A Statistical Linkage between Extreme Cold Wave Events in Southern China and Sea Ice Extent in the Barents-Kara Seas from 1289 to 2017

Arctic sea ice loss and the associated enhanced warming has been related to midlatitude weather and climate changes through modulate meridional temperature gradients linked to circulation. However, contrasting lines of evidence result in low confidence in the influence of Arctic warming on midlatitude climate. This study examines the additional perspectives that palaeoclimate evidence provides on the decadal relationship between autumn sea ice extent (SIE) in the Barents-Kara (B-K) Seas and extreme cold wave events (ECWEs) in southern China. Reconstruction of the winter Cold Index and SIE in the B-K Seas from 1289 to 2017 shows that a significant anti-phase relationship occurred during most periods of decreasing SIE, indicating that cold winters are more likely in low SIE years due to the “bridge” role of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Siberian High. It is confirmed that the recent increase in ECWEs in southern China is closely related to the sea ice decline in the B-K Seas. However, our results show that the linkage is unstable, especially in high SIE periods, and it is probably modulated by atmospheric internal variability.

Distinct influential mechanisms of the warm pool Madden-Julian Oscillation on persistent extreme cold events in Northeast China

This study investigates whether and how the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)influences persistent extreme cold events(PECEs),a major type of natural disaster in boreal winter,over Northeast China.Significantly increased occurrence probabilities of PECEs over Northeast China are observed in phases 3 and 5 of the MJO,when MJOrelated convection is located over the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific,respectively.Using the temperature tendency equation,it is found that the physical processes resulting in the cooling effects required for the occurrence of PECEs are distinct in the two phases of the MJO when MJO-related convection is consistently located over the warm pool area.The PECEs in phase 3 of the MJO mainly occur as a result of adiabatic cooling associated with ascending motion of the low-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia.The cooling effect associated with phase 5 is stronger and longer than that in phase 3.The PECEs associated with phase 5 of the MJO are linked with the northwesterly cold advection of a cyclonic anomaly,which is part of the subtropical Rossby wave train induced by MJO-related convection in the tropical western Pacific.

Pre-summer Persistent Heavy Rain over Southern China and Its Relationship with Intra-seasonal Oscillation of Tropical Atmosphere

Based on daily precipitation data supplied by the Chinese meteorological administration,hourly reanalysis datasets provided by the ECMWF and daily outgoing long wave radiation supplied by the NOAA,the evolution regularity of continuous heavy precipitation over Southern China(SC)from April to June in 1979-2020 was systematically analyzed.The interaction between specific humidity and circulation field at the background-scale,the intra-seasonal-scale and the synoptic-scale,and its influence on persistent heavy precipitation over the SC during the April-June rainy season were quantitatively diagnosed and analyzed.The results are as follows.Persistent heavy rainfall events(PHREs)over the SC during the April-June rainy season occur frequently from mid-May to mid-and late-June,exhibiting significant intra-seasonal oscillation(10-30-day)features.Vertically integrated moisture flux convergence(VIMFC)can well represent the variation of the PHREs.A multiscale quantitative diagnosis of the VIMFC shows that the pre-summer PHREs over the SC are mainly affected by the background water vapor(greater than 30 days),intraseasonal circulation disturbance(10-30-day)and background circulation(greater than 30 days),and water vapor convergences are the main factor.The SC is under the control of a warm and humid background and a strong intraseasonal cyclonic circulation,with strong convergence and ascending movements and abundant water vapor conditions during the period of the PHREs.Meanwhile,the westward inter-seasonal oscillation of tropical atmosphere keeps the precipitation system over the SC for several consecutive days,eventually leading to the occurrence,development and persistence of heavy precipitation.

Classification of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over South China and Associated Moisture Source Analysis

Persistent heavy rainfall events （PHREs） over South China during 1981 2014 were selected and classified by an objective method, based on the daily precipitation data at 752 stations in China. The circulation characteristics, as well as the dry-cold air and moisture sources of each type of PHREs were examined. The main results are as follows. A total of 32 non-typhoon influenced PHREs in South China were identified over the study period. By correlation analysis, the PHREs are divided into three types： SC-A type, with its main rainbelt located in the coastal areas and the northeast of Guangdong Province; SC-B type, with its main rainbelt between Guangdong Province and Guangxi Region; and SC-C type, with its main rainbelt located in the north of Guangxi Region. For the SC-A events, dry-cold air flew to South China under the steering effect of troughs in the middle troposphere which originated from the Ural Mountains and West Siberia Plain; whereas, the SC-C events were not influenced by the cold air from high latitudes. There were three water vapor pathways from low-latitude areas for both the SC-A and SC-C PHREs. The tropical Indian Ocean was the main water vapor source for these two PHRE types, while the South China Sea also contributed to the SC-C PHREs. In addition, the SC-A events were also influenced by moist and cold air originating from the Yellow Sea. Generally, the SC-C PHREs belonged to a warm-sector rainfall type, whose precipitation areas were dominated by southwesterly wind, and the convergence in wind speed was the main reason for precipitation.

