Principle and Implementation of an MC4044-Based Phase Locked Loop for Constant Speed Control

An inexpensive MC4044-based phase locked loop for constant speed control of a DC motor is discussed. It operates on a principle similar to that of a frequency synthesizer. The paper introduces the system configuration with a detailed description of its operating principle, some practical design considerations are discussed with an experimental study to test the control performance of the newly designed system. The experimental result shows that the phase locked control system can regulate the speed of a DC torque motor with a precision up to 0.0022%(1).[

A novel high precision Doppler frequency estimation method based on the third-order phase-locked loop

In deep space exploration,many engineering and scientific requirements require the accuracy of the measured Doppler frequency to be as high as possible.In our paper,we analyze the possible frequency measurement points of the third-order phase-locked loop(PLL)and find a new Doppler measurement strategy.Based on this finding,a Doppler frequency measurement algorithm with significantly higher measurement accuracy is obtained.In the actual data processing,compared with the existing engineering software,the accuracy of frequency of 1 second integration is about 5.5 times higher when using the new algorithm.The improved algorithm is simple and easy to implement.This improvement can be easily combined with other improvement methods of PLL,so that the performance of PLL can be further improved.

A novel Doppler frequency measurement method based on the closed-loop signal correlation for deep space exploration

In deep space exploration,it is necessary to improve the accuracy of frequency measurement to meet the requirements of precise orbit determination and various scientific studies.A phase detector is one of the key modules that restricts the tracking performance of phase-locked loop(PLL).Based on the phase relationship between adjacent signals in the time domain,a novel phase detector is presented to replace the arctangent phase detector.The new PLL,which is a closed loop signal correlation algorithm,shows good performance in tracking signals with high precision and the tracking accuracy of frequency of1 second integration is close to Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB)when setting proper parameters.Actual data processing results further illustrate the excellent performance of the novel PLL.

Dual-Delay-Path Ring Oscillator with Self-Biased Delay Cells for Clock Generation

This work summarizes the structure and operating features of a high-performance 3-stage dual-delay-path (DDP) voltage-controlled ring oscillator (VCRO) with self-biased delay cells for Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) structurebased clock generation and digital system driving. For a voltage supply VDD = 1.8 V, the resulting set of performance parameters include power consumption PDC = 4.68 mW and phase noise PN@1MHz = -107.8 dBc/Hz. From the trade-off involving PDC and PN, a system level high performance is obtained considering a reference figure-of-merit ( FoM = -224 dBc/Hz ). Implemented at schematic level by applying CMOS-based technology (UMC L180), the proposed VCRO was designed at Cadence environment and optimized at MunEDA WiCkeD tool.

Joint frequency offset tracking and PAPR reduction algorithm in OFDM systems

This paper presents an algorithm that aims to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio（PAPR） of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） communication systems while maintaining frequency tracking.The algorithm achieves PAPR reduction by applying the complex conjugates of the data symbol obtained from the frequency domain to cancel the phase of the data symbol.A likelihood estimator is used to obtain the sub-carrier phase error due to the residual carrier frequency offset（RCFO） using the same complex conjugates as a pilot signal.Furthermore,a joint time and frequency domain multicarrier phase locked loop（MPLL） is developed to compensate additional frequency offset.Simulation results show that this algorithm is capable of reducing PAPR without impacting the frequency tracking performance.

Stable multi-frequency generator based on phase-locked optical frequency combs

A photonic generation of multi-frequency source based on the heterodyne of two phase-locked optical frequency combs（OFCs） is proposed and demonstrated.By applying an optical phase-locked loop,the phase noise induced by optical links is decreased by approximately 70,66,and 35 dB at 0.01,0.1,and 1.0 Hz offset frequencies,respectively.The proposed scheme provides 8 radio frequency signals,the frequencies of which span from 540 to 4040 MHz,with a 500-MHz interval.The number of generated signals can be readily scaled by using OFCs with broader bands,whereas the frequencies can be scaled by tuning the repetition rates of OFCs.

