Objective: To research the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) on the apoptosis and number of T lymphocyte in Peyer’s patches after severe burn on plateau in rats. Methods: Wistar rats (n = 1...Objective: To research the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) on the apoptosis and number of T lymphocyte in Peyer’s patches after severe burn on plateau in rats. Methods: Wistar rats (n = 130) were subjected to deep thickness burn injury (30% TBSA, III degree), at two different altitudes. 60 of them were given delayed fluid resuscitation (DFR, n = 30 at each altitude) 6 h after burn at different altitude;60 of them were carried out immediate fluid resuscitation (IFR, n = 30 at each altitude);10 rats were subjected to 37°C warm water as sham burn (SG, n = 10). The Peyer’s patches were harvested from the ileum of rats at different time point after burn respectively. The expression of HIF-1 alpha, CD3(+) and the apoptosis and number of T lymphocyte in Peyer’s patches were detected by tissue microarray technology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The apoptosis was higher in DFR group than that in IFR group. The increase in HIF-1 alpha expression was observed mainly on cell nucleus in T lymphocytes. The expression levels of HIF-1 alpha in Peyer’s patches were much higher in DFR group and IFR group than those in SG, and they were higher at high altitude (3848 metres) than those at lower altitude (1517 metres), and also higher in DFR group compared with IFR group (all P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD3<sup>+</sup> in Peyer’s patches were much lower in DFR group and IFR group than those in sham group, and the lowest value appeared at 12 hours after burn (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: High expression of HIF-1 alpha may induce the apoptosis of T lymphocytes in Peyer’s patches after severe burn with delayed fluid resuscitation in rats at plateau.展开更多
目的探讨芪黄煎剂对大鼠胃切除后Peyer结淋巴细胞的影响。方法将90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、芪黄煎剂组,每组30只。假手术组大鼠仅给予腹部正中切开后缝合,不行胃切除,手术后自由饮水进食,不给予肠内营养和芪黄煎剂;模型组大鼠...目的探讨芪黄煎剂对大鼠胃切除后Peyer结淋巴细胞的影响。方法将90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、芪黄煎剂组,每组30只。假手术组大鼠仅给予腹部正中切开后缝合,不行胃切除,手术后自由饮水进食,不给予肠内营养和芪黄煎剂;模型组大鼠行胃切除手术后给予肠内营养制剂能全素;芪黄煎剂组大鼠行胃切除手术后给予能全素和芪黄煎剂。疗程1周。疗程结束后,处死大鼠,分离出Peyer结及其内淋巴细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测αβT细胞抗原受体-白细胞分化抗原3阳性(αβT cell antigen receptor-cluster of differentia-tion 3 positive,αβTCR-CD3+)T细胞,白细胞分化抗原4阳性(cluster of differentiation 4 positive,CD4+)、白细胞分化抗原8阳性(cluster of differentiation 8 positive,CD8+)T细胞;免疫组织化学法检测免疫球蛋白A阳性(immunoglobulin A positive,IgA+)B细胞。结果模型复制后1周,与假手术组比较,模型组Peyer结中αβTCR-CD3+、CD4+T细胞构成比和IgA+B细胞数显著降低(P<0.05,或P<0.01),模型组和芪黄煎剂组CD8+T细胞构成比无显著变化;与模型组比较,芪黄煎剂组Peyer结中αβTCR-CD3+、CD4+T细胞构成比和IgA+B细胞数显著上升(P<0.05,或P<0.01)。结论芪黄煎剂能刺激Peyer结中T细胞的成熟、分化和增殖,并进一步促进Peyer结中B细胞的增殖和活化,有利于胃切除手术应激后肠道免疫屏障功能的调节和恢复。展开更多
目的:测定脓毒血症鼠Peyer小结内滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper,Tfh)的变化,分析地塞米松(dexamethasone,Dex)对脓毒血症Tfh细胞的可能作用。方法:昆明小鼠诱导脓毒血症模型,模型诱导成功后随机分2组,脓毒血症组(SE组,n=12)、脓...目的:测定脓毒血症鼠Peyer小结内滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper,Tfh)的变化,分析地塞米松(dexamethasone,Dex)对脓毒血症Tfh细胞的可能作用。方法:昆明小鼠诱导脓毒血症模型,模型诱导成功后随机分2组,脓毒血症组(SE组,n=12)、脓毒血症+Dex处理组(DE组,n=12)。另设对照组(NC组,n=12)。测定血清白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)水平。Peyer小结Ⅰ型1-磷酸鞘氨醇(Sphingosine 1-Phosphate 1,S1P1)、CXC趋化因子配体13(CXC chemokine ligand 13,CXCL13)免疫组化染色。