Preparation, characterization and evaluation of kaempferol phospholipid complex: Improvement of its solubility and biological effect

Kaempferol(KA),as one of the flavonoids,has extensive pharmacological properties.However,the poor solubility of KA severely limits its clinical application.In our study,the kaempferol phospholipid complex(KA-PC)has been prepared by solvent evaporation for the enhancement of the bioavailability of KA.KA-PC was verified by scanning electron microscope characterization methods.Drug loading,solubility and long-term stability were measured.The characterization results showed that KA-PC was formed through the intermolecular interaction between KA and phospholipids.The solubility of KA-PC in water was 189 times higher than that of KA,and the solubility in n-octanol was also significantly improved.Besides,pharmacodynamic studies showed that KA-PC can significantly reduce the level of serum uric acid in mice without causing renal injury.This study expanded the clinical application of KA by preparing KA-PC.

Preparation and study of anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro of oxymatrine phospholipid complex

Aim The oxymatrine phospholipid complexs were prepared, and its activity against hepatitis B virus in vitro were studied. Methods Using tetrahydrofuran as a reaction medium, oxymatrine and phospholipids were resolved into the medium, Oxymatrine phospholipid eomplexs were prepared. The toxicity measurements and inhibitory effect on HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBVDNA of oxymatrine phospholipid complex in 2.2.15 cells were studied respectively. Results The content of oxymatrine in the phospholipids eomplexs prepared was 24,86% （W/W）. The TCO of the oxymatrine phospholipid eomplexs was 250 μmol·L^- 1 The inhibitory effect of HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV-DNA of 2.2.15 cells treated by oxymatrine phospholipid complex were higher than those of the oxymatrine. Conclusion Oxymatrine phospholipid complex can have stronger effective activity against hepatitis B virus compared with oxymatrine. So oxymatrine phospholipid eomplexs were showing its potential antiviral activity in hepatitis B treatment.

Phyto-phospholipid complexes(phytosomes): A novel strategy to improve the bioavailability of active constituents

Although active constituents extracted from plants show robust in vitro pharmacological effects, low in vivo absorption greatly limits the widespread application of these compounds. A strategy of using phyto-phospholipid complexes represents a promising approach to increase the oral bioavailability of active constituents, which is consist of ‘‘label-friendly'phospholipids and active constituents. Hydrogen bond interactions between active constituents and phospholipids enable phospholipid complexes as an integral part. This review provides an update on four important issues related to phyto-phospholipid complexes: active constituents, phospholipids, solvents, and stoichiometric ratios. We also discuss recent progress in research on the preparation, characterization, structural verification, and increased bioavailability of phyto-phospholipid complexes.

Anticancer effects of saponin and saponin–phospholipid complex of Panax notoginseng grown in Vietnam

Objective:To evaluate the antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo of saponin–phospholipid complex of Panax notoginseng.Methods:The in vitro cytotoxic effect of saponins extract and saponin–phospholipid complex against human lung cancer NCI-H460 and breast cancer cell lines BT474 was examined using MTS assay.For in vivo evaluation of antitumor potential,saponin and saponin–phospholipid complex were administered orally in rats induced mammary carcinogenesis by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene,for 30 days.Results:Our data showed that saponin–phospholipid complex had stronger anticancer effect compared to saponin extract.The IC50 values of saponin–phospholipid complex and saponin extract for NCI-H460 cell lines were 28.47 mg/m L and 47.97 mg/mL,respectively and these values for BT474 cells were 53.18 mg/mL and 86.24 mg/mL,respectively.In vivo experiments,administration of saponin,saponin–phospholipid complex and paclitaxel(positive control) effectively suppressed 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced breast cancer evidenced by a decrease in tumor volume,the reduction of lipid peroxidation level and increase in the body weight,and elevated the enzymatic antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase in rat breast tissue.Conclusions:Our study suggests that saponin extract from Panax notoginseng and saponin–phospholipid complex have potential to prevent cancer,especially breast cancer.

