A review of the ethnobotanical value,phytochemistry,and pharmacology of Physalis pubescens L.

Physalis pubescens L.(P.pubescens)was widely used for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases,such as sore throat,aphonia,phlegm,heat,and cough in folk medicine.The fruits of P.pubescens are commonly consumed as fruit in many areas of the world.In the past few decades,the phytochemistry and pharmacology of P.pubescens were extensively investigated.About 170 chemical constituents were purified from P.pubescens.The extract and chemical constituents of P.pubescens demonstrate diverse pharmacological effects,including anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,anticancer,antimicrobial activity,immunomodulation,diuretic effect,hypoglycemic,and hypolipidemic in vitro and in vivo.Herein,we systematically summarized the ethnomedicinal uses,botanical characterization,distribution,phytochemistry,and pharmacology of P.pubescens,and establish the correlation between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects.

毛酸浆(Physalis pubescens)花形态特征与小孢子发育

许多重要蔬菜和水果隶属于茄科(Solanaceae),植物花发育是物种延续和产品形成关键决定因子。茄科毛酸浆(Physalispubescens)是药食同源半野生浆果,目前其花发育研究不多。为了从不同视角了解茄科植物花发育,本研究采用比较生物学方法从花的形态特征和解剖学层面解析了毛酸浆(P.pubescens)和茄科模式植物番茄(Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)花器特征和小孢子发育进程。结果显示,开花后毛酸浆花萼迅速生长包被果实、花瓣有紫色斑纹、花药顶颈可育及背部开裂散粉特征与番茄花萼生长缓慢、黄色花瓣、花药顶颈不育及腹缝开裂散粉方式截然不同,展示了茄科植物遗传多样性。毛酸浆小孢子发育,在“四分体”之前迟于番茄,而“四分体”之后期却快于番茄。特别是番茄药隔组织在“四分体”时期开始向药室异常内突,并在花粉成熟期占据药室近1/2空间,而未在毛酸浆中观察到。该研究为开发茄科新的模式植物和从不同视角理解庞大茄科植物花发育提供了重要信息。

Application of a chitosan coating as a carrier for natamycin to maintain the storage quality of ground cherry(Physalis pubescens L.)

Ground cherry(Physalis pubescens L.) is a kind of berry fruit favored by consumers in China; however, this fruit is particularly vulnerable to physiological senescence and pathogen attack during the traditional cold storage period. In order to maintain storage quality, a 1.5%(w/w) chitosan(CS) water solution containing 50 mg/L of natamycin(NA) was introduced. After all treatments were completed, the fruit was stored at 0°C and sampled every 10 d. At each sampling date, the following tests were performed: mold and yeast analyses; enzyme activity and content analyses which included superoxide dismutase(SOD), ascorbate peroxidase(APX), and malondialdehyde(MDA); and color analysis. In addition, a sensory evaluation was carried out for quality assessment at the end of the storage period. The results showed that the application of a chitosan coating combined with natamycin(CSNA) enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX), reduced the physiological rate of senescence, and inhibited pathogen attack. Thus, CSNA treatment can maintain ground cherries at an acceptable level of storage quality for 50 d.

Metabolomics Analysis of Health Functions of Physalis Pubescens L. using by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Quadruple Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Herbal medicines may benefit from metabolomics studies, and applying metabolomics may provide answers about which herbal interventions may be effective for individuals, which metabolic processes are triggered, and the subsequent chemical pathways of activity. Physalis pubescens L(PPL) is an herbal fruit for one year living plant and has been developed into healthy function's food. However, the mechanisms of health functions are still unclear. To comprehensively and holistically assess its anti-fatigue and antioxidant effects, a novel integrative metabolomics approach was applied. In this study, we present metabolomics analysis applying ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole with time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) to determine metabolite alterations after oral administration PPL to rats. Fifteen metabolites in urine were identified as potential biomarkers. Pattern analysis of the UPLC-Q/TOF-MS data disclosed that PPL could relieve fatigue rats by ameliorating the disturbance in amino acids metabolism and energy metabolism, alleviating the oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species and the inflammatory damage, and recovering the destructed regulation. Based on these results, we demonstrated that PPL is a promising source of natural anti-fatigue and antioxidants material for use in functional foods and medicines.

