Method for array gain and phase uncertainties calibration based on ISM and ESPRIT

A new method for array calibration of array gain and phase uncertainties, which severely degrade the performance of spatial spectrum estimation, is presented. The method is based on the idea of the instrumental sensors method （ISM）, two well-calibrated sensors are added into the original array. By applying the principle of estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques （ESPRIT）, the direction-of-arrivals （DOAs） and uncertainties can be estimated simultaneously through eigen-decomposition. Compared with the conventional ones, this new method has less computational complexity while has higher estimation precision, what＇s more, it can overcome the problem of ambiguity. Both theoretical analysis and computer simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

An Improved Calibration Method of Grating Projection Measurement System

In the traditional fringe projection profilometry system,the projector and the camera light center are both spatially virtual points.The spatial position relationships specified in the model are not easy to obtain,leading to inaccurate system parameters and affectingmeasurement accuracy.This paper proposes a method for solving the system parameters of the fringe projection profilometry system,and the spatial position of the camera and projector can be adjusted in accordance with the obtained calibration parameters.The steps are as follows:First,in accordance with the conversion relationship of the coordinate system in the calibration process,the calculation formula of the vertical distance from the camera light center to the reference plane and the calculation formula of the distance between the projector and the camera light center are given respectively.Secondly,according to the projector calibration principle,the position of the projector light axis perpendicular to the reference plane is gained by comparing the parallel relationship between the reference plane coordinate system and the projector coordinate system’s Z-axis.Then,in order to fulfill the position restriction that the line between the projector light center and the camera light center must be parallel to the reference plane,the camera’s spatial location is adjusted so that the vertical distance between it and the reference plane tends to that between the projector light center and the reference plane.And finally,the three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction of the target object can be finished using the phase height model’s system parameters once the aforementioned position limitations are put into practice.Experimental results demonstrate that the method improves the measurement accuracy,and verifies that it is effective and available in 3D shape measurement.

A Precise Calibration Method on Phase Center of Uplink Antenna Array Considering Its Actual Pointing

With regard to the inferior techniques and low accuracy of phase center calibration of an antenna array, this paper proposes a new calibration method considering the actual antenna pointing by introducing a precise engineering surveying technique to measure the real state of antennas. First, an industrial photogrammetric system is utilized to obtain the coordinates of points on antenna panels in different postures, and the actual pointing of the mechanical axis is obtained via least-squares fitting. Then, based on this, the coordinates of antenna rotation center are obtained by seeking the intersection of mechanical axes via using the matrix method. Finally, the mechanical axis in arbitrary postures is estimated based on the inverse-angle weighting interpolation method, and the reliable phase center is obtained by moving a fixed length from the projective center along the mechanical axis. An uplink antenna array including three ? 3 m antennas is taken as experimental object, and all photogrammetric coordinate systems are unified by the engineering control network, with each antenna phase center precisely calibrated via the proposed method. The results of electrical signal synthesis indicate that this method can effectively overcome the influence of gravity deformation and mechanical installation error, and enhance the synthetic signal magnitude of the uplink antenna array.

Impact of Phase Noise on TDMS Based Calibration for Spaceborne Multi-Beam Antennas

For spaceborne multi-beam antennas(MBAs), time division multiplexed switching(TDMS) based calibration receiver can reduce implementation costs effectively and is very suitable for large-scale applications. However, in practice, random phase noise imposed by noisy local oscillators can cause significant performance degradation in TDMS-based calibration systems. Characterization of phase noise effects is therefore crucial for practical applications. In this paper, we analyze the impact of phase noise on the calibration performance for a MBA system. Specifically, we derive the relationship between the probability of correct amplitude/phase estimation and various practical factors involving the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), the standard deviation of phase noise, the given tolerance region, and the length of the spreading code. The results provide high efficiency for evaluating the calibration performance of the MBAs based on TDMS, especially for precisely anticipating the impact of phase noise. Finally, the accuracy of the derived results is assessed by simulations in different scenarios.

Experimental demonstration of a fast calibration method for integrated photonic circuits with cascaded phase shifters

With the development of research on integrated photonic quantum information processing,the integration level of the integrated quantum photonic circuits has been increasing continuously,which makes the calibration of the phase shifters on the chip increasingly difficult.For the calibration of multiple cascaded phase shifters that is not easy to be decoupled,the resources consumed by conventional brute force methods increase exponentially with the number of phase shifters,making it impossible to calibrate a relatively large number of cascaded phase shifters.In this work,we experimentally validate an efficient method for calibrating cascaded phase shifters that achieves an exponential increase in calibration efficiency compared to the conventional method,thus solving the calibration problem for multiple cascaded phase shifters.Specifically,we experimentally calibrate an integrated quantum photonic circuit with nine cascaded phase shifters and achieve a high-precision calibration with an average fidelity of 99.26%.

