Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract:A comprehensive review

This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract(EE)and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE.We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain.We summarize the bioactive components of EE,including G-90,lysenin,lumbrokinase,antimicrobial peptides,earthworm serine protease(ESP),and polyphenols,and detail the antitumor,antithrombotic,antiviral,antibacterial,anti-i nflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,wound-healing,antifibrotic,and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies.We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid-modifying therapies,and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance.The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis.Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix.The glycolipoprotein extract G-90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage.Earthworms have evolved a well-developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections,and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial,fungal,and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections,effectively reducing pain.Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose.EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.

Advances in Pharmacological Effects of Stevioside

Stevioside is a low-calorie high-power sweetener with a variety of positive pharmacological effects.With the growing attention to health,stevia leaf has garnered widespread interest at home and abroad.This article reviews the main pharmacological effects of stevioside and their mechanisms,in order to provide references for the research on the edible and medicinal value of stevioside.

Research progress of modern pharmacological effects of Pueraria lobata and its compound clinical application

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Pueraria lobata has been widely recorded in Chinese herbal works of the past dynasties. Modern studies have found that its main chemical components are isoflavones, triterpenoids, saponins, etc., which have antipyretic, anti⁃inflammatory, anti⁃infection, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipid, and pharmacological effects such as improving reproductive function. Clinically, it is used in the treatment of diabetic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. in the form of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions. This reseach aims to summarize related articles of Pueraria lobata in the past 5 years, focusing on its pharmacological effects and clinical application of the compound, and provide references for its further development and utilization.

Pharmacological effects of denervated muscle atrophy due to metabolic imbalance in different periods

Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy can potentially cause the decline in the quality of life of patients and an increased risk of mortality.Complex pathophysiological mechanisms with dynamic alterations have been documented in skeletal muscle atrophy resulting from innervation loss.Hence,an in-depth comprehension of the key mechanisms and molecules governing skeletal muscle atrophy at varying stages,along with targeted treatment and protection,becomes essential for effective atrophy management.Our preliminary research categorizes the skeletal muscle atrophy process into four stages using microarray analysis.This review extensively discusses the pathways and molecules potentially implicated in regulating the four stages of denervation and muscle atrophy.Notably,drugs targeting the reactivare oxygen species stage and the inflammation stage assume critical roles.Timely intervention during the initial atrophy stages can expedite protection against skeletal muscle atrophy.Additionally,pharmaceutical intervention in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway associated with atrophy and autophagy lysosomes can effectively slow down skeletal muscle atrophy.Key molecules within this stage encompass MuRF1,MAFbx,LC3II,p62/SQSTM1,etc.This review also compiles a profile of drugs with protective effects against skeletal muscle atrophy at distinct postdenervation stages,thereby augmenting the evidence base for denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy treatment.

Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Osthole

Osthole has various pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer,anti-inflammation,prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and neuroprotection.This paper reviews the advances in the research of the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of osthole,in order to provide new ideas for further research and clinical application of osthole.

Research Progress on Pharmacological Effects of Lycorine Hydrochloride

Lycoris radiata,a Chinese herbal medicine,is a plant of Amaryllidaceae family,which has the antidotal,expectorant,diuretic,emetic and insecticidal effects.Lycorine hydrochloride is an alkaloid extracted from the bulb of L.radiata.Studies have shown that lycorine hydrochloride has many pharmacological effects(anti-fungal,anti-viral and anti-tumor).In this paper,the related research on pharmacological effects and mechanism of lycorine hydrochloride is systematically summarized in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research and application of lycorine hydrochloride.