Bioavailability of 10-hydroxycamptothecin-phospholipid complex loaded by solid dispersion and lipid-based formulations

Previous study has shown that 10-hydroxycamptothecin（HCPT） has well-established pharmacological effects in vitro.However,its in vivo bioavailability is very poor due to various problems,which severely restricts its clinical applications.In the present study,phospholipid complex（PC） technology was employed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of HCPT.XRD data confirmed the formation of HCPT-PC.However,our previously prepared HCPT-PC is too sticky,which may result in the slow dissolution rate and negative effects on its absorption.Therefore,we prepared HCPT-PC-solid dispersion（HCPT-PC-SD）and lipid-based formulations of HCPT-PC through simple preparation process.The results showed that the dissolution rate of HCPT-PC was effectively improved by solid dispersion technology,which reached 91.73%in 45 min.Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the AUC_（0-t） of HCPT-PC-SD and HCPT-PC lipid-based formulations was effectively further increased compared with HCPT-PC.Moreover,we found that the combination of SD technology and lipid-base formulations could be a promising drug-delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of HCPT-PC.In addition,we showed that the bioavailability of HCPT-PC lipid-base formulations was even greater than that of HCPT-PC-SD.In particular,lipid-base formulations could be prepared just by a simple method,suggesting its feasibility of industrialization.

Combined use of phospholipid complexes and self-emulsifying microemulsions for improving the oral absorption of a BCS class IV compound, baicalin

The aim of this study was to develop a formulation to improve the oral absorption of baicalin(BA)by combining a phospholipid complex(PC)and self-emulsifying microemulsion drug delivery system(SMEDDS),termed BA–PC–SMEDDS.BA–PC was prepared by a solvent evaporation method and evaluated by complexation percentage(CP).The physicochemical properties of BA–PC were determined.The synergistic effect of PC and SMEDDS on permeation of BA was studied in vitro with Caco-2 cells and in situ with a single pass intestinal perfusion model.The improved bioavailability of BA in BA–PC–SMEDDS was confirmed in an in vivo rat model.The CP of BA–PC reached 100%when the molar ratio of drug to phospholipid(PP)was Z1:1.The solubility of BA–PC increased in both water and octanol,and the log P o/w of BA–PC was increased significantly.BA–PC–SMEDDS could be dispersed more evenly in water,compared to BA and BA–PC.Both the Caco-2 cell uptake and single-pass intestinal perfusion models illustrated that transport of BA in BA–PC was lower than that of free BA,while improved significantly in BA–PC–SMEDDS.The relative bioavailability of BA–PC(1:2)–SMEDDS was 220.37%.The combination system of PC and SMEDDS had a synergistic effect on improving the oral absorption of BA.

花旗松素磷脂复合物制备优化及其体外模拟消化释放研究

为了提高花旗松素的利用率,该研究制备花旗松素磷脂复合物,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验优化磷脂复合物制备工艺,并进行表征分析验证磷脂复合物的形成;通过平衡溶解度、油水分配系数及模拟消化实验对理化性质和释放度进行研究。结果表明,磷脂复合物最佳制备条件为花旗松素/磷脂质量比1∶3.71、反应溶剂体积12.82 mL、反应时间2.94 h,此条件下的复合率为95.55%。差示扫描量热分析、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射实验表明花旗松素与磷脂间通过氢键作用形成磷脂复合物,且花旗松素由晶型转变为无定形态。磷脂复合物增加了花旗松素在水中的溶解度和水-正辛醇体系中的油水分配系数;体外模拟消化释放实验显示,6 h内磷脂复合物中花旗松素累积释放由48.26%提升至71.86%。磷脂复合物改善了花旗松素的理化性质和体外释放,为花旗松素的高效应用与食品制剂开发提供研究基础。

原花青素B2磷脂复合物的制备工艺优化及表征

目的:优化原花青素B2磷脂复合物(PB2-PC)的制备工艺并对其进行表征。方法:采用单因素试验确定PB2-PC的最佳制备工艺;采用透射电镜、紫外光谱、差示扫描量热、X-射线衍射等方法对PB2-PC进行表征。结果:最佳工艺条件为以四氢呋喃作制备溶剂,磷脂与原花青素B2(PB2)的比值为2,其中PB2浓度为5 mg·mL^(-1),在40℃条件反应0.5 h,制得PB2-PC复合率为95.8%(RSD=0.38%,n=3)。PB2在磷脂复合物中油水分配系数(log P)增高3.17倍,转变为无定形态,且物相发生了改变。结论:PB2-PC制备工艺稳定可靠,为PB2下一步的研发奠定了实验基础。

