Effects of Neo-Tethyan evolution on the petroleum system of Persian Gulf Superbasin

Considering the Neo-Tethyan tectonic process and the resulting environmental changes,a geodynamic model of“one-way train loading”is proposed to analyze the formation and evolution mechanism of the Persian Gulf Superbasin with the most abundant hydrocarbons in the world.The Persian Gulf Superbasin has long been in a passive continental margin setting since the Late Paleozoic in the process of unidirectional subduction,forming a superior regional space of hydrocarbon accu-mulation.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,the Persian Gulf Superbasin drifted slowly at low latitudes,and developed multiple superimposed source-reservoir-caprock assemblages as a combined result of several global geological events such as the Hadley Cell,the Equatorial Upwelling Current,and the Jurassic True Polar Wander.The collision during the evolution of the foreland basin since the Cenozoic led to weak destruction,which was conducive to the preservation of oil and gas.Accordingly,it is be-lieved that the slow drifting and long retention in favorable climate zone of the continent are the critical factors for hydrocarbon enrichment.Moreover,the prospects of hydrocarbon potential in other continents in the Neo-Tethyan were proposed.

Forty-year investigation of wave power in energetic region of Persian Gulf in Iranian territorial waters by using short-term and new long-term stability assessment parameters

The wave power in high potential area of the northern Persian Gulf(near to Iranian coastal areas)is assessed by taking into account the temporal and spatial distributions of wave power for a period of forty years.For this purpose,assimilated wind data of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Interim Reanalysis(ERA-Interim),and hydrography data of General Bathymetric Chat of the oceans(GEBCO)are used as SWAN model.Seven locations are investigated in the study area by considering the amount of coefficient of variation,the amount of average annual power,and the short-term and a new long-term(decadal variability index)power stability assessment parameters.The results showed more stability in the eastern parts of the study area and concluded that a narrow line between the point which is in the middle and another point which is in the eastern middle part of the study area may be the best locations for more investigation and the feasibility study for energy converter farms.Also,it is found that the middle part of the study region with about 2.5 kW/m power is the most energetic area.It is concluded that the dominant direction of wave power distribution in all points is the northeast,and this dominant direction has not changed during the forty-year period.It is observed that the mean annual energy increases with a slight slope in the total 40 a,and this increasing trend is more obvious in the fourth decade.Although it is observed that the wave power of the second decade has the most stability and the least variation,the wave power in the fourth decade has the most variation.Moreover,the results showed that the study region’s wave power increase by approximately a mean change rate of 0.027 kW/(m·a);and the maximum change rate of wave power was in the northwest part and the minimum change rate of wave power was in the southeast part which were about 0.036 kW/(m·a)and 0.014 kW/(m·a),respectively.

Health benefits of pendant from the viewpoint of Persian medicine

Background:Reviewing historical evidence in the various schools of traditional medicine shows that numerous methods have been used to maintain human good health and treatment of diseases.Persian medicine(PM)scholars have been employed different methods to prescribe medications,which can be classified into two main groups:internal uses,including oral,parenteral,and anal,and also external uses such as topical,transdermal,and applying pendants.In this study,we aim to introduce some of the therapeutic pendants.Methods:We reviewed the most famous PM textbooks and current evidence in relevant databases such as PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus,Google scholar and SID related to the topic.Results:In this study,about 100 traditional therapeutic substances were found and finally,thirty-two of them were represented.They were often stones,and some of them were other materials such as metals,gums,and herbs.According to the PM,the utilization of pendants,in addition to cosmetic purposes,has been considered to maintain the health and treatment of some diseases.Therapeutic pendants can be considered as a kind of external medication use in which therapeutic materials are hung on the body surface.The external use of pendants could have curative effects with their close contact to the body surface.Conclusion:Pendant therapy may probably be considered as a non-invasive and easy-to-use treatment with unnoticeable side effects that can be utilized along with other therapies.

Ocean Chemistry Revealed by Mineralogical and Geochemical Evidence at the Permian——Triassic Mass Extinction,Offshore the Persian Gulf,Iran

The Upper Permian Dalan Formation and the Lower Triassic Kangan Formation in the Persian Gulf area are mainly composed of shallow marine facies limestone and dolomite.Two subsurface-cored intervals were investigated in order to understand the original mineralogy and paleoceanic conditions.The decreasing trend of Sr concentration in these deposits shows that aragonite was precipitated during the Late Permian and then gradually changed to calcite toward the Permian-Triassic boundary（PTB）.The dissolution rate of aragonite decreased from 60 m below the PTB toward the boundary,with the only exception at 10 m below the Permian-Triassic Boundary（PTB） due to the Permian-Triassic unconformity in this region.The increasing trend of Mg/Ca ratio in a global scale at the end-Permian time shows that the interpreted variation of mineralogy does not result from the change of this ratio.The increasing p（CO2） and decreasing pH are considered to be the main controlling factors.The increase of Ca2＋ at the end-Permian time due to the input of meteoric waters is too little to fully compensate this effect.A local maximum of the Si content just at the PTB confirms the input of runoff waters.

