Phenomenology of plume-surface interactions and preliminary results from the Tianwen-1 landing crater on Mars

The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cause obscuration,erosion of the planetary surface,and high-speed spreading of dust or high-energy ejecta streams,which will induce risks to a safe landing and cause damage to payloads on the landers or to nearby assets.Safe landings and the subsequent scientific goals of deep-space exploration in China call for a comprehensive understanding of the PSI process,including the plume flow mechanics,erosion mechanism,and ejecta dynamics.In addition,the landing crater caused by the plume provides a unique and insightful perspective on the understanding of PSI.In particular,the PSI can be used directly to constrain the composition,structure,and mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface soil.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of the phenomenology and terrestrial tests of PSI:we analyzed the critical factors in the PSI process and compared the differences in PSI phenomena between lunar and Martian conditions;we also reviewed the main erosion mechanisms and the evolution and development of terrestrial tests on PSI.We discuss the problems with PSI,challenges of terrestrial tests,and prospects of PSI,and we show the preliminary results obtained from the landing crater caused by the PSI of Tianwen-1.From analysis of the camera images and digital elevation model reconstructions,we concluded that the landing of Tianwen-1 caused the deepest crater(depth>40 cm)on a planetary surface reported to date and revealed stratigraphic layers in the subsurface of Martian soil.We further constrained the lower bounds of the mechanical properties of Martian soil by a slope stability analysis of the Tianwen-1 landing crater.The PSI may offer promising opportunities to obtain greater insights into planetary science,including the subsurface structure,mineral composition,and properties of soil.

A Review of G.G.Shpet’s Hermeneutic-Phenomenology

Based on the analysis of the philosophical source and the epistemological roots of G.G.Shpet’s hermeneutic-phenomenology,this article states that G.G.Shpet,as an important Russian representative of the turn“from ontology to epistemology”in the philosophy of language,not only inherited Husserlian phenomenology,but also combined phenomenology and hermeneutics together as to develop a unique form of hermeneutic-phenomenology,which is based on Husserl’s phenomenology,deeply influenced by Dilthey’s hermeneutics,and inherited Humboldt’s philosophy of language to some extend as well.Besides,the author points out that some of G.G.Shpet’s thoughts were also inherited from Slavophile and Moscow school of metaphysics.

Reflections on the Experience of Network Virtual Space FromPhenomenology of Technics

People create network virtual space that is completely different from the real space through network information technologies.The characteristics of network virtual space are that the subject can obtain a similar real space experience.From the perspective of phenomenology of technics,in order to analyze the virtual space of the network,it is necessary to clear the phenomenological concepts,such as space,space experience,and virtual space experience,so as to know the type of network virtual space experience,explore the essential characteristics,and find solutions to the ethical conflicts in the virtual space experience of the network.

Cogito, Phenomenology, and Christianity in Michel Henry

This article shows,in Michel Henry,the relationship that Descartes’cogito maintains with phenomenology and Christianity.Thus,this article first shows to see how the phenomenology of life is only possible through a reading of Descartes’cogito.For,in it is in the cogito that one discovers how the life of the ego relates the ego to itself by excluding from itself what is outside of itself in the reduction in which this ego is constituted.The article then observes that it is from the way in which the ego is constituted in its most radical immanence that Michel shows how Husserl confused the immanence of the ego with the transcendence which lies outside of the ego.The article finally explains how the ego which discovers itself in pure immanence is the institute of a phenomenology of life which remains the mode of being of the philosophy of Christianity.

Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Sample from a tertiary care center in Istanbul, Turkey

BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is a heterogeneous disease in many respects and exhibits this diversity in terms of phenomenology.It also displays several different characteristics in children compared to adults.AIM To describe the socio-demographic and phenomenological features of children with OCD and to investigate the impact of these features on response to pharmacotherapy.METHODS This retrospective study was carried out with 150 children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with OCD between 2014 and 2018.Data was collected by examining the files of the patients with diagnosis of OCD and similar disorders from the hospital database.Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for Children was used for the assessment of obsession-compulsion subtypes.The Clinical Global Impression(CGI)scale was used to evaluate the severity of the disease(CGI-S)and global improvement(CGI-I).The predictors of treatment response were evaluated using linear regression analysis.The level of significance for all statistic tests was set as P<0.05.RESULTS The sample was divided into prepubertal(44%)and adolescent(56%)age groups.The most prevalent obsessions were contamination and aggression obsessions,and the most frequent compulsions were washing and checking.While contamination was observed more commonly in the prepubertal age group,the religious obsession was seen more frequently in adolescents.Patients with aggression obsession presented a higher frequency of comorbid anxiety(P=0.022)and mood subgroups(P>0.05).A lower CGI-I score was linked to a lower CGI-S score(95%confidence interval 0.21-0.39,P<0.001)and the prepubertal age of admission(95%confidence interval 0.03-0.87,P=0.020).CONCLUSION The phenomenology of OCD shows differences depending on the age group and the comorbid psychiatric disorders.Earlier identification and treatment of OCD may help to prevent the impairment of the mental health of children and adolescents.