Optimization of Polysaccharides Extraction from Physalis alkekengi L.Peel and Its Effect on the Expression of Inflammation-Related Proteins in SW620 Cells

Objective:To establish an optimized aqueous extraction process for polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L.peel and to preliminarily explore its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against colorectal cancer SW620 cells.Methods:A single-factor test combined with orthogonal test analysis was used to evaluate the effects of the material-to-liquid ratio,extraction temperature,and extraction time on the yield of polysaccharides from Physalis alkekengi L.peel.The antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides was assessed by analyzing their free radical scavenging ability in vitro,and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using SW620 cells.Results:The optimal extraction conditions were a material-to-liquid ratio of m(g):V(mL)=1:30,an extraction temperature of 100℃,and an extraction time of 40 minutes,with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 25.7%.The polysaccharides from Physalis peruviana peel effectively scavenged DPPH,superoxide anion,and hydroxyl radicals.After treatment with Physalis peruviana polysaccharides,the levels of IL-1β,IL-18,and TNF-αin the cell culture medium were significantly reduced,and the phosphorylation level of P65 protein in SW620 cells was decreased.Conclusion:This extraction method is stable and reliable,and the prepared Physalis alkekengi L.polysaccharides exhibit significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.This study provides a theoretical basis for developing drugs for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of Ground Cherry(Physalis angulata L.)standardized CO2 phytopharmaceutical preparation

AIM To investigate the effects of Ground Cherry(Physalis angulata L.)standardized supercritical CO_2 extract in trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid(TNBS)model of rat intestinal inflammation.METHODS The animals were divided into groups that received vehicle or P.angulata extract(PACO_2)orally at the doses 25,50 and 100 mg/kg daily by 5 d before TNBS damage.Protective effects of PACO_2 were assessed by macroscopic analysis,biochemical determinations of the levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),glutathione and cytokines(such as INF-γ,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10 and TNF-α),gene expression evaluation(including Hsp70,heparanase,NF-κB,mitogenactivated protein kinases(Mapk)1,3,6 and 9,and the mucins genes Muc 1,2,3 and 4)and histopathological studies using optical,and electronic(transmission and scanning)microscopy.RESULTS PACO2 extract promoted a significant reduction in MPO and ALP activities,reducing oxidative stress and neutrophil infiltration.These effects were accompanied by significant reduction of colonic levels of IFN-γand IL-6 and down-regulation of heparanase,Hsp70,Mapk3,Mapk9,Muc1 and Muc2 genes expression when compared with TNBS-control animals.In addition,protective effects were also evidenced by reduced neutrophil infiltration,recovery of cell architecture and replacement of mucin by histopathological and ultrastructural analysis.CONCLUSION Physalis angulata supercritical CO2 extract is an intestinal anti-inflammatory product that modulates oxidative stress,immune response and expression of inflammatory mediators,with potentially utility for treating inflammatory bowel disease.

Methanolic extract of ceplukan leaf(Physalis minima L.)attenuates ventricular fibrosis through inhibition of TNF-α in ovariectomized rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ceplukan leaf(Physalis minima L),which contain phytoestrogen physalin and withanolides,toward ventricular TNF-αlevel and fibrosis in ovariectomized rats.METHODS Wistar rats divided into six groups(K1:normal;K2:5 weeks ovariectomy(OVX);K3:9weeks ovariectomy(OVX),K4,K5,and K5:9weeks OVX+4 weeks ceplukan leaf's methanolic extract dose 500,1500,and 2500 mg·kg-1,respectively.TNF-αlevel measured with ELISA method.Fibrosis measured as blue color percentage in Masson′s Trichrome staining.RESULTS This study showed that prolonged hypoestrogen increase ventricular fibrosis(P<0.05).Ceplukan leaf treatment also resulted in a decreased ventricular fibrosis and TNF-αlevel in dose dependent manner compared with those of without treatment group(P<0.05).Furthermore,the TNF-αlevel normalized in rat treated with 2500mg·kg-1 Physalis minima L(P<0.05).Reduction of fibrosis positively correlated with TNF-αlevel(P<0.05,r= 0.873).CONCLUSION Methanolic extract of ceplukan leaf decrease ventricular fibrosis through inhibition of ventricular TNF-αin ovariectomized rats.Duration of hypoestrogen increase ventricular fibrosis.