Melancholia in medieval Persian literature: The view of Hidayat of Al-Akhawayni

"Melancholia" seems to be the oldest term used to describe the manifestations of depression. Throughout the history of medicine, melancholia has been the focus of consideration of many scholars who have provided varying definitions of this disorder and its manifestations. This continual process has resulted in the gradual development of the concept of melancholia over time. Persian scholars were among the scientists who have studied the melancholia and contributed to its concept. One figure, Al-Akhawayni Bukhari(?-983 AD), a Persian physician whose reputation was based on the treatment of patients with mental problems, investigated this disorder. He described Melancholia and explained its clinical manifestations and treatment methods. AlAkhawayni provided an early classification of the patients suffering from this disorder. Since the medieval Persian concept of melancholia is not well-known, this paper aims to review Al-Akhawayni's 10 th century knowledge on melancholia which can represent the early concept of this disorder in the Near East.

Regional-Scale Study on Sediment Processes of Khuran Strait at Persian Gulf with Implications for Engineering Design

In this article, the sediment transport processes in the Khuran Strait between the mainland Iran and Qeshm Island at North Central Persian Gulf are studied in regional scale in a comprehensive manner. The objectives of this study include defining the type and origin of the sediment, the influencing factors, and the dominant mode of sediment transport. Four possible scenarios of sediment processes in terms of sediment sources and influential environmental forces are examined. The results of the conceptual and 2D numerical model of MIKE21 applied for this purposes indicate that the sediment sources in the transport processes are mainly provided by the sediments suspended from the central and eastern zones of the strait bed. Other sources including input from rivers do not have direct influence on the processes. The results are applied to the study of morphological changes for engineering applications including the pattern and amount of deposit in the Rajaee port approach channel and harbor basin. The pattern and amount of annual sediment deposits in the approach channel predicted by the model is satisfactory, compatible with annual dredging records.

A Process Study of the Tidal Circulation in the Persian Gulf

A homogeneous shallow-water model with free surface is used to model the tidal circulation in the Persian Gulf. The numerical finite-difference model includes harmonic diffusion of horizontal momentum and quadratic bottom friction, it has a 9 km mesh size and it is forced by 7 tidal components at its southern boundary. High precision bathymetric data are used to obtain the bottom topography. The numerical model is run for more than a year. The results are the following: 1) The model accurately reproduces the tidal phase and amplitude observed at 42 tidal gauges in the region. This accuracy is attributed to the presence of the 7 components which are able to interact nonlinearly;2) The amphidromic points are also well positioned by the model due to a proper choice of bathymetry. This was checked also with a simpler geometry of the domain;3) The tidal currents can be strong in the Straits of Hormuz and in shallow areas;thus they will have an effect of the hydrology of the region. The residual currents are weak so that they will be negligible for the large-scale circulation on long periods;4) Finally, the sea-surface elevation forecast by the model is in close agreement with in-situ measurements of pressure in the Straits, performed during the GOGP99 experiment.

Sea Surface Effects on Sound Scattering in the Persian Gulf Region Based on Empirical Relations

In this paper, sound scattering from the sea surface in the Persian Gulf region is investigated. Chapman-Harris and Ogden-Erskine empirical relations coupled with perturbation theory are implemented. Based on the Ogden and Erskine＇s experiments, sound scattering from the sea surface has three different regimes in which two mechanisms of surface roughness and subsurface bubble clouds are involved. Ogden-Erskine＇s scattering relation which consists of perturbation theory and Chapman-Harris＇s scattering terms are verified by the experimental data of Critical Sea Tests 7. Subsequently, wind speed in the Persian Gulf is provided based on three data bases of Arzanah station, ERA40, and PERGOS. Accordingly, surface scattering strength in the Persian Gulf region is calculated at different grazing angles, frequencies and provided wind speeds. Based on the resulted values of scattering strength, scattered intensity from the sea surface is also studied. These studies indicate that both scattering strength and scattered intensity generally increase as grazing angle, frequency and wind speed increase.