Bolzano and Phenomenology

Bolzano’s invention of“pure logic”in his Theory of Science laid the foundation for Husserl’s establishment of phenomenology,because Husserl also established a“guidance of pure logic”in Logical Investigations.However,in Husserl’s opinion,“pure logic”is only a necessary thing before the establishment of phenomenology;it is not the last thing in human thought,as well as it is not a core idea of“pure consciousness”.Therefore,Bolzano’s logical concept only promoted Husserl to a“primary phenomenology”,which was only the preparation and entrance of this phenomenological philosophy.

Ethics of Difference:Towards a Phenomenology of Inclusion

In this essay we propose notions of difference and equality as elements of a phenomenologically informed ethics.The proposed notions are tested on a diagnosis of inclusion,and,in particular,inclusive education,both of which are leading values in contemporary public moral discourse and in the formulation of related policies.The value of inclusive practices is commonly seen in the circumstance that they safeguard difference while granting equality and realize equality without curtailing difference,thus creating conditions in which human dignity is respected.We ask in what sense,that is,according to what understanding of equality and difference,this is true.Our conclusion is that“the value of inclusion”is at least compatible with a merely formal sense of equality,which,at the same time,effectively negates human difference.On the other hand,the proposed phenomenological notions of difference and equality seem to provide an avenue towards a renewed understanding of the humanity of man,as well as of(inclusive)education as a manner of fostering that humanity.The interpretive framework for our analysis is given by Heidegger’s diagnosis of nihilism.The latter implies a notion of“values”as conditions of a dynamic of empowerment which has the“drive to more”as its intrinsic,constitutive motive.

Redrawing the Map of World Philosophy Based on the Spatial Experience:A Perspective from the Phenomenology of Space

The phenomenology of space is linked to the body experience, where the situatedness(Befindlichheit) plays the fundamental attribute of existence, and space becomes a structural element of meaning construction, while the space itself is constructed and extended by way of intersubjectivity or Mitsein in this process. The phenomenology of space, which is portrayed through embodiment, situatedness, meaning construction, and Mitsein, poses a new requirement for the writing of the history of philosophy in the age of globalization, which is to break the Western-centric perspective and to discuss the pluralistic philosophy based on the differences of the spatial experience. By redrawing the map of world philosophy in an intercultural perspective, the pluralistic philosophical traditions can establish the new selfunderstandings and self-positionings, in order to respect the diversity of human civilization, to unite the common values of all mankind, and to build a human community with a shared future.

Supervised Deep Learning in High Energy Phenomenology: a Mini Review

Deep learning, a branch of machine learning, has been recently applied to high energy experimental and phenomenological studies.In this note we give a brief review on those applications using supervised deep learning.We first describe various learning models and then recapitulate their applications to high energy phenomenological studies.Some detailed applications are delineated in details, including the machine learning scan in the analysis of new physics parameter space, the graph neural networks in the search of top-squark production and in the CP measurement of the top-Higgs coupling at the LHC.

Dark matter and LHC phenomenology of a scale-invariant scotogenic model

We study the phenomenology of a model that addresses the neutrino mass, dark matter, and generation of the electroweak scale in a single framework. Electroweak symmetry breaking is realized via the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism in a classically scale invariant theory, while the neutrino mass is generated radiatively through interactions with dark matter in a typically scotogenic manner. The model introduces a scalar triplet and singlet and a vector-like fermion doublet that carry an odd parity of Z2, and an even parity scalar singlet that helps preserve classical scale invariance. We sample over the parameter space by taking into account various experimental constraints from the dark matter relic density and direct detection, direct scalar searches, neutrino mass, and charged lepton flavor violating decays. We then examine by detailed simulations possible signatures at the LHC to find some benchmark points of the free parameters. We find that the future high-luminosity LHC will have a significant potential in detecting new physics signals in the dilepton channel.