柚皮素磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂制备及其体内药动学研究

目的制备柚皮素磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂,并考察其体内药动学。方法高压均质法制备磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂。以稳定剂种类、稳定剂与磷脂复合物用量比例、均质压力、均质次数为影响因素,粒径、PDI、Zeta电位为评价指标,单因素试验优化处方。在透射电镜下观察形态,进行X射线粉末衍射分析,测定溶解度、油水分配系数、磷脂复合物解离率、累积释放度。24只大鼠随机分为4组,分别灌胃给予柚皮素及其磷脂复合物、纳米混悬剂、磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂的0.5%CMC-Na混悬液(30 mg/kg),于0、0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2、3、4、5、6、8、10、12 h采血,HPLC法测定柚皮素血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果最优处方为磷脂复合物用量50 mg,稳定剂PVP K30+TPGS(1∶1),稳定剂与磷脂复合物用量比例3∶1,均质压力100 MPa,均质次数10次。所得磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂呈类球形或椭圆形,平均粒径、PDI、Zeta电位分别为(260.53±25.86)nm、0.160±0.024、(-31.08±1.37)mV。柚皮素以无定型状态存在于磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂中,溶解度、油水分配系数、磷脂复合物解离率升高,4 h内累积释放度达90%以上。与原料药、纳米混悬剂比较,磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂t_(max)缩短(P<0.05),C_(max)、AUC_(0~t)、AUC_(0~∞)升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),相对生物利用度增加至4.38倍。结论磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂可提高柚皮素溶解度、溶出度,促进其体内吸收。

水飞蓟素磷脂复合物的制备及体外溶出行为评价

目的将水飞蓟素和磷脂复合以研制水飞蓟素磷脂复合物(silymarin phospholipids complex,SM-PC),并考察其基本理化性质。方法采用溶剂挥发法制备SM-PC。通过前期的单因素考察,选择脂药比、药物浓度以及反应温度作为星点设计-效应面法的考察因素,以SM-PC的复合率为衡量指标筛选最佳研制工艺,并测定SM-PC的体外溶出度。结果SM-PC的最优制备条件如下:以丙酮为反应溶剂,水飞蓟素与大豆卵磷脂的比例为1∶1.8,反应温度56℃,反应物的浓度8.0 mg/ml。在此条件下制备3批样品得到SM-PC的复合率为(95.15±1.55)%,偏差<3%。体外溶出试验表明,SM-PC各组分在60 min的溶出接近90%,主要成分水飞蓟宾的溶出行为与市售水飞蓟素胶囊相似,远高于原料药。结论采用星点设计-效应面法成功制备SM-PC,明显提高了溶出度,为后续制剂的研究奠定基础。

芹菜素磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂制备及其体内药动学研究

目的 制备芹菜素磷脂复合物纳米混悬剂,并考察其体内药动学。方法 高压均质法制备纳米混悬剂,单因素试验探讨稳定剂用量、PVP K30与泊洛沙姆188用量比例、均质压力、均质次数对粒径、Zeta电位的影响,测定稳定性、体外释药。18只大鼠随机分为3组,分别灌胃给予原料药、磷脂复合物、纳米混悬剂的0.5%CMC-Na混悬液(60 mg/kg),于不同时间点采血,HPLC法测定芹菜素血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果 最佳条件为稳定剂用量150 mg, PVP K30与泊洛沙姆188用量比例1∶2,均质压力110 MPa,均质次数10次,平均粒径为193.51 nm, Zeta电位为-36.48 mV,PDI为0.172,载药量为18.02%,12 h内累积溶出度为94.53%。冻干(冻干保护剂为6%甘露醇)后60 d内,粒径、Zeta电位无明显变化。与原料药、磷脂复合物比较,纳米混悬剂t_(max)缩短(P<0.05),t_(1/2)延长(P<0.01),C_(max)、AUC_(0~t)、AUC_(0~∞)升高(P<0.01),相对生物利用度增加至4.88倍。结论 纳米混悬剂可改善芹菜素及其磷脂复合物的体外释药、口服生物利用度。

柠檬苦素磷脂复合物制备及其体内药动学研究

目的制备柠檬苦素磷脂复合物,并考察其体内药动学。方法采用溶剂挥发法制备磷脂复合物。以磷脂用量、制备温度、制备时间为影响因素,复合率为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化制备工艺。X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜分析磷脂复合物存在状态,测定其油水分配系数。将磷脂复合物制成油制剂,考察其稳定性。12只大鼠随机分为2组,分别灌胃给予柠檬苦素及其磷脂复合物的0.5%CMC-Na混悬液(60 mg/kg),于0.5、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、16 h采血,LC-MS法测定柠檬苦素血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果最佳条件为柠檬苦素用量80 mg,磷脂用量142 mg,制备温度47℃,制备时间4.5 h,平均复合率达99.6%。柠檬苦素在磷脂复合物中以无定形状态存在,油水分配系数升高,油制剂中柠檬苦素含量在6个月内无明显变化。与原料药比较,磷脂复合物t_(max)延长(P<0.05),C_(max)、AUC_(0~t)、AUC_(0~∞)升高(P<0.01),相对生物利用度增加至5.98倍。结论磷脂复合物可有效改善柠檬苦素口服吸收,其油制剂稳定性良好。

