Performance of Physical-Layer Network Coding in Asymmetric Two-Way Relay Channels

In this paper, we study the performance of physical-layer network coding in asymmetric two-way relay channels using four different cases having different poor channels:phase asymmetry, downlink asymmetry, uplink asymmetry and node asymmetry. The decision and mapping rule for symmetric and asymmetric cases are studied. The performance in terms of bit error rate for each case will be studied and analysed by computer simulation. Analytical and simulation results show that uplink asymmetry is the worst case;intra-phase asymmetry and unreliable uplink channels will more severely affect the performance degradation, which is caused by channel asymmetry.

Spatial-Modulated Physical-Layer Network Coding Based on Block Markov Superposition Transmission for Maritime Relay Communications

As an alternative to satellite communications,multi-hop relay networks can be deployed for maritime long-distance communications.Distinct from terrestrial environment,marine radio signals are affected by many factors,e.g.,weather conditions,evaporation ducting,and ship rocking caused by waves.To ensure the data transmission reliability,the block Markov superposition transmission(BMST)codes,which are easily configurable and have predictable performance,are applied in this study.Meanwhile,the physical-layer network coding(PNC)scheme with spatial modulation(SM)is adopted to improve the spectrum utilization.For the BMST-SMPNC system,we propose an iterative algorithm,which utilizes the channel observations and the a priori information from BMST decoder,to compute the soft information corresponding to the XORed bits constructed by the relay node.The results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms the convolutional coded SM-PNC over fast-fading Rician channels.Especially,the performance can be easily improved in high spatial correlation maritime channel by increasing the memory m.

Independent component analysis to physical-layer network coding over wireless fading channels

A new combinational technology is proposed,which is feasible to apply physical-layer network coding（PNC） to wireless fading channels by employing the harmful interference strategically.The key step of PNC is that sources broadcast signals simultaneously without orthogonal scheduling.Naturally,the signals overlap in the free space at the receivers.Since the signals from different sources are mutual independent,rooted on this rational assumption,an enhanced joint diagonalization separation named altering row diagonalization（ARD） algorithm is exploited to separate these signals by maximizing the cost function measuring independence among them.This ARD PNC（APNC） methodology provides an innovative way to implement signal-level network coding at the presence of interference and without any priori information about channels in fading environments.In conclusions,the proposed APNC performs well with higher bandwidth utility and lower error rate.

Downlink network-coded multiple access with diverse power

Normally,in the downlink Network-Coded Multiple Access(NCMA)system,the same power is allocated to different users.However,equal power allocation is unsuitable for some scenarios,such as when user devices have different Quality of Service(QoS)requirements.Hence,we study the power allocation in the downlink NCMA system in this paper,and propose a downlink Network-Coded Multiple Access with Diverse Power(NCMA-DP),wherein different amounts of power are allocated to different users.In terms of the Bit Error Rate(BER)of the multi-user decoder,and the number of packets required to correctly decode the message,the performance of the user with more allocated power is greatly improved compared to the Conventional NCMA(NCMA-C).Meanwhile,the performance of the user with less allocated power is still much better than NCMA-C.Furthermore,the overall throughput of NCMA-DP is greatly improved compared to that of NCMA-C.The simulation results demonstrate the remarkable performance of the proposed NCMA-DP.

Adaptive Jointing Superposition and Denoising-and-Forward Physical Layer Network Coding

The existing physical-layer network coding(PNC) can be grouped into three generic schemes,which are XOR-based PNC,superposition-based PNC,and denoising-and-forward(DNFbased) PNC.Generally speaking,DNF-based PNC has better performance of rate pair region compared with the other two schemes when the transmission is symmetric.When the transmission is asymmetric,its performance is degraded severely.However,superposition-based PNC does not have that limitation even if its rate pair region performance is inferior to that of DNF-based PNC and XOR-based PNC.In this paper,we focus on the combined use of the two PNC schemes,superposition-based PNC and DNFbased PNC,and present a novel PNC scheme called joint superposition and DNF physical-layer network coding(JSDNF-based PNC) as well as the information theory analysis of the achievable rate pair region.At the same time,in the proposed scheme,an adaptive power allocation factor is introduced.By changing the power factor,the system can adapt its rate pair region flexibly.The numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves the largest rate pair region when the rate difference of two source signals is very large.At the same time,the support on asymmetric transmission is also an important profit of the scheme.