Western blot分别检测Peyer小结IL-21、程序性死亡分子-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)、胞嘧啶脱氨酶(enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase,AID)蛋白的表达。流式细胞仪测定3组Peyer小结Tfh细胞占T淋巴细胞的百分率。结果:与NC组相比,SE组血清IL-6(19.7±5.20 vs 10.7±3.60 ng·L^(-1))、PCT(1.56±0.92 vs 0.31±0.09μg·L^(-1))、NGAL(0.44±0.11 vs 0.35±0.09 mg·L^(-1))升高(P<0.05或0.01),Peyer小结S1P1(0.22±0.06 vs 0.14±0.04)、CXCL13(0.25±0.07 vs 0.15±0.04)的表达增加(P<0.01),IL-21(0.60±0.08 vs 0.35±0.08)、PD-1(0.30±0.04 vs 0.20±0.05)、AID(0.23±0.05 vs 0.18±0.03)蛋白的表达亦升高(P<0.05或0.01),Tfh细胞占T淋巴细胞(8.30±2.00 vs 5.69 vs 1.64%)的百分率升高(P<0.01)。Dex治疗可降低SE鼠血清IL-6(19.7±5.20 vs 12.8±3.40 ng·L^(-1))、PCT(1.56±0.92 vs 0.71±0.44μg·L^(-1))水平(P<0.05或0.01),降低Peyer小结S1P1(0.22±0.06 vs 0.17±0.05)、CXCL13(0.25±0.07 vs 0.19±0.06)的表达(P<0.05或0.01),下调Peyer小结IL-21(0.60±0.08 vs 0.48±0.09)、PD-1(0.30±0.04 vs 0.26±0.06)、AID(0.23±0.05 vs0.19±0.04)蛋白的表达(P<0.05),降低Tfh细胞占T淋巴细胞(8.30±2.00 vs 6.56±1.59%)的百分率(P<0.05)。结论:Peyer小结Tfh细胞可能参与脓毒血症的发病机制,Dex抑制Peyer小结Tfh的活化,对Peyer小结微环境起保护作用。展开更多
The interaction between the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL)and its receptor RANK plays a critical role in the development and function of diverse tissues.This review summarizes the studies regarding the fun...The interaction between the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL)and its receptor RANK plays a critical role in the development and function of diverse tissues.This review summarizes the studies regarding the functions of RANKL signaling in immune regulatory systems.Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that the RANKL signal promotes the survival of dendritic cells(DCs),thereby activating the immune response.In addition,RANKL signaling to DCs in the body surface barriers controls self-tolerance and oral-tolerance through regulatory T cell functions.In addition to regulating DC functions,the RANKL and RANK interaction is critical for the development and organization of several lymphoid organs.The RANKL signal initiates the formation of clusters of lymphoid tissue inducer cells,which is crucial for lymph node organogenesis.Moreover,the RANKL-RANK interaction controls the differentiation of M cells,specialized epithelial cells in mucosal tissues,that take up and transcytose antigen particles to control the immune response to pathogens or commensal bacterium.The development of epithelial cells localized in the thymic medulla(m TECs)is also regulated by the RANKL-RANK signal.Given that the unique property ofm TECs to express a wide variety of tissue-specific selfantigens is critical for the elimination of self-antigen reactive T cells in the thymus,the RANKL-RANK interaction contributes to the suppression of autoimmunity.Future studies on the roles of the RANKL-RANK system in immune regulatory functions would be informative for the development and application of inhibitors of RANKL signaling for disease treatment.展开更多
Microfold (M) cells are a kind of intestinal epithelial cell in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer’s patches. They can transport antigens and microorganisms to lymphoid tissues. Bovine spongiform encep...Microfold (M) cells are a kind of intestinal epithelial cell in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer’s patches. They can transport antigens and microorganisms to lymphoid tissues. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in cattle. It is linked to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Although it is thought that M cells transport the BSE agent, the exact mechanism by which it crosses the intestinal barrier is not clear. We have bovine intestinal epithelial cell line (BIE cells), which can differentiate into the M cell type in vitro after stimulation, and which is able to transport the BSE agent. We show here that M cells are able to incorporate large numbers of PrP coated magnetic particles into intracellular vesicles, which we collected. The results of 2-DE show a specific protein associated with the PrP-coated particles, compared with non-coated particles. This protein was identified as aldolase A, a glycolytic pathway enzyme, using LC-MS/MS analysis. Aldolase A was synthesized and secreted by BIE cells, and increased during M cell differentiation. In the villi of the bovine intestine, aldolase A was detected on the surface of the epithelium and in the mucus droplet of goblet cells. In the FAE of bovine jejunal and ileal Peyer’s patches, aldolase A was localized on the surface and the apical part of the M cells. The binding of rbPrP to aldolase A was clearly detected and inhibited by pre-treatment of anti-aldolase A antibody. Aldolase A was co-stained with incorporated PrPSc in M-BIE cells. These results suggest that bovine M cells and goblet cells synthesize aldolase A, and that aldolase A may have the ability to bind PrP and associate with PrP in cellular vesicles. Therefore, aldolase A-positive M cells may play a key role in the invasion of BSE into the body.展开更多
This is a case report of a patient who presented to the Aga Khan University Hospital with generalized abdominal lymphadenopathy and high-grade fever.Due to ambiguous clinical findings,which were suggestive of either a...This is a case report of a patient who presented to the Aga Khan University Hospital with generalized abdominal lymphadenopathy and high-grade fever.Due to ambiguous clinical findings,which were suggestive of either abdominal tuberculosis,or a lymphoma,the patient was started on empirical anti-tuberculous treatment due to the endemicity of tuberculosis in this region.The blood culture reports,however,were reported to grow colonies of Salmonella paratyphi A;thus the diagnosis of the patient was changed to enteric fever,and the patient improved on the subsequently started therapy of ceftriaxone 2000 mg bid.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first reported case of a patient suffering from enteric fever whose primary clinical findings were abdominal lymphadenopathy and fever.展开更多
The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorde...The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and p</span><span style="font-family:"">eyer’s </span><span style="font-family:"">p</span><span style="font-family:"">atches</span><span style="font-family:""> have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as </span><span style="font-family:"">LPAM-I</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> MAdCAM-1<b> </b></span><span style="font-family:"">and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel </span><span style="font-family:"">in </span><span style="font-family:"">comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the dynamic regulation of self-assembled aggregations(SAA)in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction on the permeability of intestinal tissue and the mechanism underlying.Methods:The effects of SAA on berb...Objective:To investigate the dynamic regulation of self-assembled aggregations(SAA)in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction on the permeability of intestinal tissue and the mechanism underlying.Methods:The effects of SAA on