Husserlian Phenomenology and Derridean Deconstruction: Their Fundamental Methodological Commitments

This paper reinterprets the relation between Derridian deconstruction and Husserlian phenomenology on the basis of their respective methodological commitments.According to the proposed view,epoche,reduction,and eidetic variation are the fundamental methodological principles of Husserlian phenomenology.This paper interprets Derrida's reading of Husserl as presenting a type of semiological reductionism,which is marked by the absorption of the fundamental phenomenological principles within a semiological framework.Conceiving of meaning as a sign that refers to other signs,Derrida contends that neither epoche,nor reduction,nor eidetic variation can be carried through successfully;their validity is thereby indefinitely deferred.This paper also addresses the relationship between indication and expression,the Principle of all Principles,the living present,and their alleged deconstruction in Derrida's writings.I conclude with some suggestions concerning how,apart from deconstructing phenomenology,one could also phenomenologize deconstruction.According to my suggestion,this would require problematizing evidence that underlies the central claims and commitments of deconstruction.

Analytic Phenomenology(or"What It Is Like")vs.Husserlian Phenomenology

I begin this paper by outlining two senses of"phenomenology."First,the"what it is like"or"analytic tradition"sense:the verbalization of qualitative states of consciousness of which we are aware.Second,the"Continental"sense:the rigorous study of the structures of consciousness.I outline the ways in which these two senses diverge.First,Continental phenomenology involves a diversified account of consciousness,states of awareness,and the human person.The phenomenologist articulates this account not by introspection but via acts of phenomenological reflection concerning eidetic intuitions about essential structural features.Second,via the method of"sense explication,"the phenomenologist can articulate an account of passive and subconscious states which we are not strictly"aware"of.The conclusion shows these divergences of senses are sometimes overlooked,leading to equivocation.Zahavi and Gallagher must be employing the"what it is like"sense when they make certain"phenomenological"arguments concerning social cognition,yet Spaulding's ensuing critique of phenomenology is directed at Continental phenomenology.Also,it is only phenomenology in the"what it is like"sense which cannot contribute to subpersonal psychology.Genetic Continental phenomenology describes the lawful relations amongst the precursors and preconditions which give rise to conscious experience,constituting a type of(non-causal)subpersonal explanation.

Hegel after Nancy:Sensibility,Singularity,and the Problem of the Phenomenology of Spift

This article takes up two models of punishment in Hegel,one that is underdeveloped in the Phenomenology of Spirit and one more fully developed in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right.Both models focus on the notions of law and the legality of personhood.I argue that beyond this,they share a common concept of singularity as an excess over and above the ethical-political order.This concept opens up to what Jean-Luc Nancy calls the"event"of freedom in Hegel.This point about excess lets me deploy Lacan and then Nancy to underscore how,for Hegel,problems concerning the question"what is law?"might be a clue as to how the bad infinite is opposed to the good or"actual"infinite.I take this up in the context of Hegel's theory of"value,"including the value of the"good."Altogether this analysis reveals that Hegel's method allows for a more complex humanism than is typically understood,since his points about law and punishment lead to a more radicalized notion of intentionality and forgiveness than usually derived from the logic of recognition.

Necessity and Memory in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spurut A Reconstruction

This paper discusses two core concepts in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit:necessity(Notwendigkeit)and memory(Erinnerung).The analysis is based on an investigation of the connotations and linguistic components of the two terms as they are used in the German language.Occurrences of the terms in decisive passages in the Phenomenology of Spirit are investigated and seen as a key to an understanding of Hegel's overall project of constructing a"scientific"(wissenschaftlich)philosophy in the form of a conceptual system.The paper aims at showing that this project can in part be understood as an attempt to transform the contingency of all moments of the path of the self-cultivation,maturation,and growth(Bildung)of spirit(Geist)---understood both in terms of its personal dimension and as"world spirit"--into necessity.It is argued that memory plays a decisive role in this endeavor,not only in the sense of a recalling of the past,but also as a prerequisite for a future that opens up room for further cultivation,maturation,and growth.

The Black American Church: A Reactionary and Ideological Apparatus of Slavery

This work argues that Denmark Vesey,Nat Turner,Gabriel Prosser,David Walker,Henry Highland Garnet,amongst a few others were the reactionary(dialectical)exceptions to the black church,not the norm,an(ideological)institution established to interpellate and indoctrinate blacks to accept their conditions in slavery.In other words,the aforementioned were the enslaved who used Christian dogma to(negative dialectically)respond to the barbarity of slavery by violently convicting white Christian society for not living up to its values,ideas,and ideals given the treatment of African people by so-called Christians.In the latter sense it was reactionary;in the former,it was an ideological apparatus of domination and control for the institution of slavery.The contemporary attempt to racially vindicate the black church as a sui generis revolutionary institution overflowing with Africanisms is ahistorical and ideological reaped in pseudoscientific propositions stemming from postmodern and post-structural theories.