Research Progress on Functional Components and Pharmacological Effects of Red Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Red jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),as a traditional Chinese medicine and edible plant,has a long history and extensive uses.Red jujubes are not only widely used in the food industry and traditional Chinese medicine preparations,but also have attracted widespread research interest due to their rich functional components and various pharmacological effects.This paper reviewed the main functional components of jujubes,including polysaccharides,triterpenoid saponins,organic acids and alkaloids,and discussed in detail the pharmacological effects of these components such as blood sugar-regulating,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.Furthermore,the paper also summarized the safety issues such as drug interactions and toxic side effects of jujubes,and prospected the future development direction of jujube research.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Celosia L.

Celosia L. is richly distributed in China and there are about 60 species in the world. The chemical constituents of Celosia L. include flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, steroids, organic acids, and cyclic peptides. Which have a variety of effects such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and antitumour. To provide a scientific foundation for the subsequent phase of research and development for Celosia L., 30 years of pertinent global literature is summarized, analyzed, and categorized. An overview of 75 chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications is provided.

Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Synephrine Hydrochloride

Synephrine hydrochloride,an alkaloid compound extracted from immature bitter orange,has many pharmacological effects such as anticancer effect,antioxidant effect and antidepression effect.In this paper,the pharmacological effects and mechanism of synephrine hydrochloride were reviewed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of synephrine hydrochloride.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of medicinal plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Gynostemma pentaphyllum(G.pentaphyllum)is a traditional medicinal plant with medicinal and economic value.With in-depth research on the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects,the applications of G.pentaphyllum have been expanded.G.pentaphyllum has the effects of clearing heat and detoxification,relieving cough and phlegm,nourishing heart,tranquilizing nerves,and can be used to treat gastroenteritis,tracheitis,pharyngitis,hyperlipidemia,and arteriosclerosis.It can also be used to alleviate symptoms such as migraines,insufficient sleep,and white hair.In recent years,G.pentaphyllum has also been used for clinical adjuvant treatment of various cancers.In this study,the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on G.pentaphyllum in recent years were reviewed.This review could provide reference for further development and utilization of G.pentaphyllum.

Chemical constituents,biological functions and pharmacological effects for comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a native plant and valuable tonic Chinese medicine in China with a long history,great economic value and comprehensive development potential.Traditionally,the comprehensive utilization rate of E.ulmoides Oliv.is still very low,only bark has been used as medicine and other parts of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.cannot be fully utilized,even the leaves have been well utilized in food products in Japan in the past decades.In order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of E.ulmoides Oliv.,in this review,we summarized the varieties and contents of main active compounds,biological functions and pharmacological effects in different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.The findings suggest that other parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.could replace the bark of E.ulmoides Oliv.to some extent besides of their respective applications.The unique and extensive physiological functions between different parts of E.ulmoides Oliv.indicate that the comprehensive utilization of E.ulmoides Oliv.has a wide space to develop,which is also an effective way to protect E.ulmoides Oliv.resources and improve its the utilization rate.

A critical review on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lilium

Genus Lilium is famous for edible and medicinal function which is related to its chemical constituents and pharmacological effects.Chemical researches showed that genus Lilium genus mainly contains steroidal saponins,polysaccharides,alkaloids and flavonoids.Pharmacological effects of Lilium include anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,antibacterial,anti-oxidation,anti-depression and anti-inflammatory.This paper summarized chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lilium.

A mini-review on pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb3,a marked saponin from Panax genus

Ginsenoside Rb3(G-Rb3)is one of the primary active compounds isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer,which belongs to protopanaxadiol ginsenosides(PPD).Based on the structure-activity relationship(SAR)of ginsenosides,the pentose structure of G-Rb3 limited itself to possess more pharmacological activity to a certain extent.However,pharmacokinetics show that G-Rb3 is processed through deglycosylation in the intestinal tract and converted into more active rare saponins,such as Compound K,F2,etc.A series of studies focused on neuroprotection and the cardiovascular system demonstrating its therapeutic potentials,which was achieved by diminishing oxidative stress and apoptosis.Therefore,more systematic and in-depth studies are needed to complete the pharmaceutical value and to promote its clinical applications.This article highlights the multiple pharmacological effects and mechanisms of G-Rb3 and prospects for its development.