Medicinal and Edible Plant——Physalis alkekengi L.and Its Cultivation Techniques

Botanical morphological characteristics of Physalis alkekengi L.is first introduced,and its medicinal and edible value is elaborated.Cultivation techniques of P.alkekengi L.are mainly introduced.The research aims to provide a certain basis for the better development and application of P.alkekengi L.

Polysaccharide from Fruits of Physalis Alkekengi L. Enhances Antitumor Efficacy by a DNA Vaccine

Physalis. alkekengi fruit has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for tumor therapy. In the present study, using plasmids that encode ovalbumin (OVA) gene, we investigate the adjuvant activity of a polysaccharide fraction (PPSB) isolated from P.alkekengi fruit. Formulation by simple procedures of mixing of the OVA-encoding pCI-neo-sOVA plasmid with PPSB not only induced specific antibody responses, but also induced antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses (Graph abstract). Furthermore, immunization using this vaccine prevented the growth of OVA-expressing B16-OVA tumor cell growth in the immunized mice. Thus, we provide evidence supporting the adjuvant activity of PPSB in DNA vaccine against tumor.

NaCl和Na_(2)SO_(4)对毛酸浆种子萌发及生长的影响

研究以毛酸浆为实验材料,采用不同浓度梯度的NaCl(0、50、100、150和200 mmol/L)和Na_(2)SO_(4)(0、50、100、150和200 mmol/L)的盐溶液对毛酸浆种子分别处理,分析不同浓度的两种盐溶液对毛酸浆种子萌发及生长的影响,并计算出毛酸浆种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及活力指数,测定叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)的生理生化指标。研究结果表明:不同浓度的两种盐溶液对毛酸浆种子萌发均有抑制作用,对叶片中的生理生化指标也均有显著影响,且当盐溶液浓度增大时,对种子的发芽率、发芽势抑制效果更强。Na_(2)SO_(4)的盐溶液的抑制作用比NaCl盐溶液的抑制效果强。随着盐溶液浓度的增加,丙二醛(MDA)的含量相对于对照组都呈现出先减少后增多的趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量基本相同,均表现为先增多后减少的趋势,但均高于对照组。

RP-HPLC测定酸浆药材中3种有效成分的含量

目的:采用 RP-HPLC 建立同时测定酸浆药材中酸浆苦味素 A、酸浆苦味素 D 及木犀草素含量的方法。方法:分析柱采用 Diamonsil C_(18)(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%醋酸(45:55,v/v);流速:1.0 mL·min^(-1);检测波长:220 nm。结果:酸浆苦味素 A、酸浆苦味素 D 及木犀草素浓度分别在0.15～1.20 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9995),0.10～0.81 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9996),0.12～0.96 mg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9997)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,酸浆苦味素 A 平均回收率分别为95.9%,97.1%,103%;RSD 分别为2.0%,0.7%,1.4%。酸浆苦味素 D 的平均回收率分别为97.3%,101%,97.1%;RSD 分别为1.0%,1.9%,1.3%。木犀草素的平均回收率分别为97.8%,97.8%,97.7%;RSD 分别为0.4%,2.9%,0.5%。结论:采用 RP-HPLC 同时测定酸浆药材中酸浆苦味素 A、酸浆苦味素 D 及木犀草素3种成分的含量,该法简单、可靠,可作为控制酸浆药材质量的参考标准。

HPLC法测定菇茑果实中叶黄素的含量

建立用于测定菇茑果实中叶黄素含量的检测方法。方法以正己烷为溶剂,采用浸泡法提取样品中的叶黄素,NaOH-CH_3OH溶液皂化后利用HPLC测定其含量。色谱柱为Kromassil C_(18)柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为甲醇,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为445nm。结果叶黄素在2.3~36.8μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系。结论该方法准确度高、重现性好,可适于菇茑果实中叶黄素含量的定量分析。