未来我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害变化的数值模拟

使用高分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM3),单向嵌套一个全球模式,对未来我国南方冰雪灾害在IPCCSRES A2情景下的变化进行了数值模拟。结果表明:未来南方地区低温日数整体将减少,但在广东和广西北部部分地区连续低温日数有增加现象;降雪日数和连续降雪日数会减少,但在江西等地降雪量将有所增加,同时强降雪事件在江西等地将增多,引起地面最大积雪深度和最大持续积雪日数的增加;湖南和贵州东部地区冻雨日数会减少,而在青藏高原东麓等地冻雨日数会增加。

我国南方持续性低温与东亚冬季风“北弱南强”模态的关系

本文研究了南方持续性低温事件的环流特征,并讨论了它与冬季风南北反相模态的关系。南方持续性低温过程与寒潮过程不同。与寒潮过程相比,南方低温事件持续时间较长,发生频率较低。寒潮过程中,中高纬度环流以波列状槽脊形势为主。而南方低温事件中,中高纬度以大型斜脊斜槽为主要影响系统。大型斜脊斜槽导致冷空气主要以西方路径为主,中纬度为平直气流所控制。东亚大槽向北收缩,日本南部地区为正高度距平控制,它对冷空气东移起了阻挡作用,使得南方地区长期处于冷空气控制,造成极端低温主要出现在黄河以南地区。同时,活跃的南支扰动也显著影响南方持续性低温的发生。东亚冬季风通常被视为一个整体。近年来的研究指出,除了南北一致变化模态,冬季风还存在南北反相变化模态。在南方持续性低温事件中,地表风场距平表现出南北变化反相的特征,即北方为偏南风距平控制,南方为偏北风距平控制。这与冬季风分布的南北反相变化的特征相一致。这种类型与北风相联系的南方降温并不是由高纬度强冷空气南下造成的。个例分析的结果也验证了上述结果。

中国南方冬季持续性温湿异常事件的分类和特征分析

利用1981—2010年中国测站逐日气温和降水异常序列,将中国南方冬季持续性异常事件分为冷湿、冷干、暖湿和暖干4类持续性异常事件,并用NCEP-DOE逐日再分析资料对各类持续性异常事件的环流特征进行了分析。结果表明,欧亚大陆中高纬度上空"北高南低"的异常环流形势使得温带急流减弱、副热带急流增强,有利于冷空气向南爆发;而中纬度地区"东高西低"的异常环流则对应西太平洋副热带高压增强北移和南支西风槽的活跃,有利于偏南风水汽输送达到中国南方地区,中国南方降水偏多。受南北异常环流的共同影响,中国南方冬季经常出现持续性异常天气,冷湿(低温雨雪冰冻)事件正是在上述两种异常环流型影响下发生的。因此,考虑与冷湿事件相联系的关键环流系统可能有助于提高中国南方冬季低温雨雪冰冻事件的预报能力。

中国南方过去400年的极端冷冬变化

以南方地区及全国的冬季与1月气温观测记录为基础,采用事件发生概率密度函数小于10%的标准确定1951年以来的极端冷冬事件;根据历史文献中的寒冷事件及其灾害影响记载,采用古今极端冷冬事件影响程度对比的方法建立了1600-2010年间的极端冷冬事件年表。分析表明:极端冷冬发生频率存在明显的阶段性变化,其中1650-1699年、1800-1849年及1850-1899年是过去400年极端冷冬发生最为频繁的时段,其发生次数达1950-1999年的2倍,1600-1649年及1900-1949年较20世纪后半叶略多,而1700-1749年及1750-1799年则与1950-1999年相当。此外,极端冷冬事件具有连发或隔年再发特征。同时,20世纪50年代以来最严重冷冬事件的寒冷程度并没有超出历史时期曾经出现过的事件。

过去500年华南地区冷暖变化记录及其对冬季温度变化的定量指示意义

摘要整编了历史文献中记载的1400年以来华南地区霜冻灾害及冰冻灾害南界、降雪南界及日数和初／终霜冻灾害日期记录；并结合1951年以来器测气温序列，分析了各类记录与华南地区11～2月平均气温的相关性，揭示其对温度变化的定量指示意义。结果表明：华南地区的霜冻灾害南界、冰冻灾害南界、降雪南界和降雪日数可较好地指示该区域的温度变化；且24。N以南地区（包括广东、广西、台湾中南部和海南）的最早与最晚霜冻灾害日期对华南地区温度变化亦具有指示作用。其中霜冻灾害南界、冰冻灾害南界、降雪南界向南推进1个纬度，华南11～2月平均气温分别约低0．23℃、0．41℃和0．40℃；南岭两侧50km范围内的降雪日数每多（少）i0天，华南11～2月平均气温约低（高）0．22℃。受原始记载缺失及距今越近、记录数量越多等的影响，1400～1500年间有记录的年份只有7年，而1501～1950年间有记录的年份则有309年。1951年以来，冰冻灾害和降雪南界从未到海南，霜冻灾害南界到海南岛的年份有8年；而1501～1950年间，冰冻灾害南界虽也从未到达海南岛，但降雪南界有5年、霜冻灾害南界有22年到达海南岛，且整个区域的初（终）霜冻灾害平均日期也早（晚）于1951年以后。这为下一步重建这一地区更长时段的年分辨率温度序列提供厂重要依据。