berberine(Ber)absorption were respectively analyzed in an in situ intestinal perfusion model and in an Ussing Chamber jejunum model with or without Peyer’s patches(PPs).The expression levels of ZO-1,Occludin and Claudin-1 were detected by immunofluorescence to evaluate the tight junction(TJ)between intestinal epithelium cells.The expression levels of T-box-containing protein expressed in T cells,signal transducers and activators of tranion-6,retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor ct and forkhead box P3 in PPs were detected by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the secretions of interferon-c(IFN-c),interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-17(IL-17)and transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b)in PPs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry,to reflect the differentiation of T lymphocyte in PPs to helper T(Th)cell 1,Th2,Th17 and regulatory T(Treg)cell.To confirm the correlation between SAA in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction,PPs-associated immunity and intestinal epithelium permeability,SAA were administrated on an Ussing Chamber jejunum model with immunosuppressed PPs and evaluated its influences on intestinal tissue permeability and TJ proteins expression.Results:SAA in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction could dose-dependently promote Ber absorption in jejunum segment,with the participation of PPs.The dose-dependent and dynamical regulations of SAA on permeability of intestinal tissue and TJ proteins expression level between intestinal epithelium cells occurred along with the dynamically changed T lymphocyte differentiation and immune effectors secretion in PPs.The administration of SAA on immunosuppressed PPs exhibited dose-dependent PPs activation,inducing dynamic promotion on intestinal tissue permeability and inhibition on TJ proteins expression.Conclusion:SAA can improve the Ber absorption in small intestine,through the PPs-associated immunity induced dynamic regulation on intestinal tissue permeability and TJ proteins expression.These findings might enlighten the research of traditional Chinese medicine decoction.展开更多
基金Supported by Strategic Program of Chinese University of Hong KongDistinguished Young Investigator Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30029002
文摘瞄准：在氮的氧化物的版本上调查在伤寒上皮细胞和 Peyer 的补丁的淋巴细胞之间的相互作用的效果(没有) 并且响应志贺氏菌属脂肪的多糖(LPS ) 的 IL-6。方法：人的结肠的上皮细胞(Caco-2 ) 是有 Peyer 的补丁从的淋巴细胞的混合 cocultured 野类型(C57 老鼠) 并且可诱导没有 synthase 大美人老鼠，并且与志贺氏菌属 F2a-12 LPS 质问了。版本没有并且 mIL-6 被 Griess 比色测定和连接酶的免疫吸着剂试金(ELISA ) 分别地测量。结果：当 LPS 挑战不在时，不在 Caco-2 上皮细胞的培养基然而并非在 Peyer 的补丁的淋巴细胞被检测，并且 NO 版本在有从也的淋巴细胞的两 cocultures 是进一步起来调整的野类型或 i NOS 大美人老鼠，与一显著地，高水平与 i NOS 猛烈淋巴细胞在 coculture 观察了。在为 24-h 的志贺氏菌属 F2a-12 LPS 挑战以后，没有生产显著地从野类型的老鼠然而并非从 i NOS 猛烈老鼠与 Peyer 的补丁的淋巴细胞在独自一个的 Caco-2 和 coculture 被增加。LPS 被发现从淋巴细胞刺激 mIL-6 的版本，它被 coculture 与 Caco-2 上皮细胞压制。在从 i NOS 猛烈老鼠的淋巴细胞的导致 LPS 的 mIL-6 生产从野类型的老鼠比那显著地大。结论：Peyer 的补丁的淋巴细胞从伤寒维持没有生产的组成的基础水平上皮的房间 Caco-2。从 Peyer 的补丁的淋巴细胞的导致 LPS 的 mIL-6 版本被 cocultured 上皮细胞压制。当没有变化在在淋巴细胞从的没有生产是可检测的时野类型并且在 LPS 前后的 i NOS 猛烈老鼠质问，不从淋巴细胞看起来起一个禁止的作用在上皮响应 LPS 的没有版本和他们的自己的 mIL-6 版本。