Full Diversity Reception Based on Dempster-Shafer Theory for Network Coding with Multiple-Antennas Relay

In this paper,a two-way relay system which achieves bi-directional communication via a multiple-antenna relay in two time slots is studied.In the multiple access(MA) phase,the novel receive schemes based on Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory are proposed at the relay node.Instead of traditional linear detection,the first proposed MIMO-DS NC scheme adopts D-S evidence theory to detect the signals of each source node before mapping them into network-coded signal.Moreover,different from traditional physical-layer network coding(PNC) based on virtual MIMO model,the further proposed MIMO-DS PNC comes from the vector space perspective and combines PNC mapping with D-S theory to obtain network-coded signal without estimating each source node signal.D-S theory can appropriately characterize uncertainty and make full use of multiple evidence source information by Dempster's combination rule to obtain reliable decisions.In the broadcast(BC) phase,the space-time coding(STC) and antenna selection(AS) schemes are adopted to achieve transmit diversity.Simulation results reveal that the STC and AS schemes both achieve full transmit diversity in the BC phase and the proposed MIMO-DS NC/PNC schemes obtain better end-to-end BER performance and throughputs compared with traditional schemes with a little complexity increasing and no matter which scheme is adopted in the BC phase,MIMO-DS PNC always achieves full end-to-end diversity gain as MIMO-ML NC but with a lower complexity and its throughput approaches the throughput of MIMO-ML NC in high SNR regime.

Selective PNC in Satellite-Terrestrial Network over Non-Identical Fading Channels

We analyze the performance of a twoway satellite-terrestrial decode-and-forward(DF) relay network over non-identical fading channels.In particular,selective physical-layer network coding(SPNC) is employed in the proposed network to improve the average end-to-end throughput performance.More specifically,by assuming that the DF relay performs instantaneous throughput comparisons before performing corresponding protocols,we derive the expressions of system instantaneous bit-error-rate(BER),instantaneous end-to-end throughput,average end-to-end throughput,single node detection(SND)occurrence probability and average end-to-end BER over non-identical fading channels.Finally,theoretical analyses and Monte Carlo simulation results are presented.Evaluations show that:1) SPNC protocol outperforms the conventional physical-layer network coding(PNC) protocol in infrequent light shadowing(ILS),average shadowing(AS) and frequent heavy shadowing(FHS) Shadowed-Rician fading channels.2) As the satellite-relay channel fading gets more sewere,SPNC protocol can achieve more performance improvement than PNC protocol and the occurrence probability of SND protocol increases progressively.3) The occurrence probability increase of SND has a beneficial effect on the average end-to-end throughput in low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) regime,while the occurrence probability decrease of SND has a beneficial effect on the average end-to-end BER in highSNR regime.

Throughput Gain of Random Wireless Networks with Physical-Layer Network Coding

This study analyzes the impact of Physical-layer Network Coding （PNC） on the throughput of a large random wireless network, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional networks. Three different transmission schemes, （1） a traditional flow-based scheme, （2） a network coding scheme, and （3） the PNC scheme are compared to show that the PNC scheme improves wireless network throughput by a constant factor without changing the scaling law compared to the traditional flow-based and network coding schemes. Furthermore, PNC can reduce the effect of interference for the one-dimensional networks, and has a tighter throughput bound for the two-dimensional network.

Zero-forcing dirty paper coding aided physical-layer network coding for MIMO two-way relaying channels with multiple users

This article considers the two-way multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） relaying channels with multiple users,in which multiple users are served simultaneously by the base station（BS） with the assistance of the relay.The transmission consists of only two phases,doubling the system throughout over traditional one-way half-duplex transmission.A zero-forcing dirty paper coding（ZFDPC） aided physical-layer network coding（PNC） scheme is proposed in this article and the achievable capacity of the ZFDPC aided PNC scheme is derived.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the previous decode-and-forward（DF） and zero-forcing beamforming（ZFBF） aided PNC scheme due to more degrees of freedoms and the advantage of PNC.Moreover,we analyze the effect of the imperfect channel state information（CSI） from RS to users at BS side to show the robustness of the proposed ZFDPC aided PNC scheme.

