Diagnosing ratio of electron density to collision frequency of plasma surrounding scaled model in a shock tube using low-frequency alternating magnetic field phase shift

A non-contact low-frequency(LF)method of diagnosing the plasma surrounding a scaled model in a shock tube is proposed.This method utilizes the phase shift occurring after the transmission of an LF alternating magnetic field through the plasma to directly measure the ratio of the plasma loop average electron density to collision frequency.An equivalent circuit model is used to analyze the relationship of the phase shift of the magnetic field component of LF electromagnetic waves with the plasma electron density and collision frequency.The applicable range of the LF method on a given plasma scale is analyzed.The upper diagnostic limit for the ratio of the electron density(unit:m^(-3))to collision frequency(unit:Hz)exceeds 1×10^(11),enabling an electron density to exceed 1×10^(20)m^(-3)and a collision frequency to be less than 1 GHz.In this work,the feasibility of using the LF phase shift to implement the plasma diagnosis is also assessed.Diagnosis experiments on shock tube equipment are conducted by using both the electrostatic probe method and LF method.By comparing the diagnostic results of the two methods,the inversion results are relatively consistent with each other,thereby preliminarily verifying the feasibility of the LF method.The ratio of the electron density to the collision frequency has a relatively uniform distribution during the plasma stabilization.The LF diagnostic path is a loop around the model,which is suitable for diagnosing the plasma that surrounds the model.Finally,the causes of diagnostic discrepancy between the two methods are analyzed.The proposed method provides a new avenue for diagnosing high-density enveloping plasma.

Discrete Phase Shifts Control and Beam Selection in RIS-Aided MISO System via Deep Reinforcement Learning

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)for wireless networks have drawn lots of attention in both academic and industry communities.RIS can dynamically control the phases of the reflection elements to send the signal in the desired direction,thus it provides supplementary links for wireless networks.Most of prior works on RIS-aided wireless communication systems consider continuous phase shifts,but phase shifts of RIS are discrete in practical hardware.Thus we focus on the actual discrete phase shifts on RIS in this paper.Using the advanced deep reinforcement learning(DRL),we jointly optimize the transmit beamforming matrix from the discrete Fourier transform(DFT)codebook at the base station(BS)and the discrete phase shifts at the RIS to maximize the received signal-to-interference plus noise ratio(SINR).Unlike the traditional schemes usually using alternate optimization methods to solve the transmit beamforming and phase shifts,the DRL algorithm proposed in the paper can jointly design the transmit beamforming and phase shifts as the output of the DRL neural network.Numerical results indicate that the DRL proposed can dispose the complicated optimization problem with low computational complexity.

Effect of two-step solid solution on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy

Inconel 718 is the most popular nickel-based superalloy and is extensively used in aerospace,automotive,and energy indus-tries owing to its extraordinary thermomechanical properties.The effects of different two-step solid solution treatments on microstructure andδphase precipitation of Inconel 718 alloy were studied,and the transformation mechanism fromγ″metastable phase toδphase was clarified.The precipitates were statistically analyzed by X-ray diffractometry.The results show that theδphase content firstly increased,and then decreased with the temperature of the second-step solid solution.The changes in microstructure andδphase were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.An intragranularδphase formed in Inconel 718 alloy at the second-[100]_(δ)[011]γ step solid solution temperature of 925℃,and its orientation relationship withγmatrix was determined as//and(010)_(δ)//(111)γ.Furthermore,the Vickers hardness of different heat treatment samples was measured,and the sample treated by second-step solid solution at 1010℃ reached the maximum hardness of HV 446.84.