文摘Objective: To research the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) on the apoptosis and number of T lymphocyte in Peyer’s patches after severe burn on plateau in rats. Methods: Wistar rats (n = 130) were subjected to deep thickness burn injury (30% TBSA, III degree), at two different altitudes. 60 of them were given delayed fluid resuscitation (DFR, n = 30 at each altitude) 6 h after burn at different altitude;60 of them were carried out immediate fluid resuscitation (IFR, n = 30 at each altitude);10 rats were subjected to 37°C warm water as sham burn (SG, n = 10). The Peyer’s patches were harvested from the ileum of rats at different time point after burn respectively. The expression of HIF-1 alpha, CD3(+) and the apoptosis and number of T lymphocyte in Peyer’s patches were detected by tissue microarray technology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The apoptosis was higher in DFR group than that in IFR group. The increase in HIF-1 alpha expression was observed mainly on cell nucleus in T lymphocytes. The expression levels of HIF-1 alpha in Peyer’s patches were much higher in DFR group and IFR group than those in SG, and they were higher at high altitude (3848 metres) than those at lower altitude (1517 metres), and also higher in DFR group compared with IFR group (all P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD3<sup>+</sup> in Peyer’s patches were much lower in DFR group and IFR group than those in sham group, and the lowest value appeared at 12 hours after burn (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: High expression of HIF-1 alpha may induce the apoptosis of T lymphocytes in Peyer’s patches after severe burn with delayed fluid resuscitation in rats at plateau.
文摘目的探讨芪黄煎剂对大鼠胃切除后Peyer结淋巴细胞的影响。方法将90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、芪黄煎剂组,每组30只。假手术组大鼠仅给予腹部正中切开后缝合,不行胃切除,手术后自由饮水进食,不给予肠内营养和芪黄煎剂;模型组大鼠行胃切除手术后给予肠内营养制剂能全素;芪黄煎剂组大鼠行胃切除手术后给予能全素和芪黄煎剂。疗程1周。疗程结束后,处死大鼠,分离出Peyer结及其内淋巴细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测αβT细胞抗原受体-白细胞分化抗原3阳性(αβT cell antigen receptor-cluster of differentia-tion 3 positive,αβTCR-CD3+)T细胞,白细胞分化抗原4阳性(cluster of differentiation 4 positive,CD4+)、白细胞分化抗原8阳性(cluster of differentiation 8 positive,CD8+)T细胞;免疫组织化学法检测免疫球蛋白A阳性(immunoglobulin A positive,IgA+)B细胞。结果模型复制后1周,与假手术组比较,模型组Peyer结中αβTCR-CD3+、CD4+T细胞构成比和IgA+B细胞数显著降低(P<0.05,或P<0.01),模型组和芪黄煎剂组CD8+T细胞构成比无显著变化;与模型组比较,芪黄煎剂组Peyer结中αβTCR-CD3+、CD4+T细胞构成比和IgA+B细胞数显著上升(P<0.05,或P<0.01)。结论芪黄煎剂能刺激Peyer结中T细胞的成熟、分化和增殖,并进一步促进Peyer结中B细胞的增殖和活化,有利于胃切除手术应激后肠道免疫屏障功能的调节和恢复。
文摘目的:测定脓毒血症鼠Peyer小结内滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper,Tfh)的变化,分析地塞米松(dexamethasone,Dex)对脓毒血症Tfh细胞的可能作用。方法:昆明小鼠诱导脓毒血症模型,模型诱导成功后随机分2组,脓毒血症组(SE组,n=12)、脓毒血症+Dex处理组(DE组,n=12)。另设对照组(NC组,n=12)。测定血清白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)水平。Peyer小结Ⅰ型1-磷酸鞘氨醇(Sphingosine 1-Phosphate 1,S1P1)、CXC趋化因子配体13(CXC chemokine ligand 13,CXCL13)免疫组化染色。Western blot分别检测Peyer小结IL-21、程序性死亡分子-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)、胞嘧啶脱氨酶(enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase,AID)蛋白的表达。流式细胞仪测定3组Peyer小结Tfh细胞占T淋巴细胞的百分率。结果:与NC组相比,SE组血清IL-6(19.7±5.20 vs 10.7±3.60 ng·L^(-1))、PCT(1.56±0.92 vs 0.31±0.09μg·L^(-1))、NGAL(0.44±0.11 vs 0.35±0.09 mg·L^(-1))升高(P<0.05或0.01),Peyer小结S1P1(0.22±0.06 vs 0.14±0.04)、CXCL13(0.25±0.07 vs 0.15±0.04)的表达增加(P<0.01),IL-21(0.60±0.08 vs 0.35±0.08)、PD-1(0.30±0.04 vs 0.20±0.05)、AID(0.23±0.05 vs 0.18±0.03)蛋白的表达亦升高(P<0.05或0.01),Tfh细胞占T淋巴细胞(8.30±2.00 vs 5.69 vs 1.64%)的百分率升高(P<0.01)。Dex治疗可降低SE鼠血清IL-6(19.7±5.20 vs 12.8±3.40 ng·L^(-1))、PCT(1.56±0.92 vs 0.71±0.44μg·L^(-1))水平(P<0.05或0.01),降低Peyer小结S1P1(0.22±0.06 vs 0.17±0.05)、CXCL13(0.25±0.07 vs 0.19±0.06)的表达(P<0.05或0.01),下调Peyer小结IL-21(0.60±0.08 vs 0.48±0.09)、PD-1(0.30±0.04 vs 0.26±0.06)、AID(0.23±0.05 vs0.19±0.04)蛋白的表达(P<0.05),降低Tfh细胞占T淋巴细胞(8.30±2.00 vs 6.56±1.59%)的百分率(P<0.05)。结论:Peyer小结Tfh细胞可能参与脓毒血症的发病机制,Dex抑制Peyer小结Tfh的活化,对Peyer小结微环境起保护作用。