Optimal power allocation for two-way relaying over OFDM using physical-layer network coding

In this paper, a network scenario of two-way relaying over orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） is considered, in which two nodes intend to exchange the information via a relay using physical-layer network coding （PLNC）. Assuming that the full channel knowledge is available, an optimization problem, which maximizes the achievable sum rate under a sum-power constraint, is investigated. It is shown that the optimization problem is non-convex, which is difficult to find the global optimum solution in terms of the computational complexity. In consequence, a low-complexity optimal power allocation scheme is proposed for practice implementation. A link capacity diagram is first employed for power allocation on each subcarrier. Subsequently, an equivalent relaxed optimization problem and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker （KKT） conditions are developed for power allocation among each subcarrier. Simulation results demonstrate that the substantial capacity gains are achieved by implementing the proposed schemes efficiently with a low-complexity computational effort.

Resource Allocation for Two-Way Amplify and Forward OFDM Relay Networks

Physical-layer network coding(PNC) promises substantial theoretical gain to achieve the maximum system throughput in cooperative relay transmission. However, with the increasing global warming, how to reduce power consumption while satisfy system throughput requirement is becoming a vital issue. In this paper, we investigate energy-efficiency resource allocation(RA) based on PNC with amplify-and-forward(AF) protocol in orthogonal frequency division multiple(OFDM) bidirectional transmission. To minimize the overall transmit power consumption with required system throughput requirement, we consider joint subcarriers and power allocation and formulate the objective task into a constrained optimization problem where the best relay node is selected to minimize total transmit power. The closed form optimization power allocation solutions are acquired by analytical derivation. Based on derivation, we propose a novel optimal energy-efficient power allocation(OE-PA). Numerical results are given to evaluate the performance of the derived scheme as compared to other schemes and show that our scheme has signifi cant improvement to energy saving.

SINR下基于PNC的无线网络容量研究

物理层网络编码(PNC)作为网络编码的延伸,可以通过降低无线网络节点的干扰提升无线网络的容量。在协议干扰模型下研究基于PNC无线网络的容量增益,只考虑发送节点临近的一个节点的影响,没有考虑全局节点的影响,且参数Δ单一、抽象,不能良好表达真实网络环境。针对这些缺点,提出一种物理干扰模型(SINR)下基于PNC的无线网络容量的评测方法。在试验仿真结果中,证实全局节点影响下PNC方案无线网络容量在SINR各参数下的性能指标优于其他编码方案,并给出所有参数下网络容量的上界以及容量上界随参数变化特性。

一种基于TCM的信道编码与物理层网络编码的联合设计

该文在双向中继信道中基于网格编码调制(Trellis Coded Modulation,TCM)提出了一种信道编码与物理层网络编码的联合实施机制。该机制采用TCM,将编码和调制统一考虑,提高了编码序列的自由距离,从而获得更高的编码增益。此外,利用卷积码和MAC-XOR网络编码的线性性质,使得中继节点只要直接估计网络编码的码字,这样中继节点进行TCM译码的复杂度减少了50%。该机制同时考虑信道编码技术、调制技术以及物理层网络编码三者联合设计的问题,既提高信息传输率,又保证了可靠性。

物理层网络编码中连续相位调制信号的非相干多符号检测

基于连续相位调制(CPM)的物理层网络编码(PNC)由于其高效的吞吐率和频谱利用率特性引起了越来越多的关注。现有关于CPM-PNC检测的研究大多建立在到达中继端的两节点信号载波相位完全同步或相位差已知的基础上。实际应用中,这一载波相位差不可避免,也很难准确估计。针对这一问题,该文提出一种中继端存在未知载波相位差条件下的CPM-PNC非相干多符号检测算法。该算法根据最大似然检测原理,通过观察多个码元来实现中间码元的检测,充分利用了CPM信号的相位记忆特性。仿真结果表明,该文所提出的CPM-PNC非相干多符号检测算法性能优越。而且随着观察窗口长度的增大,其性能显著提高并逐渐趋近最优相干检测性能。在误码率(BER)为410-时,相比于非相干单符号检测,观察窗口长度为5个码元时的CPM-PNC非相干多符号检测有6.7d B的性能增益。

