Microfluidic-based single cell trapping using a combination of stagnation point flow and physical barrier

Single cell trapping in vitro by microfluidic device is an emerging approach for the study of the relationship between single cells and their dynamic biochemical microenvironments. In this paper, a hydrodynamic-based microfluidic device for single cell trapping is designed using a combination of stagnation point flow and physical barrier.The microfluidic device overcomes the weakness of the traditional ones, which have been only based upon either stagnation point flows or physical barriers, and can conveniently load dynamic biochemical signals to the trapped cell. In addition, it can connect with a programmable syringe pump and a microscope to constitute an integrated experimental system.It is experimentally verified that the microfluidic system can trap single cells in vitro even under flow disturbance and conveniently load biochemical signals to the trapped cell. The designed micro-device would provide a simple yet effective experimental platform for further study of the interactions between single cells and their microenvironments.

The Design of a Three-Dimensional Physical Modeling System for Real-Time Groundwater Flows

In the past decades,physical modeling has been widely used in hydrogeology for teaching,studying and exhibition purposes.Most of these models are used to illustrate hydrogeological profiles,but few can depict three-dimensional groundwater flows,making it impossible to validate groundwater flows simulated by numerical methods with physical modeling.

Multiphase flow physics of room temperature liquid metals and its applications

Multiphase flow existing everywhere in the motion evolution of nature,industrial processes,and daily life,has been an interdisciplinary cutting-edge frontier covering rather diverse disciplines.Traditional multiphase flow of high melting metals typically involves gas/vapor-liquid two-phase fluidics which usually requests intense energy processes and therefore limits their applications to a large extent.Different from this,the newly emerging room-temperature liquid metals(RTLMs)with fascinating metallic fluidic properties and multifunctional behaviors,not only well resolve the existing challenges facing conventional technologies,but also open up a series of new scientific and engineering subjects.Especially the conceptual introduction of multiphase composites endows liquid metal with many unconventional fluidic capabilities.To further push forward the advancement of this new area,the present article is dedicated to systematically outlining the scientific category of RTLMs multiphase flow physics and interpreting its fundamental and practical issues.The vision is to provide insights into promising developmental directions of RTLMs multiphase flow and thus facilitate synergetic research and progress among different disciplines.First,the traditional metal multiphase flow was briefly introduced.Then,we summarized the physics of RTLMs multiphase flow,the common types of liquid metals,the basic physical and chemical properties of their multiphase flow and governing equations,etc.Following that,various typical driving modalities and manipulation methods of RTLMs were illustrated.Finally,important implementations of RTLMs multiphase flow into thermal management,energy harvesting,catalysis,soft machines,biomedicine,and printed electronics were discussed.Overall,the multiphase flow physics of RTLMs is currently still in its incubation stage and there exist tremendous opportunities and challenges which are worth further pursuing in the coming time.

Implementing a 1GHz Four-Issue Out-of-Order Execution Microprocessor in a Standard Cell ASIC Methodology

This paper introduces the microarchitecture and physical implementation of the Godson-2E processor, which is a four-issue superscalar RISC processor that supports the 64-bit MIPS instruction set. The adoption of the aggressive out-of-order execution and memory hierarchy techniques help Godson-2E to achieve high performance. The Godson-2E processor has been physically designed in a 7-metal 90nm CMOS process using the cell-based methodology with some bitsliced manual placement and a number of crafted cells and macros. The processor can be run at 1GHz and achieves a SPEC CPU2000 rate higher than 500.

Optimization of submerged entry nozzle parameters for ultra-high casting speed continuous casting mold of billet

Controlling the flow behavior in the mold in an appropriate way is the basis for realizing the billet ultra-high speed continuous casting.Based on the new proposed physical water modeling experiment considering the effects of solidified shell and hydrostatic pressure,the flow behavior in the mold with cross section of 160 mm 9160 mm during continuous casting of billet is regulated by optimizing the inner diameters and immersion depths of submerged entry nozzle at the ultra-high casting speeds of 5.0–6.5 m/min.The results show that under the premise of no slag entrainment,as well as uniform coverage and keeping good fluidity of liquid slag layer on the top free surface of the fluid in the mold,the appropriate parameters of submerged entry nozzle under the ultra-high casting speed of billet are 50 mm in inner diameter,95 mm in outer diameter and 180 mm in immersion depth.And on the basis of the obtained parameters of submerged entry nozzle,it can be known that the reasonable ranges of level fluctuation and impacting depth of the stream in the mold are about 0.82-1.11 and 593-617 mm,respectively.

Assessing urban low-carbon performance from a metabolic perspective

How to mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions in cities determines to a large degree whether global temperature targets in this century are to be met.Using 12 cities in or outside China as case studies,we quantified the critical processes of carbon metabolism based on the urban carbon metabolism assessment framework(CMAF)proposed.The differences of sector contribution,and per capita and intensity among carbon throughflows,carbon inflows and carbon emissions were evaluated.Furthermore,we established an indicator system for CMAF consisting of flow-based and structural indicators to compare the low-carbon performances of cities.The results showed that the total carbon throughflow(TCT)and total carbon inflow(TCI)in Chinese cities were 7–12%higher than in European and American cities regarding the manufacturing and services sector on average,but 6–9%lower in the household consumption sector.Beijing,Tianjin,Nanjing and Guangzhou had lower per capita TCT and TCI than in European and American cities such as Paris and Los Angeles,while their carbon intensities were about three times as much.The per capita TCT in a city was found significantly correlated with per capita energy consumption and had a certain correlation with per capita building or housing area.This study found that TCT,TCI and carbon dioxide emission each provided unique information to measure the potential climatic impact of cities.The difference in the ranking of low-carbon performance between the investigated cities was significant both in terms of flow-based and structural indicators.We suggest these assessment indicators of carbon metabolism be integrated into urban resources management to reflect both the decarbonization status and future emission reduction potential more accurately and to provide systemic decision support for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality in cities.