Effects of Persian turpentine tree litter and slope aspect on soil chemical properties in a Zagros forest,Iran

For analyzing the effects of forest litter and slope aspect on soil properties eight soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–10 cm near(i.e.,beneath the crown)and away from(i.e.,not influenced by crown)five Persian turpentine trees each on a north and a south slope at the same elevation in a Zagros forest,Iran.The litter beneath tree crowns and slope exposure were found to have significant interactive effects on C,N,P,K,and electrical conductivity of the soils,however,Ca,Mg and the soil pH were not significantly influenced by these factors.The soil beneath the crowns was enriched in cations compared to more distal positions.Generally,Persian turpentine trees have positive impacts on soil properties in the forest.Degrading or killing these trees by sap extraction,extreme grazing,cutting,fire and expansion of agriculture will lead to significant losses in soil fertility and increases in soil erosion.

Burial and thermal maturity modeling of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene petroleum system,Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf

The Cretaceous Kazhdumi and Gurpi forma- tions, Ahmadi Member of the Sarvak Formation, and Paleogene Pabdeh Formation are important source rock candidates of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene pet- roleum system in the Persian Gulf. This study characterizes generation potential, type of organic matter, and thermal maturity of 262 cutting samples （marls and argillaceous limestones） from these rock units taken from 16 fields in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the burial and thermal histories of these source rocks were analyzed by one-dimensional basin modeling. Based on the total organic carbon and genetic potential values, fair hydro- carbon generation potential is suggested for the studied samples. Based on Tma~ and vitrinite reflectance values, the studied samples are thermally immature to mature for hydrocarbon generation. The generated models indicate that studied source rocks are immature in central wells. The Gurpi and Pabdeh formations are immature and the Ahmadi Member and Kazhdumi Formation are early mature in the western wells. The Pabdeh Formation is within the main oil window and other source rocks are at the late oil window in the eastern wells. The hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks began after deposition of related caprocks which ensures entrapment and preserva- tion of migrated hydrocarbon.

The Role of Water in Persian Gardens

The role of water in the formation of the first human habitats is a response to a biological need. But when above a need, home building and constructing residential complexes have a cultural meaning, architecture is emerged and water in human life has an artistic place and it is originated from the creativity of the artists and architects. Understanding the concept of water in architecture is understanding the concept of water architecture. Understanding the physical laws of water behavior is our emotions to the interaction of water and most importantly the role and allegory and its relationship with human life. Water is a paradoxical metaphor and along with soil, fire and air, consists of the four comprising elements of the universe. If someone asks us to define water, we say it is a colorless liquid which is the source of life, but is it really the definition of water in architecture and only in terms of the physical aspect, it is an interface between man and architecture? To answer this question, first we examine the available resources in this field and desk studies about the architectural spirit and then examine the water hidden side and the way it affects humans and architecture through descriptive-analytical method, so by contemplating in them, the question can also be answered. From the beginning, water was a vital element not only for the body but for the soul.

Evaluation of scientific evidence for abortifacient medicinal plants mentioned in traditional Persian medicine

Background:Miscarriage or spontaneous ending to a pregnancy takes place at the early stages of pregnancy without intervention.Pregnant women may use medicinal herbs to relieve some of the symptoms of pregnancy as they believe that all herbs are safe.Some abortion-inducing herbs were mentioned by the famous Iranian philosophers,Avicenna and Aghili,in documents of traditional Persian medicine titled Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine,written by Avicenna in the 11th century)and Makhzan Al-adviyah(The Storehouse of Medicaments,written by Aghili in the 18th century).Methods:Electronic databases such as PubMed,Scopus,Google Scholar,Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched to find new scientific evidence that these plants are toxic during pregnancy.Data was collected from 1831 to 2019.Results:Twenty-one plants were found to be abortive according to Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb(The Canon of Medicine)and Makhzan Al-adviyah(The Storehouse of Medicaments).Scientific research has shown that these plants possess abortifacient effects by the mechanisms of toxic alkaloids,uterine stimulants,and emmenagogue that interferes with implantation and results in fetus toxicity.These studies included in vivo or in vitro studies.Some of these plants showed abortifacient effects by more than one mechanism.Ruta graveolens,Nigella sativa,Curcuma longa,Lupinus termis,Apium graveolens,Mentha longifolia,and Peganum harmala possess uterine stimulant properties.Ruta graveolens,Juniperus sabina,Cicer arietinum,Piper longum,Artemisia absinthium,and Citrullus colocynthis interfere with implantation.Ruta graveolens,Nigella sativa,Curcuma longa,Tanacetum parthenium,Piper longum,Laurus nobilis,Apium graveolens,Mentha longifolia,and Cinnamomum iners exhibit emmenagogue effects.Lupinus termis,Delphinium staphisagria,Laurus nobilis,Trigonella foenum-graecum,Zataria multiflora,and Artemisia absinthium contain toxic alkaloids and possess teratogenic effects.Conclusion:The results of this study of traditional Persian medicine resources have been confirmed with new scientific evidence.Therefore,pregnant women should avoid consuming herbs without knowledge of their safety.