基于分层调制的物理层网络编码研究

在实际的移动通信环境中,信道的状态复杂多变,该文针对双向中继信道的非对称性,提出采用分层调制方式的物理层网络编码方案。首先构建源节点、中继节点均采用分层(2/4-PSK)调制的双向中继通信系统模型;其次给出了中继节点的物理层网络编码解调及映射规则,推导出加性高斯白噪声下中继误比特率及端到端误比特率理论计算公式;最后仿真验证了理论分析结果。与采用传统QPSK调制技术的物理层网络编码相比,该方案利用分层调制的技术优势,确保较优信道的高速率传输,也兼顾了较差信道的传输可靠性。

物理层网络编码机会中继及中断性能分析

该文研究了频率非选择性瑞利衰落信道中的物理层网络编码系统容量问题。基于放大转发机制提出了一种基于最大最小互信息准则的机会中继策略。在瑞利衰落信道环境下,从双向通信的角度,通过理论分析得出其中断概率解析式,同时推导了理想物理层网络编码和传统直接传输系统的中断概率解析式。通过理论分析,发现在某些节点发射功率条件下,系统中断概率将完全取决于单向链路。在此基础上完成了数值仿真实验,结果表明所提策略的中断性能与理想物理层网络编码和传统直接传输相比有了显著的提高。

多中继物理层网络编码系统加密设计及安全性能研究

多中继通信系统信息传输过程复杂,存在吞吐率下降、误码率高、安全性能差等问题.针对以上问题,提出多中继物理层网络编码系统与密钥加密技术联合设计的解决方案.首先,阐述三中继双向物理层网络编码系统加密传输的工作机制;然后,构建三中继物理层网络编码与LDPC码、加密算法联合通信模型,设计适应多路信号叠加的中继映射解决方案,推导出该系统的置信传播译码算法公式.实验仿真结果表明,采用的密钥加密技术能有效保证系统数据传输安全性,降低因多中继系统信息传输与信道窃听带来的性能损失;同时,LDPC编译码提升了该系统的译码准确率,系统解密能力得到改善,从而有效提高了多中继通信系统数据传输的有效性、可靠性.

物理层网络编码分组的机会中继

为提升物理层网络编码方案的抗衰落性能,该文提出了一种基于物理层网络编码的机会中继方案(Opportunistic Relaying based-on Physical-layer Network Coding,PNC-OR),该方案利用物理层网络编码的基本思想、有效提升网络吞吐的同时,通过中继节点的分布式选择,也能够使系统获得多用户分集增益,提高了系统的抗衰落性能。针对双向无线中继信道中端到端信息交换的情形,推导了准静态衰落环境下PNC-OR中多个目的节点接收信息的和容量。数值结果显示:和机会中继、传统网络编码两种方案相比,PNC-OR具有更高的频谱效率,并且随着中继节点的增多,频谱效率也越高。

基于连续相位频移键控调制的物理层网络编码检测及性能分析

针对双向中继信道,该文提出一种基于连续相位频移键控(CPFSK)调制的物理层网络编码(PNC)机制,即CPFSK-PNC。与已有的采用BPSK,QPSK等调制方式的物理层网络编码相比,该机制引入CPFSK的技术优势,提高了系统的频谱效率和功率效率。该文对瑞利衰落信道中CPFSK-PNC的物理层网络编码检测进行了研究。首先,利用CPFSK信号的记忆特性,根据最大似然准则设计了中继节点的物理层网络编码检测方案;其次,分析了信号之间最小欧氏距离并给出中继检测的平均误比特率下边界;最后,仿真验证了理论分析结果。

网络编码在无线通信系统物理层中的应用

在对网络编码技术概念及发展现状的研究基础上,分析网络编码在无线通信系统物理层中的应用,重点研究物理层网络编码技术以及网络编码与信道编码的联合设计,并进行综述。一方面,介绍物理层网络编码机制,对物理层网络编码的主要研究热点进行分类,包括物理层网络编码的编解码设计、同步问题、与其他传输技术的结合、信息容量分析以及应用场景扩展,总结现有成果及发展方向。另一方面,研究不同网络编码与信道编码联合设计方案,根据设计的不同角度,将其归纳为结合信道编码的类型、改造软信息处理的方式、利用物理层网络编码及考虑不同的系统场景。