金合欢素磷脂复合物介孔二氧化硅纳米粒制备及其体内药动学研究

目的制备金合欢素磷脂复合物介孔二氧化硅纳米粒,并考察其体内药动学。方法以大豆磷脂用量、水浴温度、搅拌时间为影响因素,复合率为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化磷脂复合物处方,X射线粉末衍射进行晶型分析,测定油水分配系数。溶剂挥发法制备介孔二氧化硅纳米粒,测定体外释药、包封率、载药量、粒径、PDI、Zeta电位,在扫描电镜下观察微观结构。18只大鼠随机为3组,分别灌胃给予金合欢素、磷脂复合物、介孔二氧化硅纳米粒的0.5%CMC-Na混悬液(30 mg/kg),于0、0.17、0.5、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、10、12 h采血,UPLC-MS/MS法测定金合欢素血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果最优处方为大豆磷脂用量140 mg,水浴温度46℃,搅拌时间4 h,复合率接近100%。原料药以无定形状态存在于磷脂复合物中,油水分配系数明显升高。介孔二氧化硅纳米粒呈球形,平均包封率为87.48%,载药量为5.67%,粒径为168.27 nm,PDI为0.073,Zeta电位为0.043 mV,240 min内累积释放度约为90%。与原料药、磷脂复合物比较,介孔二氧化硅纳米粒t_(max)缩短(P<0.01),C_(max)、AUC_(0~t)、AUC_(0~∞)升高(P<0.01),相对生物利用度增加至7.90倍。结论磷脂复合物介孔二氧化硅纳米粒可促进金合欢素口服吸收。

阿魏酸磷脂复合物制备工艺优化及其理化性质、体外透皮性能研究

目的优化阿魏酸磷脂复合物制备工艺,并考察其理化性质、体外透皮性能。方法在单因素试验基础上,以阿魏酸质量浓度、投料比、反应温度、反应时间为影响因素,复合率为评价指标,单因素试验优化制备工艺,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外光谱、差示扫描量热进行表征,测定原料药、磷脂复合物在不同生理pH值(5.8、6.2、7.3)介质中的溶解度、LogP值,采用Franz扩散池法比较两者体外透皮性能。结果最佳条件为反应溶剂无水乙醇,阿魏酸质量浓度2.0 mg/mL,投料比1∶1,反应时间1 h,反应温度40℃,复合率为(99.21±0.6)%。磷脂复合物中原料药成分发色团结构未发生改变,未形成新化合物,并且原料药以无定形状态存在。与原料药比较,磷脂复合物脂溶性显著提高,水溶性显著降低。在兔离体皮肤模型中,磷脂复合物可增加原料药12 h累积渗透量和渗透速率。结论磷脂复合物可改善阿魏酸理化性质和体外透皮性能。

芍药苷及芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束在体肠吸收对比分析

目的比较芍药苷(PF)和芍药苷磷脂复合物(PF-PLC)胶束的肠吸收特点,探讨磷脂复合物胶束提高芍药苷生物利用度的作用机制。方法采用大鼠在体单向肠灌流模型,以吸收速率常数(K_(a))和有效渗透系数(P_(eff))为指标,通过超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定不同浓度芍药苷原料药和芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束在十二指肠中的肠吸收情况。同时,在灌流液中添加维拉帕米,考察P-糖蛋白(P-gp)抑制剂对芍药苷原料药和芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束肠吸收的影响。结果芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束浓度的提高可显著增加芍药苷的肠道吸收(P<0.001,P<0.05)。在灌流液中加入维拉帕米后发现,与单纯芍药苷组比较,芍药苷+维拉帕米组的吸收速率常数和有效渗透系数值虽有增加的趋势,但无明显统计学差异;与芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束组比较,芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束+维拉帕米组差异也无统计学意义。结论大鼠在体单向肠灌流实验结果显示芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束的吸收主要是被动转运途径,且磷脂复合物胶束的形成显著改善了芍药苷在十二指肠的吸收。维拉帕米的加入对芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束的吸收无显著影响,即芍药苷磷脂复合物胶束的吸收不受外排转运体的影响,这可能是生物利用度提高的原因之一。