Kinematic Analysis of Persian Joint Using 3D Rotation Matrix

This paper has been done on study kinematic problem of Persian joint in a general way. In this study, instead of using simulation analysis method as in the previous researches, the 3D rotation matrix method is applied to present the relationship of angular velocities of input shaft and output shaft. The result shows that when the angle between intersecting shafts changes from 0 to 135°, the angular velocity is maintained constant. This new result completely matches with analysis from kinematic simulation of this mechanism. The obtained result is an important base to solve dynamic problem in order to develop the applicability of this joint in reality.

The Role of Stratigraphy in Growth Strata Studies: A Case Study of the Early Cretaceous Deposits in the Persian Gulf, SW Iran

The growth strata was investigated in the Early Cretaceous deposits including Fahliyan, Gadvan and Dariyan formations in the Well 3 that is located between Qatar-Fars height and Hormuz Strait in Persian Gulf. This study is based on the lithostratigraphic analysis and microfossils distribution. Lithostratigraphically, the Well 3 is divided into three rock units including Fahliyan, Gadvan and Dariyan. Based on the microfossils content, the age of studied successions is Berriasian to Aptian. The comparison of seismic studies, lithostratigraphic analysis and microfossils distribution show that growth and generation of anticlines construct in the Early Cretaceous. As a result, the Fahliyan, Gadvan and Dariyan rock units have potential reservoir and oil trap.

Comparison of Kuqa foreland basin with Persian Gulf Basin in salt tectonics

Compared Kuqa foreland basin with Persian Gulf Basin in development of salt layers, salt tectonics, and the relation between salt tectonics and hydrocarbon, it is concluded that the salt diapirs are relative to hydrocarbon. Searching salt diapirs and related traps in Kuqa foreland basin is important. The forming mechanism of salt tectonic in Kuqa foreland basin is different from that of Hormuz Series, but similar to that of Lower Fars Series/Gachsaran Formation. Inspired by the role of salt tectonics of Lower Fars Series/Gaehsaran Formation in hydrocarbon accumulation, the authors considered that the exploration below salt layer should be enforced, and the traps below salt layer in the southern part of the Kuqa foreland basin would be found where salt layer is thicker. On the contrary, the traps should be found both above and below the salt layer in front of the northern mountain where salt layer is thin. The Triassic and Jurassic source rocks are rich in this area with great exploration prospective.

Isolation of an antibiotic producer Pseudomonas sp.from the Persian Gulf

Objective:To investigate the isolation of marine antibiotic-producing bacteria from the Persian Gulf,as an untapped source for searching new natural antibiotics.Methods:Initially water and sediment samples were collected from 18 study sites in the some northern areas of Persian Gulf.All of the bacterial isolates using Marine Agar 2216 were inoculated into Marine broth and incubated on a rotary shaker at 28℃for 2-7 days.Bioactivily of their ethyl acetate extract was assessed at 100 mg/mL concentration in disc diffusion method against 6 gram-positive and 5 gram-negative bacteria.Synthetic antibiotics were used as control.Results:Altogether,46 bacterial colonies were isolated.Only one isolate from a marine sediment sample collected at a depth of 10 m,identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG-01,was exhibited the capability of antibiotic production.The obtained raw extract from intended bacterium was effective against all tested gram positive bacteria while gram negative bacteria were resistance.Methicillin resisitant Stapuylococcus aureus(MRSA),Streptococcus pyogenes(S.pyogenes).Staphylococcus epidermidis (S.epidermidis) and Bacillus cereus(B.cereus) were the most sensitive strains.All of tested pathogens were multidrug resistant.The antibacterial compound from this bacterium was active even at 120℃.The optimized temperature and time for antibacterial metabolite production were 37℃and 72 hrs,respectively.Conclusions:Considering the antibacterial effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG-01 especially against MRSA,it can be regarded the intended bacterium as a valuable strain and can give hope for treatment of diseases caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

A clinical report of entangled neonates' umbilical cord with queen's fur in Persian cat

A 3-year-old Persian queen was referred to Teaching Veterinary Hospital while 3 neonates' umbilical cords were entangled with the queen's tail hair.Close inspection of the cat showed that the umbilical cords of 3 kittens had twisted around together and entangled with the moms' hairs in the base of tail region.Also this complex has been warped around the left tarsus of one of the involved kittens and caused swelling and skin darkness in the involved limb.Operation was carried out urgently.After cutting the queen's involved hairs the kittens were released.Then the twisted umbilical cords and the hairs were isolated from the umbilical cord and the involved leg was released from the umbilical cords and the twisted umbilical cords were separated from each other.During one week follow up,dry gangrene occurred in the distal extremity of the injured limb and consequently,amputation was performed on the distal part of tibia.Our clinical findings suggest that long hair coats of queens could be a maternal life threatening factor for neonates' life.