文摘The interaction between the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand(RANKL)and its receptor RANK plays a critical role in the development and function of diverse tissues.This review summarizes the studies regarding the functions of RANKL signaling in immune regulatory systems.Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that the RANKL signal promotes the survival of dendritic cells(DCs),thereby activating the immune response.In addition,RANKL signaling to DCs in the body surface barriers controls self-tolerance and oral-tolerance through regulatory T cell functions.In addition to regulating DC functions,the RANKL and RANK interaction is critical for the development and organization of several lymphoid organs.The RANKL signal initiates the formation of clusters of lymphoid tissue inducer cells,which is crucial for lymph node organogenesis.Moreover,the RANKL-RANK interaction controls the differentiation of M cells,specialized epithelial cells in mucosal tissues,that take up and transcytose antigen particles to control the immune response to pathogens or commensal bacterium.The development of epithelial cells localized in the thymic medulla(m TECs)is also regulated by the RANKL-RANK signal.Given that the unique property ofm TECs to express a wide variety of tissue-specific selfantigens is critical for the elimination of self-antigen reactive T cells in the thymus,the RANKL-RANK interaction contributes to the suppression of autoimmunity.Future studies on the roles of the RANKL-RANK system in immune regulatory functions would be informative for the development and application of inhibitors of RANKL signaling for disease treatment.
文摘Microfold (M) cells are a kind of intestinal epithelial cell in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer’s patches. They can transport antigens and microorganisms to lymphoid tissues. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in cattle. It is linked to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Although it is thought that M cells transport the BSE agent, the exact mechanism by which it crosses the intestinal barrier is not clear. We have bovine intestinal epithelial cell line (BIE cells), which can differentiate into the M cell type in vitro after stimulation, and which is able to transport the BSE agent. We show here that M cells are able to incorporate large numbers of PrP coated magnetic particles into intracellular vesicles, which we collected. The results of 2-DE show a specific protein associated with the PrP-coated particles, compared with non-coated particles. This protein was identified as aldolase A, a glycolytic pathway enzyme, using LC-MS/MS analysis. Aldolase A was synthesized and secreted by BIE cells, and increased during M cell differentiation. In the villi of the bovine intestine, aldolase A was detected on the surface of the epithelium and in the mucus droplet of goblet cells. In the FAE of bovine jejunal and ileal Peyer’s patches, aldolase A was localized on the surface and the apical part of the M cells. The binding of rbPrP to aldolase A was clearly detected and inhibited by pre-treatment of anti-aldolase A antibody. Aldolase A was co-stained with incorporated PrPSc in M-BIE cells. These results suggest that bovine M cells and goblet cells synthesize aldolase A, and that aldolase A may have the ability to bind PrP and associate with PrP in cellular vesicles. Therefore, aldolase A-positive M cells may play a key role in the invasion of BSE into the body.