水飞蓟素磷脂复合物微孔渗透泵控释片比格犬体内药动学及体内外相关性研究

目的 评价水飞蓟素磷脂复合物微孔渗透泵(SM-PC MPOP)控释片的体外释药特性、比格犬体内药动学及其体内外相关性。方法 释放介质为pH7.5的磷酸盐缓冲液(添加0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠),以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测SM-PC MPOP的体外释放特征。用6只比格犬进行双周期交叉对照实验,按照30 mg/kg的剂量给药。HPLC法测定比格犬血浆内水飞蓟素的主要成分水飞蓟宾的质量浓度,应用药动学软件进行数据分析。结果 SM-PC MPOP在12 h累积释放度超过85%。药动学研究情况表明,受试制剂(SM-PC MPOP)和参比制剂(市售水飞蓟素胶囊)在比格犬体内的主要药动学参数:T_(max)分别为(3.2±0.4)、(0.9±0.1)h,C_(max)分别为(0.298 6±0.068 9)、(0.629 9±0.076 5)μg/ml,AUC_(0→24)分别为(2.996 8±0.583 3)、(2.268 9±0.432 8) h·μg/ml,SM-PC-MPOP对市售水飞蓟素胶囊的相对生物利用度为(162.21±30.82)%。结论 自制的SM-PC MPOP实现了缓慢释药且增加生物利用度的目标,其体内吸收与体外释药具备相对较好的关联性(r=0.839 0)。

葛根素及其磷脂复合物在Beagle犬体内的药动学比较

目的研究葛根素及其磷脂复合物中葛根素在B eag le犬体内药动学。方法采用HPLC法测定犬血中葛根素,以同组犬(3只,雄性)交叉口服葛根素及其磷脂复合物,药-时曲线数据经3P 97药动学计算程序处理。结果分别以葛根素及其磷脂复合物给B eag le犬口服(剂量为葛根素52.5 m g/kg),葛根素的药-时过程符合开放型双室一级动力学模型,葛根素口服的AUC、Cm ax、tm ax分别为(10.91±4.83)m g.h/L、(3.00±1.13)m g/L、(1.62±0.30)h,而葛根素磷脂复合物的AUC、Cm ax、tm ax分别为(13.67±2.72)m g.h/L、(1.91±0.51)m g/L、(2.38±1.27)h,统计结果表明AUC之间差异有显著性。结论形成磷脂复合物可提高葛根素在B eag le犬体内的吸收。

葛根素及其磷脂复合物的体外透皮实验研究

目的 :考察葛根素及其磷脂复合物的体外透皮渗透情况 ,比较二者透皮速率与累积渗透量的差异。方法 :通过改进Franz扩散池进行小鼠体外皮肤渗透实验。结果 :葛根素磷脂复合物 1h内累积渗透量大于葛根素 ,以后其增加渐缓 ,而葛根素的渗透速率大于复合物。结论 :葛根素磷脂复合物经皮渗透能在短时间内较快地达到一定药量 ,随后缓慢持久地释放药物。

灯盏花素磷脂复合物的制备及溶解性能

采用溶剂挥发法制备灯盏花素(1)磷脂复合物,以1与磷脂的结合率为评估指标,采用正交设计优化处方,并考察了复合物的溶解性能。结果表明,1磷脂复合物的最佳制备条件为:1-大豆磷脂投料比为1∶4,以四氢呋喃为溶剂配制1浓度为30mg/ml的溶液,于40℃反应2.5h。所得磷脂复合物可明显改善1在水及正辛醇中的溶解性能。

水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物的制备与大鼠生物利用度的研究

目的制备水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物并对其理化性质进行考察,比较水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物与水飞蓟宾原料在大鼠体内的生物利用度.方法以丙酮为溶剂,加入水飞蓟宾和大豆磷脂,充分搅拌至澄清,真空干燥即得黄白色固体;用 DSC,UV,IR 等方法测定水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物的理化性质;两组大鼠分别灌胃给予水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物和水飞蓟宾原料后,用 RP-HPLC 法测定不同时间血浆中总的和游离的水飞蓟宾的浓度,通过3P97程序计算药代动力学参数。结果研究表明水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物是以非共价键结合,而不是新的化合物;水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物明显改善了水飞蓟宾在水中及正辛醇中的溶解性能;大鼠灌胃给予水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物,体内吸收符合一级吸收一室模型,血浆中游离药物和总的药物浓度的 T_(max)分别为10min 和2h;C_(max)分别为0.11和1.08μg·mL^(-1);T_(1/2)2分别为2.18和3.84h;AUC_(0-∞)。分别为1.71和12.94μg·mL^(-1)·h,而给予水飞蓟宾原料,大鼠体内吸收的浓度在检测限以下,不能测定。结论水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物与水飞蓟宾原料相比亲脂性显著增加,从而增强了水飞蓟宾在胃肠道中的吸收,提高了水飞蓟宾的口服生物利用度.