The World,Seen From Within(Ⅱ)Sorts of Reality--A Semio-Cognitive Ontology and Phenomenology

This short essay discusses the conditions—and the general contours—of a viable ontology assigning a place to meaning in the architecture of the sorts of reality we acknowledge in the framework of a non-reductive realist philosophy(John Searle^1, Barry Smith^2) compatible with both cognitive and semiotic approaches to the human world.

Prioritizing the efforts:lived experiences of family when taking care of people with cancer

Objective:Cancer has one of the highest disease mortality rates.Families are very important in the treatment of people with cancer.By using a phenomenological design,this study aimed to explore the experience of families in caring for a person with cancer and to identify the needs of these families.Methods:First,eight interviews were under taken with family members selected through a purposive sampling method.Then,another three interviews were conducted for data validation.The collected data were analyzed using the framework method of analysis.Results:The core theme,“Prioritizing the efforts:Being aware of the best we could do for our family,”reflected family’s experiences of caring for a person with cancer and was underpinned by five themes:“Decisions to make,”“Keeping up the good support,”“Acknowledging the others’contributions,”“Assisting my family to alleviate the disease,”and“Adapting to the current situation.”Conclusions:The results suggest that building mutual trust and communication between family and healthcare professionals is vital in decision-making for people with cancer.Family may also work with the person in fulfilling their needs,without disregarding the needs of the family.When suppor ting the needs of people with diabetes,the family requires appropriate information,and thus,healthcare professionals wisely select which information can help the family make a decision regarding the treatment.After administering the treatment and providing information for people with cancer and their family,asking for feedback is required for evaluation.

The Ontopoietic Approach of Human Positioning in the Web of Life

Developed by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka,phenomenology of life focuses on the thesis of“ontopoiesis”that unfolds an insightful vision upon the human positioning within the great plan of life.The complex and dynamic ontopoietic view enlightens the creative human condition to be understood in terms of metaphysics,ontology,epistemology,anthropology,cosmology,aesthetics,as well as ethics and environmental philosophy.Among many original thematisations,we find an idea of utmost importance for the ethical conduct of man/woman,namely,to be“Custodian of everything-there-is-alive”.It designates a peculiar status of human being within the web of life in its wholeness,which challenges us to deeply reflect,to value and structure our attitudes,deeds,and behaviours activating their moral potential in our relationship with the natural environment.The purpose of this paper is to emphasize some coordinates of Tymienieckan phenomenology in the horizon of environmental ethics,disclosing the significance of the unique situation man/woman has to be aware of,to assume and continuously manifest as the responsible moral agent concerned with a constructive,fulfilling,ordering in flux experience of life,within the unity and differentiation of human-nature harmony.

Healthcare-Associated Infections: Experiences and Perceptions of Nurses at the Ziniaré District Hospital in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a worldwide concern because of their magnitude and their human and financial cost. While nurses’ non-compliance of hygiene and asepsis measures is questioned, the rationale behind it is not fully understood. We hypothesized that nurses’ experiences and perceptions are one of the reasons for their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Also, nurses’ caring approach would play an important role in patient safety. The objective of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences and perceptions of HAIs in a district hospital in Burkina Faso with the aim of developing a culture of safety in health care practices. Methods: Qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews with twenty nurses from the Ziniaré district hospital. Data analysis followed the qualitative phenomenological method according to Giorgi. Results: Phenomenological analysis yielded the following themes: “an ignored reality”;“a denied responsibility”;and “a vulnerable problem”. These results show that nurses’ perception of the extent and seriousness of HAIs is low, and that they deny responsibility for their occurrence. As a result, HAIs are not always perceived as a concern. However, nurses deplore the situation, but remain optimistic about resolving the problem. Conclusion: These nurses’ perceptions of HAIs could explain their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Corrective action could be redirected by raising awareness, continuing training, improving working conditions and involving all players, including patients and their families, in the fight against HAIs. .

The Economic Context of Our Time:A Diagnosis in the Light of Transformative Ethics

The following contribution is the attempt to touch upon some fundamental questions for a reliable ethical diagnosis of what can be called the economic context of our epoch.For this purpose,we will consider a well-known concept within the medieval economics in light of its modern reappropriation against the backdrop of transformative ethics:the meant concept is usury;the meant reappropriation is that of Ezra Pound.For reasons of space,the single steps will merely hint at ethical questions that require a much more careful investigation.Within these limits,the essay will therefore analyze certain traits of our current economic context while reconsidering its ethical dimension in the light of the concept of usury.The framework within which this analysis will be conducted is that of transformative ethics.