The heat balance on the sea surface in the mature phase of 1982/83 El Nino event

Using the air-sea data set of January, 1983 (the mature phase of the 1982/83 El Nino event), the net radiation on the sea surface, the fluxes of the latent and the sensible heat from ocean to the atmosphere and the net heat gain of the sea surface are calculated over the Indian and the Pacific Oceans for the domain of 35°N-35°S and 45°E-75°W. The results indicate that the upward transfer of the latent and the sensible heat fluxes over the winter hemisphere is larger than that over the summer hemisphere. The sensible heat over the tropical mid Pacific in the Southern Hemisphere is transported from the atmosphere to the ocean, though its magnitude is rather small. The latent heat flux gained by the air over the eastern Pacific is less than the mean value of the normal year. The net radiation, on which the cloud amount has considerable impact, is essentially zonally distributed. Moreover, the sea surface temperature (SST) has a very good correlation with the net radiation, the region of warm SST coinciding with that of the low net radiation. The net radiation obtained by the mid Pacific Ocean is reduced by the SST anomaly during the El Nino event, whereas the atmosphere over there get more latent heat flux, and this results in the diminution of the net heat gain of the ocean. The overview of the heat budget is that the ocean over the winter hemisphere is the energy source of the atmosphere, and that over the summer hemisphere its energy sink.

Progress in weldability research of duplex stainless steels

Duplex stainless steels(DSSs)show better corrosion resistance with higher strength than traditional austenite stainless steels in many aggressive environments,and can be welded properly with almost every welding processes,if proper heat input is provided.Progresses of research works on weldability of DSSs in recent years are reviewed in this paper.Balance control of ferrite/austenite phases is most important for DSSs welding.The phases balance can be controlled with filler materials,nitrogen addition in shielding gas,heat input,post weld heat treatment,and alternating magnetic field.Too high cooling rate results in not only extra ferrite,but also chromium nitride precipitation.While too low cooling rate or heating repeatedly results in precipitation of secondary austenite and intermetallic compounds.In both situations,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the DSS joints deteriorate.Recommended upper and lower limits of heat input and maximum interpass temperature should be observed.

Review of Distribution Network Phase Unbalance: Scale, Causes, Consequences, Solutions, and Future Research Directions

Phase unbalance is widespread in the distribution networks in the UK,continental Europe,US,China,and other countries and regions.This paper first reviews the mass scale of phase unbalance and its causes and consequences.Three challenges arise from phase rebalancing:the scalability,data scarcity,and adaptability(towards changing unbalance over time).Solutions to address the challenges are:1)using retrofit table,maintenance-free,automatic solutions to overcome the scalability challenge;2)using data analytics to overcome the data-scarcity challenge;and 3)using phase balancers or other online phase rebalancing solutions to overcome the adaptability challenge.This paper categorizes existing phase rebalancing solutions into three classes:1)load/lateral re-phasing;2)using phase balancers;3)controlling energy storage,electric vehicles,distributed generation,and micro-grids for phase rebalancing.Their advantages and limitations are analyzed and ways to overcome their limitations are recommended.Finally,this paper suggests future research topics:1)long-term forecast of phase unbalance;2)the whole-system analysis of the unbalance-induced costs;3)the phase unbalance diagnosis for data-scarce LV networks;4)techno-commercial solutions to exploit the flexibility from large three-phase customers for phase balancing;5)the optimal placement of phase balancers;6)the transition from single-phase customers to three-phase customers.