Sensor array calibration for uniform rectangular array in presence of mutual coupling and sensor gain-and-phase errors

The sensor array calibration methods tailored to uniform rectangular array(URA)in the presence of mutual coupling and sensor gain-and-phase errors were addressed.First,the mutual coupling model of the URA was studied,and then a set of steering vectors corresponding to distinct locations were numerically computed with the help of several time-disjoint auxiliary sources with known directions.Then,the optimization modeling with respect to the array error matrix(defined by the product of mutual coupling matrix and sensor gain-and-phase errors matrix)was constructed.Two preferable algorithms(called algorithm I and algorithm II)were developed to minimize the cost function.In algorithm I,the array error matrix was regarded as a whole parameter to be estimated,and the exact solution was available.Compared to some existing algorithms with the similar computation framework,algorithm I can make full use of the potentially linear characteristics of URA's error matrix,thus,the calibration precision was obviously enhanced.In algorithm II,the array error matrix was decomposed into two matrix parameters to be optimized.Compared to algorithm I,it can further decrease the number of unknowns and,thereby,yield better estimation accuracy.However,algorithm II was incapable of producing the closed-form solution and the iteration operation was unavoidable.Simulation results validate the excellent performances of the two novel algorithms compared to some existing calibration algorithms.

A pressure calibration method for a portable wide-access “panoramic” cell

A simple and convenient pressure calibration method is developed for a newly designed portable wide-access ＇panoramic＇ cell. This cell is adapted to angle-dispersive-mode high-pressure in situ neutron diffraction of reactor neutron sources. This pressure calibration method has established a relationship between the cell pressure and the anvil displace- ment （gasket compression） based on the fixed-point calibration technique. By employing TiZr gasket with a thickness of 3 mm and WC anvil with a culet of 4 mm diameter, the average anvil displacements are 1.31 mm and 2.22 mm for Bi phase transitions （2.55 GPa and 7.7 GPa）, and 1.85 mm for Ba phase transitions （5.5 GPa）, respectively. In this pressure range, the pressure increases quickly with decreasing gasket thickness, and undergoes a linear increase with the anvil displacement. By extrapolating the calibration curve, the cell pressure will achieve 10 GPa when the anvil displacement is around 2.5 ram.

2.7-4.0 GHz PLL with dual-mode auto frequency calibration for navigation system on chip

A 2.7-4.0 GHz dual-mode auto frequency calibration(AFC) fast locking PLL was designed for navigation system on chip(SoC). The SoC was composed of one radio frequency(RF) receiver, one baseband and several system control parts. In the proposed AFC block, both analog and digital modes were designed to complete the AFC process. In analog mode, the analog part sampled and detected the charge pump output tuning voltage, which would give the indicator to digital part to adjust the voltage control oscillator(VCO) capacitor bank. In digital mode, the digital part counted the phase lock loop(PLL) divided clock to judge whether VCO frequency was fast or slow. The analog and digital modes completed the auto frequency calibration function independently by internal switch. By designing a special switching algorithm, the switch of the digital and analog mode could be realized anytime during the lock and unlock detecting process for faster and more stable locking. This chip is fabricated in 0.13 μm RF complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS) process, and the VCO supports the frequency range from 2.7 to 4.0 GHz. Tested 3.96 GHz frequency phase noise is -90 d Bc/Hz@100 k Hz frequency offset and -120 d Bc/Hz@1 MHz frequency offset. By using the analog mode in lock detection and digital mode in unlock detection, tested AFC time is less than 9 μs and the total PLL lock time is less than 19 μs. The SoC acquisition and tracking sensitivity are about-142 d Bm and-155 d Bm, respectively. The area of the proposed PLL is 0.35 mm^2 and the total SoC area is about 9.6 mm^2.

Calibration and Validation of the GR2M Hydrologic Model in the Kouilou-Niari Basin in Southwestern Congo-Brazzaville

The hydrologic simulation of a catchment area, described as the transformation of rainfall into runoff, generally uses hydrologic model. This work opts for the global conceptual hydrologic model GR2M, a monthly time step model, to study the Kouilou-Niari basin, the second most important ones of the Republic of Congo. This includes two parameters to model the hydrologic behavior of a catchment area. The choice of the conceptual model GR2M is justified by the reduced number of parameters and the monthly time scale. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristic parameters of the GR2M model, by a calibrating and a validating procedure. The use of these parameters enables to follow the evolution of the water resources from the climatic variables. It has been first carried out a characterization of some physical, geological and climatic factors governing the flow, by dealing with the main climatic variables which constitute the inputs of the hydrologic model. Then, a hydrologic rainfall-runoff modeling allows to calibrate and validate the model at monthly time scale. Taking into account the number of parameters involved in hydrologic processes and the complexity of the cathment area, this model gives acceptable results throughout the Kouilou-Niari basin. The values of the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion and those of the correlation coefficient obtained are greater than 80% in validation, which explains the performance and robustness of the GR2M model on this basin.

