-level details of the corridor performance as well as drilling down into the minute specifics.

Performance Measurement Based on Balanced Scorecard

Balanced scorecard is a strategic information system and a performance measurement system. It integrates almost all the interests of stakeholders and mainly comprises four perspectives： management, operational, marketing, and knowledge.

Research on Performance Measurement System of Knowledge Strategy for Firms

Knowledge has become the most important strategic resource of firms, and the competition among firms is more based on knowledge than before. To deal with this challenge, some firms are trying to develop knowledge strategies to direct their knowledge management activities, but current strategic performance measurement systems can＇t evaluate the performance of knowledge strategies appropriately. This article develops a performance measurement system for knowledge strategies based on Balanced Scorecard, and simulates the system with an improved Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA） model.

Effects of thinning on the understory light environment of different stands and the photosynthetic performance and growth of the reforestation species Phoebe bournei

Light levels determine regeneration in stands and a key concern is how to regulate the light environment of different stand types to the requirements of the understory.In this study,we selected three stands typical in south China(a Cryptomeria japonica plantation,a Quercus acutissima plantation,and a mixed stand of both)and three thinning intensities to determine the best understory light environ-ment for 3-year-old Phoebe bournei seedlings.The canopy structure,understory light environment,and photosynthe-sis and growth indicators were assessed following thin-ning.Thinning improved canopy structure and understory light availability of each stand;species composition was the reason for differences in the understory light environ-ment.Under the same thinning intensity,the mixed stand had the greatest light radiation and most balanced spectral composition.P.bournei photosynthesis and growth were closely related to the light environment;all three stands required heavy thinning to create an effective and sustained understory light environment.In a suitable understory light environment,the efficiency of light interception,absorption,and use by seedlings was enhanced,resulting in a higher carbon assimilation the main limiting factor was stomatal conductance.As a shade-avoidance signal,red/far-red radia-tion is a critical factor driving changes in photosynthesis and growth of P.bournei seedlings,and a reduction increased light absorption and use capacity and height:diameter ratios.The growth advantage transformed from diameter to height,enabling seedlings to access more light.Our findings suggest that the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as P.bournei could be enhanced if a targeted approach to thinning based on stand type was adopted.