Time History Dynamic Analysis of a New Constructed Offshore Jacket Platform in Persian Gulf Due to Random Waves

API RP2AWSD is a design code in practice for design of jacket platforms in the Persian Gulf but is based on the Gulf of Mexico environmental condition. So for the sake of using this code for the Persian Gulf, it is better to perform a calibration based on this specific region. Analysis and design of jacket platforms based on API code are performed in a static manner and dynamic analysis is not recommended for such structures. Regarding the fact that the real behavior of the offshore jacket platforms is a dynamic behavior, so in this research, dynamic analysis for an offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf under extreme environmental condition is performed using random time domain method. Therefore, a new constructed offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf is selected and analyzed. Fifteen, 1-h storm, simulations for the water surface elevation is produced to capture the statistical properties of extreme sea condition. Time series of base shear and overturning moment are derived from both dynamic and static responses. By calculating the maximum dynamic amplification factor (DAF) from each simulation and fitting the collected data to Weibull distribution, the most probable maximum extreme (MPME) value for the DAF is achieved. Results show that a realistic value for DAF for this specific platform is 1.06, which is a notable value and is recommended to take into practice in design of fixed jacket platform in the Persian Gulf.

Evaluation of the “fishing down marine food web” process in the north-west of Persian Gulf(Khuzestan Province) during the period of 2002–2011

The worldwide increase in commercial fisheries and its impact on ecosystems as well as inefficient fishery management have led to overfishing and frequent breakdown of traditional fish stocks. In this context, an analysis of Khuzestan inshore fisheries data covering the years 2002-2011, was conducted in reliance on testing for occurrence of the fishing down marine food webs （FDMFW） phenomenon in the North of Persian Gulf Large Marine Ecosystem （LME）. In this study, the mean trophic level （mTL） and the fishing-in-balance （FIB）-index of Khuzestan landings during this period of time were estimated using the trophic level of 47 fishery resources. Increase in total landings （I1） was observed, which explained the high fishing yield in major fishery resources （especially demersal）. Moreover, the moderates decreasing trend in mTL per decade, and the increasing trend in FIB-index were observed. The status of fishery resources in Khuzestan inshore waters （under exploited but not overexploited）, the rise in Y, FIB and slightly drop in mTL can be considered as indirect indicators of the fishing impacts on the trophic structure of marine communities. Based on this result, probability occurrence of FDMFW process in Khuzestan inshore waters is low to some extent. However, we suggest that the goal of management programs in Khuzestan inshore waters should prevent the continuance of this trend in the long-term using an ecosystem-based approach.

Mean trophic level of coastal fisheries landings in the Persian Gulf(Hormuzgan Province), 2002–2011

Fishing activities can alter the structure of marine food webs by the selective removal of some species. The changes in the marine food webs of the Hormuzgan waters of the Persian Gulf, Iran were assessed, based on estimates of the mean trophic index （MTI） and Fishing in Balance index （FIB）, and on landing profile of the exploited marine community （49 species） during the period, 2002-2011. The total landings （Yt） （R=0.88, P〈0.001） increased gradually while the Y~ of carnivores has slightly declined, and the Yt of herbivores, detritivores and omnivores has increased. Consequently, the MTI significantly decreased （R=-0.69, P〈0.05） at a rate of 0.1 l during this decade. The MTI showed a decreasing trend, which indicates exploitation of marine resources. The FiB index also showed a downward trend and negative values from 2002 to 2009, which may be associated with unbalanced structure in the fisheries, but an upward trend from 2009 to 20ll. The time variation of the landing profile showed two periods with significant differences in their species composition （R=0.88; P=0.005）, and based on analysis of similarity, species have been identified as discriminator species, namely Thunnus albacores and Benthosema pterotum. Results indicate that changes in MTI reflected changes in the Hormuzgan landing structure. The examination of the MTI, FBI, and landing profile （LP） temporal pattern suggests that the status of fishery resources in Hormuzgan inshore waters is overexploited, and provides evidence of the probability that a fishing down process is occurring in this area, and that this trend may continue in the long-tenn. Therefore, environmental fisheries management and conservation programs should be prioritized for these valuable resources.