HPLC法同时测定锦黄咽炎片中7种黄酮的含量

目的建立同时测定锦黄咽炎片中7种黄酮类成分含量的HPLC法。方法采用Phenomenex Synergi C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm),甲醇(A)-体积分数0.2%磷酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为349 nm。结果木犀草苷、野黄芩苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、木犀草素、黄芩素和汉黄芩素在10倍浓度范围内线性相关系数>0.999 0,方法精密度RSD≤2.6%(n=6),回收率在97.9%～103.8%内。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于锦黄咽炎片的质量控制。

UPLC-MS/MS法测定苦蘵宿萼中physalin H和physalin D的含量

建立了同时测定苦蘵中2种酸浆苦味素类化合物含量的方法.应用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)与Qtrap质谱(MS)联用同时测定苦蘵中酸浆苦味素H(physalin H)和酸浆苦味素D(physalin D)2个成分的含量.采用Waters Acquity BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,以水(0.1%甲酸)-乙腈(0.1%甲酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温35℃,流速0.3 mL·min^(-1),使用ESI+离子源,多反应监测(MRM)模式扫描,对physalin H和physalin D进行定量.结果表明physalin H和physalin D在5~10000 ng·mL^(-1)范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)分别为0.9997和0.9995;平均加样回收率(n=5)分别为71.1%和71.0%,RSD值分别为1.36%和1.47%.该方法准确可靠,可用于苦蘵药材中physalin H和physalin D的含量测定,为有效控制苦蘵药材的质量奠定了基础.

Extraction and Crystal Structure of Physalin B

The title compound of physalin B（C28H32O9）, a main active physalin of Physalis angulata L, was isolated from the whole plant of Physalis angulata L, and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21 with C28H32O9, a = 12.4996（2）, b = 14.35620（10）, c = 14.75190（10）, V = 2607.97（5） 3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.382 mg/cm3, Mr = 542.56, F（000） = 1152, and μ = 0.870 mm-1. The final R = 0.0389 and wR = 0.1037 for 47670 observed reflections（I 〉 2σ（I））. The rigid molecule consists of eight fused rings involving two lactones. There are two C28H32O9 molecules in an symmetric unit, and the title compound is stacked into a 3D layer structure through hydrogen bonds. In the 5~20 μmol/L range, physalin B can significantly inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 on RAW264.7 cells. The results suggest that physalin B has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro.

Research progress on chemical constituents in Sigesbeckiae Herba and their pharmacological activities

Sigesbeckiae Herba,a dry whole plant of Sigesbeckia glabrescens Makino,Sigesbeckia pubescens Makino and Sigesbeckia orientalis L.,is a traditional Chinese medicine used to dispel dampness,dredge meridians and collaterals,clear heat and detoxicate.Its chemical components are complex and abundant,including mainly diterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids.Among them,diterpenoids are the main active components.Modern pharmacological studies have found that the compounds isolated from Sigesbeckiae Herba have anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,antithrombus and other pharmacological activities.This review systematically summarized the chemical components identified from Sigesbeckiae Herba and their pharmacological activities by searching Chinese and English databases,in order to provide references for the further development of Sigesbeckiae Herba and the improvement of its quality standards.

模糊数学结合响应面法优化酸浆多糖酸奶工艺

以酸浆多糖、纯牛奶为主要原料,加入发酵菌粉进行发酵,研制一款具有独特酸浆香气且营养丰富的酸奶。以感官评分为指标,在单因素试验基础上采用模糊数学评价法与响应面法相结合的方法,优选出酸奶生产工艺。结果表明,当酸浆多糖添加量为2.2%,木糖醇添加量为4.9%,菌粉添加量为0.15%,发酵时间为8 h时,参照此条件制作的酸浆多糖酸奶组织均匀,润滑细腻且香气浓郁,感官评分为87.17分,与预测值相近。