Research Progress on Pharmacological Effects of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf,a Traditional Chinese Medicine with Lingnan Characteristics

This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress on the pharmacological effects of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf in recent years,and finds that Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf has good pharmacological effects in many aspects,including anti-inflammation,anti-oxidation,anti-thrombosis,anti-tumor and so on.In particular,more than ten saponins have been found to have good anti-tumor activity and have potential research value,which can provide reference for the full development and utilization of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf resources.

Advances in research on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Paecilomyces hepiali

Paecilomyces hepiali is a fungus with edible and pharmaceutic value,isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis.Its main bioactive constituents contain alkaloids,cyclic dipeptides,steroids,organic acids,and polysaccharides.Due to the huge development potential of P.hepiali in the field of food and medicine,it has been developed into a variety of products that cater to the needs of the public.In this paper,the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects of P.hepiali are reviewed,which can provide reference for the development and application of P.hepiali.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents,Extraction Methods and Pharmacological Effects of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille

Sauropus spatulifolius Beille is a small evergreen shrub in Sauropus of the Euphorbiaceae family.It mainly contains chemical components such as amino acids,proteins,carbohydrates,polypeptides,glycosides,saponins,tannins,organic acids,alkaloids,coumarin and lactones,volatile oils and oils.In addition,the chemical components obtained by different extraction processes are also different.S.spatulifolius Beille mainly has antitussive and expectorant,anti-inflammatory and analgesic,bacteriostatic,antioxidant,and anti-allergic effects.The rich biological activity of S.spatulifolius Beille makes it have clinical applications such as adjuvant treatment of pulmonary edema,recovery of lung function,and treatment of chronic laryngitis or chronic pharyngitis.In this paper,the main chemical components,extraction and identification methods and biological activity of S.spatulifolius Beille were described in depth,in order to further lay a solid foundation for the in-depth research,development and utilization of S.spatulifolius Beille.

Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Laportea bulbifera

Laportea bulbifera(Sieb.et Zucc.)Wedd.is a perennial herb of Laportea in Urticaceae.At present,more than 90 compounds have been isolated from L.bulbifera,mainly including flavonoids,coumarins,phenolic acids,esters,ketones,phenylpropanoids and steroids,which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic,immunosuppressive,anti-oxidant,hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering pharmacological effects.This article summarized the research progress of the pharmacological effects and the chemical constituents of L.bulbifera in recent years,hoping to provide references for its further research and development.

Study on the Pharmacological Effects of Aucubin

In this paper,the pharmacological effects of aucubin include anti-inflammatory effect,anti-tumor effect,neuroprotective effect,anti-cardiovascular disease effect,hepatoprotective effect,anti-oxidation effect and anti-aging effect,antibacterial effect,anti-diabetes effect and bone protection.The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of aucubin.

Study on Pharmacological Effects of Harmine Hydrochloride

Harmaine hydrochloride is an important alkaloid compound and mainly exists in the roots,stems,leaves and seeds of the plant Peganum harmala L.(family Zygophyllaceae).Harmaine hydrochloride not only has good anti-bacterial,anti-plasmodium,anti-Parkinson's disease,anti-fungal,anti-oxidation and anti-tumor activities,but also has the characteristics of small adverse reactions and low toxicity,thus it has attracted wide attention from scholars and researchers.This paper reviews the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of harmine hydrochloride in recent years,and is intended to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of harmine hydrochloride.

Advances in Research of Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Daurisoline

Daurisoline is an important bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid and mainly exists in the rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC.,a plant of the family Menispermaceae.Due to its pharmacological effects such as anti-arrhythmia,anti-ischemia and anti-cancer,daurisoline has attracted wide attention of researchers.In this paper,the pharmacological effects and action mechanism of daurisoline were reviewed in combination with relevant research literature,to provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of daurisoline.