三有源桥DC-DC变换器广义状态空间平均模型及控制策略研究

基于移相加占空比控制策略的三有源桥TAB(triple active bridge)DC-DC变换器具有效率高和软开关范围可扩展等优点,但其小信号建模过程复杂、闭环控制环路参数整定困难。针对该问题,提出1种TAB工作在移相加占空比控制下的全阶连续广义状态平均建模和PI控制器设计方法。首先,分析TAB的运行原理和Y型等效结构;然后,结合移相加占空比控制的特点和交流方波源等效方法,推导出TAB的广义状态空间平均模型;接着,在推得模型的基础上求得输入到输出的传递函数,设计出PI控制器参数。最后,结合数字仿真及样机实验验证了所提方法的正确性及有效性。

高频链AC-DC矩阵变换器的变控制频率软开关调制策略

针对高频链AC-DC矩阵变换器的高效率要求,提出了一种变控制频率软开关调制策略。该调制策略在基于零矢量嵌入的分段同步控制策略基础上,以单控制周期平均功率不变为原则,通过改变控制周期长度,并调整一个控制周期内的电压矢量排布,优化脉冲宽度,使变换器在换流时全部开关器件的零电压开通成为可能。通过仿真分析和实验证明,采用本文提出的变控制频率调制策略,变换器在整流和逆变模式下,均可实现网侧电流三相平衡正弦,功率因数达到0.981,输出电压纹波小,最高效率达到96.9%,实现了高性能、高效率运行。

基于扩展移相的ISOP-DAB变换器混合优化控制方法

输入串联输出并联-双有源电桥(ISOP-DAB)变换器多应用于大功率高电压场合,为降低ISOP-DAB变换器的电流应力并提高系统的动态性能,本文提出一种基于扩展移相调制混合优化控制方法。首先分析在扩展移相下变换器的工作模式和功率模型,通过拉格朗日优化算法获取电流应力最优的相移组合,并结合虚拟电压均衡控制方案,以应对负载突变或输入电压扰动状态,同时结合变换器的结构特征使用输入电压均值完成模块间功率的动态平衡。最后,将混合优化控制方法、基于单移相的虚拟功率控制和传统的扩展移相优化控制进行对比实验。实验结果证明了混合优化控制在功率均分的同时可以实现电流应力优化,提高能量传输效率,同时也显著地改善了变换器在扰动情况下的动态特性。

宽增益高效率级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器

为了解决变频控制的桥臂共用型四开关Buck-BoostLLC级联变换器磁性元件设计和优化困难的问题,提出一种二次侧为特殊全桥整流结构的级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器。通过控制二次侧开关管的交叠导通时间以拓宽变换器的电压增益。该变换器可根据不同的输入电压范围工作在交叠模式和整流模式;在不改变变换器参数的条件下将增益显著提高,能够适应更宽范围的输入电压,同时保持了变换器较高的工作效率。在两种工作模式的基础上,采用移相控制使变换器所有开关管实现零电压导通(ZVS),二极管实现零电流关断(ZCS)。结合状态平面轨迹分析法,对定频控制的级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器进行模态分析,并推导两种工作模式下的输入-输出表达式和开关管的软开关实现条件。最后,通过研制一台70~280 V输入、240 W/28 V输出的实验样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。

基于新扩展移相双有源全桥变换器降压-升压模式下电流应力优化

为降低双有源全桥变换器在降压-升压模式下的电流应力,提出一种基于新扩展移相调制的电流应力优化控制策略.首先,将变压器两端输出高电平电压之间移相量定义为外移相角,再对比分析降压-升压模式下内移相角在变压器不同侧时变换器的工作特性,根据移相角之间的关系划分为3种工作模态,得到电流应力表达式和功率模型.然后,对比分析得到优化工作模式,利用拉格朗日乘数法算法获取电流应力最优的相移组合.最后,搭建实验平台在降压-升压模式下对变换器进行验证,实验结果表明电流应力优化控制策略显著降低变换器在降压-升压模式下的电流应力.

Error-CompensatingFive-SamplePhase-Shifting Algorithm Based on Phase-Shift Error Estimation

A new error compensating five sample phase shifting algorithm which is insensitive to phase shift error is proposed to retrieve the phase distribution of a fringe pattern. It includes two steps. First, the linear phase shift error is estimated using four sample images. Then, the phase distribution is calculated with error corrected by using the phase shift error estimated in the first step. As the equations of error estimation and phase calculation are simple, this new algorithm is practical as well as effective. Computer simulations were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. Results of two other well known error compensating algorithms are also presented, which show the new algorithm is the least sensitive to phase shift error.