文摘This is a case report of a patient who presented to the Aga Khan University Hospital with generalized abdominal lymphadenopathy and high-grade fever.Due to ambiguous clinical findings,which were suggestive of either abdominal tuberculosis,or a lymphoma,the patient was started on empirical anti-tuberculous treatment due to the endemicity of tuberculosis in this region.The blood culture reports,however,were reported to grow colonies of Salmonella paratyphi A;thus the diagnosis of the patient was changed to enteric fever,and the patient improved on the subsequently started therapy of ceftriaxone 2000 mg bid.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first reported case of a patient suffering from enteric fever whose primary clinical findings were abdominal lymphadenopathy and fever.
文摘The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and p</span><span style="font-family:"">eyer’s </span><span style="font-family:"">p</span><span style="font-family:"">atches</span><span style="font-family:""> have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as </span><span style="font-family:"">LPAM-I</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> MAdCAM-1<b> </b></span><span style="font-family:"">and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel </span><span style="font-family:"">in </span><span style="font-family:"">comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 81874348,81303239)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(grant numbers 1908085J29)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province(grant number 201904b11020023)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines(grant number SKLNMKF202007)the Provincial Foundation for Excellent Young Talents of Colleges and Universities of Anhui Province(grant number gxyqZD2018052)the Anhui Provincial Department of Education(grant number KJ2018A0282)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the dynamic regulation of self-assembled aggregations(SAA)in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction on the permeability of intestinal tissue and the mechanism underlying.Methods:The effects of SAA on berberine(Ber)absorption were respectively analyzed in an in situ intestinal perfusion model and in an Ussing Chamber jejunum model with or without Peyer’s patches(PPs).The expression levels of ZO-1,Occludin and Claudin-1 were detected by immunofluorescence to evaluate the tight junction(TJ)between intestinal epithelium cells.The expression levels of T-box-containing protein expressed in T cells,signal transducers and activators of tranion-6,retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor ct and forkhead box P3 in PPs were detected by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the secretions of interferon-c(IFN-c),interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-17(IL-17)and transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b)in PPs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry,to reflect the differentiation of T lymphocyte in PPs to helper T(Th)cell 1,Th2,Th17 and regulatory T(Treg)cell.To confirm the correlation between SAA in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction,PPs-associated immunity and intestinal epithelium permeability,SAA were administrated on an Ussing Chamber jejunum model with immunosuppressed PPs and evaluated its influences on intestinal tissue permeability and TJ proteins expression.Results:SAA in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction could dose-dependently promote Ber absorption in jejunum segment,with the participation of PPs.The dose-dependent and dynamical regulations of SAA on permeability of intestinal tissue and TJ proteins expression level between intestinal epithelium cells occurred along with the dynamically changed T lymphocyte differentiation and immune effectors secretion in PPs.The administration of SAA on immunosuppressed PPs exhibited dose-dependent PPs activation,inducing dynamic promotion on intestinal tissue permeability and inhibition on TJ proteins expression.Conclusion:SAA can improve the Ber absorption in small intestine,through the PPs-associated immunity induced dynamic regulation on intestinal tissue permeability and TJ proteins expression.These findings might enlighten the research of traditional Chinese medicine decoction.