毛酸浆茎叶多糖的结构表征及体外活性

采用水提法从毛酸浆茎叶部分提取得到粗多糖,利用柱色谱分离纯化获得一个新的多糖(PPL-S1),对其化学结构、理化性质进行初步探究,并测定该多糖的体外抗氧化活性以及神经细胞保护活性。结果表明:多糖PPL-S1分子量为1 949.8 Da,单糖组成为鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、半乳糖,其物质的量比为0.15∶0.21∶0.14∶0.50,具有多糖的特征吸收峰。体外自由基清除实验表明,PPL-S1对DPPH、ABTS自由基具有一定的清除效果,IC_(50)值分别为1.60 mg·mL^(-1)和1.43 mg·mL^(-1)。并且PPL-S1能显著改善H_(2)O_(2)诱导的氧化应激,提高神经细胞SH-SY5Y细胞存活率,对H_(2)O_(2)诱导的神经细胞损伤具有一定的保护活性。

灯笼果叶片、宿萼和果实化学成分分析及抗氧化活性评价

为全面评估分析酸浆属(Physalis)国内栽培最广的灯笼果(Physalis peruviana L.)化学成分及抗氧化活性,该研究采用紫外分光光度法测定了灯笼果叶片、宿萼和果实提取物总酚、总黄酮含量,应用超高效液相色谱质谱联用技术鉴定其化合物,并检测主要化合物含量,分别应用DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基、羟自由基清除和铁离子还原法测试提取物体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,灯笼果叶片提取物总酚(8.15 mg GAE/g DW)和总黄酮(30.43 mg RT/g DW)含量最高,宿萼提取物次之,果实提取物总含量最低。从3个部位中共鉴定4种黄酮、3种脂肪酸、1种醉茄内酯、1种二苯并呋喃类和1种羟基肉桂酸类化合物。叶片和宿萼提取物化合物种类丰富,其中叶片提取物紫云英苷(492.03μg/g DW)含量最高,宿萼提取物金丝桃苷(162.10μg/g DW)含量最高,果实提取物仅检测到阿魏酸-4′-O-葡萄糖苷化合物(137.37μg/g DW)。叶片提取物有良好的清除羟自由基能力(SC_(50)=0.61 mg/mL),宿萼提取物清除DPPH自由基(SC_(50)=0.19 mg/mL)、ABTS阳离子自由基能力(0.13 mmol TE/g)和铁离子还原能力(0.16 mmol Fe^(2+)/g)最优。研究结果丰富了灯笼果次级代谢产物数据,为充分利用灯笼果资源、开发天然抗氧化产品提供了科学依据。

大孔树脂分离纯化毛酸浆叶黄素及其抗氧化活性评价

目的:研究大孔树脂分离纯化毛酸浆叶黄素的工艺条件,提高毛酸浆叶黄素的抗氧化活性。方法:在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交实验优化大孔树脂HP-20静态吸附毛酸浆叶黄素的工艺条件;以解析率为参考指标,探究毛酸浆叶黄素动态解析的工艺条件;通过测定毛酸浆叶黄素对OH自由基和DPPH自由基的清除率,评价其纯化前后的抗氧化活性。结果:静态吸附叶黄素最佳条件为:HP-20型树脂与叶黄素粗提液比例3∶1(g/mL)、叶黄素浓度400 mg/mL、吸附温度20℃、吸附时间4 h,此条件下吸附率达到63.44%。动态解析叶黄素最佳条件为:洗脱流速0.42 mL/min、洗脱剂60%乙醇溶液、上样液质量浓度800 mg/mL,此时解析率为56.16%。体外抗氧化研究结果显示,纯化前后叶黄素对OH自由基的最高清除率分别是97.66%和98.33%,对DPPH自由基的最高清除率分别是88.21%和90.47%。可见,纯化后的叶黄素能更好地清除OH自由基和DPPH自由基,且对OH自由基的清除效果更强。结论:优选大孔树脂分离纯化毛酸浆叶黄素工艺条件合理可行,且纯化后的叶黄素具有更强的抗氧化活性。