A PLL Clock Frequency Multiplier Using Dynamic Current Matching Adaptive Charge-Pump and VCO Frequency Reuse

A 3.5 times PLL clock frequency multiplier for low voltage different signal （LVDS） driver is presented. A novel adaptive charge pump can automatically switch the loop bandwidth and a voltage-controlled oscillator （VCO） is designed with the aid of frequency ranges reuse technology. The circuit is implemented using 1st Silicon 0.25 μm mixed-signal complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor （CMOS） process. Simulation results show that the PLL clock frequency multiplier has very low phase noise and very short capture time .

Fixed Point Iteration Chaos Controlled ZCDPLL

The stable operation of first and second order Zero Crossing Digital Phase Locked Loop (ZCDPLL) is extended by using a Fixed Point Iteration (FPI) method with relaxation. The non-linear components of ZCDPLL such as sampler phase detector and Digital Controlled Oscillator (DCO) lead to unstable and chaotic operation when the filter gains are high. FPI will be used to stabilize the chaotic operation and consequently extend the lock range of the loop. The proposed stabilized loop can work in higher filter gains which are needed for faster signal acquisition.

Improved PLL Tuning of Shunt Active Power Filter for Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Energy System

This research work brings out the unique predictive current control method for attaining an efficient grid connected Photo Voltaic (PV) system by Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) as grid connected converter. The major objective of the research work is to address the presence of Direct Current (DC) component, frequency improvement, quicker theta response, voltage magnitude estimation in the input signal of the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) which is challenging. This work focuses on tuning the PLL block (Kp, Ki, Kv and Ko) through Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm. The proposed ABC based modified three-phase PLL method is based on adding a new loop inside the PLL structure. In power converters, ABC algorithm is used to select the optimal switching states. The voltage vector which minimizes a cost optimization function is selected. Simulation is carried out for both balanced and unbalanced system and the results validate that the performance of the proposed approach is better in terms of harmonic compensation as per the IEEE standards within ±5%, power factor improvement of the system, quicker theta tracking and suppression of frequency jump with the interconnection of PV system.

Approach to blind estimation of the PN sequence in DS-SS signals with residual carrier

This paper presents an approach of singular value de- composition plus digital phase lock loop to solve the difficult problem of blind pseudo-noise （PN） sequence estimation in low signal to noise ratios （SNR） direct sequence spread spectrum （DS-SS） signals with residual carrier. This approach needs some given parameters, such as the period and code rate of PN sequence. The received signal is firstly sampled and divided into non-overlapping signal vectors according to a temporal window, whose duration is two periods of PN sequence. An autocorrelation matrix is then computed and accumulated by those signal vectors one by one. The PN sequence with residual carrier can be estimated by the principal eigenvector of the autocorrelation matrix. Further more, a digital phase lock loop is used to process the estimated PN sequence, it estimates and tracks the residual carrier and removes the residual carrier in the end. Theory analysis and computer simulation results show that this approach can effectively realize the PN sequence blind estimation from the input DS-SS signals with residual carrier in lower SNR.

Simple and robust method for rapid cooling of 87Rb to quantum degeneracy

We demonstrate a simple and fast way to produce 87Rb Bose–Einstein condensates. A digital optical phase lock loop(OPLL) board is introduced to lock and adjust the frequency of the trap laser, which simplifies the optical design and improves the experimental efficiency. We collect atoms in a magneto-optical trap, then compress the cloud and cut off hot atoms by rf knife in a magnetic quadrupole trap. The atom clouds are then transferred into a spatially mode-matched optical dipole trap by lowering the quadrupole field gradient. Our system reliably produces a condensate with 2 × 106 atoms every7.5 s. The compact optical design and rapid preparation speed of our system will open the gate for mobile quantum sensing.