基于Adam算法的光学相控阵输出光束校准方法

基于微纳集成的光波导相控阵芯片是近年来激光雷达技术领域的研究热点.随着激光雷达系统空间分辨这一实际应用需求的不断提高,作为激光雷达系统中的光束控制器件,光波导相控阵需要扩大阵列规模以提升输出光束的空间分辨率.同时也为光波导相控阵输出光束的优化校准带来了困难,现有算法不仅光束校准质量不高,且校准效率较低.为此,本文将Adam算法应用于光波导相控阵输出光束校准系统中,通过建模仿真比较了Adam算法与现有SPGD算法和GS算法在光束校准层面上的优劣.同时,搭建实验系统实现了高质量的光束校准,根据校准结果,在Adam算法校准下光波导相控阵输出光束的主旁瓣比优于15.98 dB,对16×16光波导相控阵输出光束校准达到收敛所需的迭代次数低于600次.这一算法在光波导相控阵输出光束校准方面的应用,能够提高光波导相控阵的控制精度和效率,拓展光波导相控阵在激光雷达技术、数字全息技术和生物成像技术等方面的应用.

基于反相法的中场校准技术研究

在相控阵天线研制中,阵面校准是非常重要的一环。对比各种校准方法,中场法使用设备少、测试效率高,因而获得了广泛的应用。通常情况下,阵面中的T/R组件内设计有三态开关(发射态、接收态、负载态),中场测试时,通过“逐路通”的方式(逐一选通T/R组件的射频通道,非被测通道处于负载状态),得到所有通道的发射通道(或接收通道)的幅相数据。但在“芯片化”T/R组件组成的阵面中,开关隔离度有限,泄露信号严重干扰被测信号,甚至无法进行正常的故障判断。本文讨论一种基于反相法的中场校准方法,分析了该方法的误差量级,最后通过远场波瓣测试验证了该方法的有效性。

一种大型相控阵雷达外场高精度相位校正方法

针对大型相控阵雷达外场相位校正受风影响无法保证校正精度的难题,本文提出了一种外场高精度相位分级校正方法。采用激光标定法测量标校源风载条件下的晃动曲线和最大晃动速度,根据雷达工作频段及校正精度要求,计算出标校源最大晃动速度条件下的最小保精度校正时间,以最小保精度校正时间作为分级子阵规模划分的依据,通过多级校正完成全阵外场校正。仿真测试结果表明:在5级风载条件下,X波段相位校正精度均方根小于5.8°,最大栅瓣电平降低了9 dB,达到模拟移相器可以实现的精度要求。

双线偏振全数字相控阵天气雷达设计与试验

基于极端灾害性天气对高时空分辨率的探测需求,提出了一种采用平板阵列天线和全数字收发组件,并具有双线偏振功能的S波段相控阵天气雷达系统的实现方法,并对涉及的关键技术进行了研究分析,提出了基于脉内频相扫多波束的扫描策略设计,以及基于机内标定系统的在线标定设计思路。最后采用研制的工程样机开展了强对流天气观测试验,并与CINRAD/SAD雷达的观测数据进行了对比,对比结果表明采用该方法设计的工程样机对强对流天气的观测具有一定优势。

一种相控阵雷达横滚角标校方法

提出了一种相控阵雷达横滚角标校方法,利用相控阵雷达横滚角与目标俯仰角测量误差之间的近似线性关系,结合雷达自带的角度测量误差标定手段,快速地计算得到雷达的横滚角,进而大幅提高相控阵雷达的角度测量精度。实验证明,使用该方法计算得到的横滚角与使用激光测量仪器测得的横滚角结果精度相当,完全能够满足高精度测量雷达的需求。

宽带分裂波束探鱼仪相位校准与方位角估计模块的实现

宽带分裂波束探鱼仪在渔业资源调查中有着广泛应用,其方位角估计精度决定了能否准确确定目标鱼群的方向和位置。为了提高方位估计的精度和效率,提出了一种基于改进的正交数字下变频技术的相位校准算法,对该算法进行了仿真,并基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)实现了该算法;然后采用Vitis HLS平台构建了方位角估计知识产权(IP)核,在提高方位角估计精度的同时降低了浮点计算时延;最后用信号发生器进行了测试。结果显示:模块的方位角估计误差不超过0.05°,整体计算延迟不超过420 ns,逻辑资源消耗不超过45%,与系统指标相符。该研究成果已成功应用于宽带分裂波束探鱼仪中,显著提升了系统精度和性能,并产生了一定的经济效益。