基于LCL-S型两接收端无线电能传输系统传输特性研究

随着WPT应用的发展,多接收WPT系统因一个发射端可以为多个接收端同时供电,近年来受到广泛关注。对LCL-S型两接收端WPT系统的功率分配进行研究,并对LCL-S谐振补偿电路的两接收端WPT系统的传输特性进行分析,提出一种双PI功率控制,实现了发射电源恒功率控制。同时,通过移相控制调节各接收端的输出功率来实现按预设比例进行功率分配。仿真实验验证了所提出的方法实现恒功率输出和按预设比例分配接收端电能的可行性和有效性。

双有源桥DC-DC变换器三移相调制及其死区效应分析和补偿

针对双有源桥(DAB)变换器宽电压范围应用,该文研究一种全工况连续、表达形式统一、计算量小的三移相(TPS)调制策略,并分析其功率传输特性及软开关性能。结合工程应用中的非理想因素,对TPS调制不同开关模式下的死区效应及其边界进行研究,给出DAB宽电压范围运行时避免电压跌落和极性反转的约束条件。针对死区引入的移相比损失、软开关范围减小等问题,提出一种基于开关脉冲调整的死区补偿策略以补偿移相比损失,重新获取全工况软开关范围,降低死区引入的附加电流应力及损耗、提升效率。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提策略的有效性。

基于双重移相控制的双向全桥DC-DC变换器最小回流功率分段优化控制

双向全桥DC-DC变换器以其重量轻、高功率密度、能量双向流动等优点成为直流微电网中不可或缺的一部分。但双向全桥DC-DC变换器在传统的单重移相控制下存在回流功率和电流应力等问题,尤其当输入电压和输出电压不匹配时,回流功率和电流应力会显著增加。针对输入电压和输出电压不匹配的情况,该文提出了一种双向全桥DC-DC变换器在双重移相下的最小回流功率控制策略。该控制策略通过对回流功率进行分段优化,得到了变换器在不同传输功率范围下的最优移相角。通过将所提控制策略和传统的双重移相控制进行对比分析,发现该文所提控制策略具有更小的回流功率和电流应力,提升了变换器的效率。最后基于所提控制策略搭建了实验样机,实验结果验证了控制策略的正确性和有效性。

基于单PD直接检测Twin-SSB-QPSK信号的光纤通信系统

针对孪生单边带正交相移键控(Twin-SSB-QPSK)信号在光传输过程中的高成本问题,提出了一种在接收端采用单光电探测器(PD)直接检测Twin-SSB-QPSK信号的光纤通信系统。在接收端不需要采用光带通滤波器(OBPF)对Twin-SSB-QPSK信号的两路光单边带信号进行分离,而是利用直接检测的拍频效应,通过单PD直接检测孪生的两路光单边带QPSK信号产生相干叠加的单路16阶正交幅度调制(16QAM)信号。仿真演示了两路56 Gbit/s的QPSK信号叠加为一路112 Gbit/s的16QAM信号,并与传统的单路16QAM信号传输方案进行了仿真对比。仿真结果表明,该方案在降低系统器件要求和部署成本的同时并没有带来额外的功率代价。

Applications of Wavelet Analysis in Differential Propagation Phase Shift Data De-noising