High-FM-linearity wideband chirp generator

An S-band wideband chirp generator using specially designed fast lock phase lock loop（FL-PLL） was demonstrated.To realize high linearity,structure of direct digital synthesizer（DDS） plus FL-PLL was used.DDS gives ideal linearity while FL-PLL retains the linearity and provides radio frequency.The system block diagrams were showed and the timing relationships of the components were provided.Two important considerations of the system,wideband loop and wideband voltage control oscillator（VCO）,were discussed;meanwhile,after analyzing the considerations,corresponding solutions were presented.Measurement results show that the generated 2560MHz to 2960MHz chirp reaches a high FM linearity of 0.003%.

Design of Power System Stabilizer for DFIG-based Wind Energy Integrated Power Systems Under Combined Influence of PLL and Virtual Inertia Controller

Wind energy systems (WESs) based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) have enormous potential for meeting the future demands related to clean energy. Due to the low inertia and intermittency of power injection, a WES is equipped with a virtual inertial controller (VIC) to support the system during a frequency deviation event. The frequency deviation measured by a phase locked loop (PLL) installed on a point of common coupling (PCC) bus is the input signal to the VIC. However, a VIC with an improper inertial gain could deteriorate the damping of the power system, which may lead to instability. To address this issue, a mathematical formulation for calculating the synchronizing and damping torque coefficients of a WES-integrated single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) system while considering PLL and VIC dynamics is proposed in this paper. In addition, a power system stabilizer (PSS) is designed for wind energy integrated power systems to enhance electromechanical oscillation damping. A small-signal stability assessment is performed using the infinite bus connected to a synchronous generator of higher-order dynamics integrated with a VIC-equipped WES. Finally, the performance and robustness of the proposed PSS is demonstrated through time-domain simulation in SMIB and nine-bus test systems integrated with WES under several case studies.

Low C/N_0 Carrier Tracking Loop Based on Optimal Estimation Algorithm in GPS Software Receivers

Suppressing jitter noises in a phase locked loop（ PLL） is of great importance in order to keep precise and continuous track of global positioning system （GPS）signals characterized by low carrier-to-noise ratio（ C/No ）. This article proposes and analyzes an improved Kalman-filter-based PLL to process weak carrier signals in GPS software receivers. After reviewing the optimal-bandwidth-based traditional second-order PLL, a Kalman-filter-based estimation algorithm is implemented for the new PLL by decorrelating the model error noises and the measurement noises. Finally,the efficiency of this new Kalman-filter-based PLL is verified by experimental data. Compared to the traditional second-order PLL, this new PLL is in position to make correct estimation of the carrier phase differences and Doppler shifts with less overshoots and noise disturbances and keeps an effective check on the disturbances out of jitter noises in PLL. The results show that during processing normal signals,this improved PLL reduces the standard deviation from 0. 010 69 cycle to 0. 007 63 cycle, and for weak signal processing,the phase jitter range and the Doppler shifts can be controlled within ± 17° and ±5 Hz as against ±25° and ＋ 15 Hz by the traditional PLL.

134-W phase locking of two-dimensional four-fiber lasers with improved self-imaging resonator

We experimentally demonstrate the phase locking of a two-dimensional （2D） array of four fiber lasers using an improved self-imaging resonator with a spatial filter. The high visibility interference round stripes of the coherent beam profile are observed. The coherent output power of the fiber array exceeds 134 W. Tile entire system operates quite stably, and no thermal effects observe in the spatial filter, indicating that the coherent output power can be increased using this method.

High-precision optical phase-locking based on wideband acousto-optical frequency shifting

We present a high-precision optical phase-locking based on wideband acousto-optical frequency shifting.Increasing the modulating bandwidth stabilizes the loop at a high loop gain,thus improving phase correction capability.An optical phase-locked loop with a wide control bandwidth is constructed.The closed-loop residual phase error is only 0.26°or smaller than λ/1000.The loop exhibits excellent correction capability for high-frequency noises.The correctable frequency range reaches 35 kHz when the noise amplitude is ±λ/2,and becomes even wider for smaller noise amplitudes.