基于ARM+FPGA的电压监测仪现场校验装置设计与实现

针对电压监测仪因受器件老化及现场环境影响等导致测量准确度降低和现场校验困难等问题,提出了一种基于ARM+FPGA的电压监测仪现场校验设计方案。介绍了校验系统的校验原理及指标,并给出了校验系统的组成及设计原理框图;详细阐述了ARM+FPGA主控模块、幅值调整电路、滤波电路、功率放大电路和通信电路等硬件模块设计。考虑到日趋严重的电网谐波污染,引入鲁棒锁相环实现谐波电压检测以提高监测精度。给出校验系统的软件设计流程,并实现电压监测及误差校验等功能。在无谐波和有谐波环境下进行了系统准确度和长时间稳定度测试。实验结果表明,该校验装置能产生精度为0.05级的标准电压源,以满足校验和长时间工作稳定性要求,有效解决了电压监测仪现场校验难题。

一种多段式VCO频率校准电路及方法

设计了一种多段式压控振荡器(Voltage Controlled Oscillator,VCO)频率校准电路,用于多段式VCO在锁相环应用中输出频率的分段情况进行校准,并完成了详细电路设计。基于该电路,提出了一种便于实现的多段式VCO频率校准方法,使用该方法对设计实例中的多段式VCO进行频率校准。频率校准电路和校准方法应用于8~16 GHz超低相位噪声频率合成器的设计需求中,设置合理的校准变量,分别使用传统方法和优化后的校准方法对多段式VCO进行校准,使用优化后的校准方法比传统校准方法的校准结果频率准确度更高。

RFreeTrack:基于差分相位全息图的RFID非接触式鲁棒定位系统

针对复杂室内环境非接触式RFID目标定位误差大的问题,提出了RFreeTrack系统,其使用商用RFID设备计算出目标反射信号,实现了复杂环境下高精度非接触式目标定位。首先,提出了一种基于时间序列相似度的搜索方法用于校准静态信号,从而显著增强了目标反射信号提取的鲁棒性。然后,提出了基于差分相位全息图的非接触式定位方法,排除阅读器天线位置的影响,提升了定位准确度,降低了系统的部署难度。最后,实现了一个高精度的非接触式定位系统原型。实验表明,在复杂环境中使用校准后的静态信号提取出的目标反射信号相位,相较于现有方法误差降低了68.8%。基于校准过的静态反射信号,在复杂环境中使用差分相位全息图的定位误差平均值为0.040 8 m,相较于现有方法提升了50.6%。

基于5 μm厚向列相液晶的高效圆极化相控阵系统的设计、校准和实验验证

This paper presents a systematic investigation and demonstration of a K-band circularly polarized liquidcrystal-based phased array(LCPA),including the design,over-the-air(OTA)in-array calibration,and experimental validation.The LCPA contains 16 phase-shifting radiating channels,each consisting of a circularly polarized stacked patch antenna and a liquid-crystal-based phase shifter(LCPS)based on a loaded differential line structure.Thanks to its slow-wave properties,the LCPS exhibits a maximum phase-shifting range of more than 360°with a figure of merit of 78.3(°)·dB^(-1)based on a liquid crystal layer with a thickness of only 5μm.Furthermore,an automatic OTA calibration based on a state ergodic method is proposed,which enables the extraction of the phase-voltage curve of every individual LCPA channel.The proposed LCPA is manufactured and characterized with a total profile of only 1.76 mm,experimentally demonstrating a scanned circularly polarized beam from-40°to+40°with a measured peak gain of 12.5 dBic and a scanning loss of less than 2.5 dB.The bandwidth of the LCPA,which satisfies the require-ments of port reflection(|S_(11)|)<-15 dB,an axial ratio(AR)<3 dB,beam squinting<3°,and a gain variation<2.2 dB,spans from 25.5 to 26.0 GHz.The total efficiency is about 34%,which represents a new state of the art.The use of the demonstrated low-profile LCPA to support circularly polarized scanning beams,along with the systematic design and calibration methodology,holds potential promise for a variety of millimeter-wave applications.

线性剪切空间调制快拍成像偏振仪动态定标数据处理技术

基于动态定标的线性剪切空间调制快拍成像测偏技术能够在动态环境(如温度变化)下对目标偏振信息进行更精确的实时测量,但实验噪声会引起反演图像的条状畸变。针对这一问题,系统分析了快拍成像偏振仪动态定标技术原理和目标相位的定量求解过程,提出了结合相位差分与双线性插值算法的噪声识别与相位修正方法。实验和计算结果表明,经过相位求解和修正计算,条带状失真得到去除,反演成像质量提升。为高相位变化和低信噪比环境下空间调制快拍成像测偏技术的实时应用提供支持,推动其在动态环境下的工程实际应用进程。