Using numerical simulation data of the forward differential propagation shift （ΦDP） of polarimetric radar,the principle and performing steps of noise reduction by wavelet analysis are introduced in detail.Profiting from the multiscale analysis,various types of noises can be identified according to their characteristics in different scales,and suppressed in different resolutions by a penalty threshold strategy through which a fixed threshold value is applied,a default threshold strategy through which the threshold value is determined by the noise intensity,or a ΦDP penalty threshold strategy through which a special value is designed for ΦDP de-noising.Then,a hard-or soft-threshold function,depending on the de-noising purpose,is selected to reconstruct the signal.Combining the three noise suppression strategies and the two signal reconstruction functions,and without loss of generality,two schemes are presented to verify the de-noising effect by dbN wavelets：（1） the penalty threshold strategy with the soft threshold function scheme （PSS）; （2） the ΦDP penalty threshold strategy with the soft threshold function scheme （PPSS）.Furthermore,the wavelet de-noising is compared with the mean,median,Kalman,and finite impulse response （FIR） methods with simulation data and two actual cases.The results suggest that both of the two schemes perform well,especially when ΦDP data are simultaneously polluted by various scales and types of noises.A slight difference is that the PSS method can retain more detail,and the PPSS can smooth the signal more successfully.

Intelligent System for Mask Phase-Shifter Design

讨论了一个用于相移掩模智能设计的专家系统。这个系统包括输入输出系统，仿真系统，知识库系统，人—机接口，黑板系统。它有一个包括图形获取、预处理、模式抽取、搜索与解释、图形复合与输出等环节的工作过程。系统的软件实现运用了面向对象的表示方法。

多级离散扩展移相控制双有源桥DC-DC变换器的原理、参数设计与性能

该文提出一种双有源桥(DAB)DC-DC变换器的多级离散扩展移相(MD-EPS)控制,旨在提升DAB DC-DC变换器系统的动态响应性能。同时,考虑效率优化,兼顾额定功率范围、输出电压纹波等性能指标,研究MD-EPS控制的离散参数分布方式对控制性能的影响及参数设计方法。通过搭建160 W小功率实验样机对MD-EPS的控制性能进行了验证。实验结果表明,与传统扩展移相控制相比,DABDC-DC变换器的MD-EPS控制能够大幅提升变换器系统的动态响应速度(响应时间缩短99.95%),最高效率为94.54%。

Nonlinear effect of the structured light profilometry in the phase-shifting method and error correction

Digital structured light （SL） profilometry is increasingly used in three-dimensional （3D） measurement technology. However, the nonlinearity of the off-the-shelf projectors and cameras seriously reduces the measurement accuracy. In this paper, first, we review the nonlinear effects of the projector-camera system in the phase-shifting structured light depth measurement method. We show that high order harmonic wave components lead to phase error in the phase-shifting method. Then a practical method based on frequency domain filtering is proposed for nonlinear error reduction. By using this method, the nonlinear calibration of the SL system is not required. Moreover, both the nonlinear effects of the projector and the camera can be effectively reduced. The simulations and experiments have verified our nonlinear correction method.

Comparative analysis of phase extraction methods based on phase-stepping and shifting curve in grating interferometry

Two phase extraction methods which are based separately on phase-stepping and shifting curve are mainly used in phase-sensitive imaging in gating interferometry to determine the x-ray phase shift induced by an object in the beam. In this paper, the authors perform a full comparative analysis and present the main virtues and limitations of these two methods according to the theoretical analysis of the grating interferometry.

Phase-shifting digital holography in image reconstruction

A phase-shifting digital holography scheme developed to investigate internal defects in artworks is described. Phase-shifting is utilized to obtain a clear reconstructed object wave from a rough surface texture. A reverse-transform algorithm is employed to reconstruct the object wave on its original position of unknown distance or the imaging position from the object wave information on the holographic plane. To get the clearest reconstruction the exact registration of the unknown distance is determined by applying the intensity sum as the auto-focusing function, The spatial resolution of the reconstruction image is also investigated for a variety of affecting factors. Laboratory results of reconstruction images under deformation are presented.

An encryption scheme based on phase-shifting digital holography and amplitude-phase disturbance

In this paper, we propose an encryption scheme based on phase-shifting digital interferometry. According to the original system framework, we add a random amplitude mask and replace the Fourier transform by the Fresnel transform. We develop a mathematical model and give a discrete formula based on the scheme, which makes it easy to implement the scheme in computer programming. The experimental results show that the improved system has a better performance in security than the original encryption method. Moreover, it demonstrates a good capability of anti-noise and anti-shear robustness.