Lock threshold deterioration induced by antenna vibration and signal coupling effects in hypersonic vehicle carrier tracking system of Ka band

The envelope of a hypersonic vehicle is affected by severe fluctuating pressure, which causes the airborne antenna to vibrate slightly. This vibration mixes with the transmitted signals and thus introduces additional multiplicative phase noise. Antenna vibration and signal coupling effects as well as their influence on the lock threshold of the hypersonic vehicle carrier tracking system of the Ka band are investigated in this study. A vibration model is initially established to obtain phase noise in consideration of the inherent relationship between vibration displacement and electromagnetic wavelength. An analytical model of the Phase-Locked Loop（PLL）, which is widely used in carrier tracking systems, is established. The coupling effects on carrier tracking performance are investigated and quantitatively analyzed by imposing the multiplicative phase noise on the PLL model. Simulation results show that the phase noise presents a Gaussian distribution and is similar to vibration displacement variation. A large standard deviation in vibration displacement exerts a significant effect on the lock threshold. A critical standard deviation is observed in the PLL of Binary Phase Shift Keying（BPSK） and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying（QPSK） signals. The effect on QPSK signals is more severe than that on BPSK signals. The maximum tolerable standard deviations normalized by the wavelength of the carrier are 0.04 and 0.02 for BPSK and QPSK signals,respectively. With these critical standard deviations, lock thresholds are increased from à12 andà4 d B to 3 and à2 d B, respectively.

Optimized design of laser range finding system using the self-mixing effect in a single-mode VCSEL

An optimized design of laser range finding system using the self-mixing effect in a single-mode verticalcavity surface-emitting laser （VCSEL） is proposed. In order to improve the ranging accuracy and expand dynamic measurement range, we apply difference frequency analog phase-locked loop （PLL） instead of fast Fourier transform （FFT） to process signal, and choose the optimum triangular wave frequency .fm= 500 Hz and small modulation current △Ip p = 0.28 mA to modulate single-mode VCSEL. The experiment results show that, without controlling the laser＇s temperature, the ranging accuracy is better than 2 mm and the measurement dynamic range is as large as 50-500 mm when the sampling time is 0.1 s and the room temperature is 0--55℃.

A wideband frequency synthesizer for a receiver application at multiple frequencies

An integer-N frequency synthesizer for a receiver application at multiple frequencies was implemented in 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS technology. The synthesizer generates 2.57 GHz, 2.52 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 2.25 GHz local signals for the receiver. A wide-range voltage-controlled oscillator （VCO） based on a reconfigurable LC tank with a binaryweighted switched capacitor array and a switched inductor array is employed to cover the desired frequencies with a sufficient margin. The measured tuning range of the VCO is from 1.76 to 2.59 GHz. From the carriers of 2.57 GHz, 2.52 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 2.25 GHz, the measured phase noises are -122.13 dBc/Hz, -122.19 dBc/Hz, -121.8 dBc/Hz and -121.05 dBc/Hz, at 1 MHz offset, respectively. Their in-band phase noises are -80.09 dBc/Hz, -80.29 dBc/Hz, -83.05 dBc/Hz and -86.38 dBc/Hz, respectively. The frequency synthesizer including buffers consumes a total power of 70 mW from a 2 V power supply. The chip size is 1.5 × 1 mm2.

160-Gb/s polarization-multiplexing optical NRZ-DQPSK transmission using differential detection

Using differential detection, we perform polarization-multiplexing 160-Gb/s optical non-return-to-zero （NRZ） differential quadrature phase shift keying （DQPSK） signal transmission over 100-kin standard single mode fiber at a bit error rate （BER） of less than 10^-9. The enabling technology includes clock recovery, fine dispersion compensation, and polarization tracking for de-multiplexing. Furthermore, a hybrid clock recovery scheme is proposed. The scheme is realized with ordinary devices using an optoelectrical modulator to down-convert the clock frequency and a phase-locked loop for filtering, which can provide an indication signal that simultaneously monitors residual dispersion and tracking polarization.