Effect of foot reflexology on pain and physiological indicators in postoperative patients:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim:To determine the effect of foot reflexology intervention on pain and physiological indicators in postoperative patients.Data resources:The Cochrane library,PubMed,EMBASE,MEDLINE,SCOPUS,CINAHL,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),VIP,and Wan Fang Data were searched from inception until January2020.Review methods:Studies were screened according to the PICOS principle.The methodological quality was assessed with Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:5 randomized clinical trials involving 318 participants were included in the meta-analysis.There were significant differences in pain and heart rate in postoperative patients between the two groups.Conclusion:The foot reflexology intervention decrease the postoperative pain and heart rate for the postoperative patients.It can be considered to be an effective non-pharmaceutical therapy to reduce the postoperative pain and heart rate.The evidence is not enough to prove the effectiveness of reducing postoperative blood pressure,respiratory rate,pulse rate and oxygen saturation using the foot reflexology.

Determination of Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Brown-Egg Dwarf Layers at Different Ages

[ Objective] To observe biological characteristics of brown-egg dwarf layers. [ Method ] Physiological and biochemical indicators of brown-egg dwarf layers were determined at the age of 20, 40 and 60 weeks, respectively. Fifty-four chickens were detected, nine roosters and nine hens at each age. [Result] As analyzed by ttest and multiple comparisons, during 20 -60 weeks old, the RBC, HGB, MPV, PDW, LYMPH%, TP and CHO showed an increasing trend. However, during this period, the HCT, MCV, RDW, WBC and LYMPH first decreased and then de- clined, while the MCH, MCHC, PLT, PCT, MID, MID%, GRAN, GRAN%, AST, ALB, TG, ALT and GLU changed contrarily. The chickens at different ages had significantly different physiological and biochemical indicators （P 〈 0.05）. The RBC, HCT, HGB, WBC, LYMPH and AST were significantly different between the roosters and hens during 20 -60 weeks old. [ Conclusion] In the brown-egg dwarf layers, the physiological and bi- ochemical indicators vary with aging, and their difference levels also change with aging.

Impact of Asarum Essential Oils on Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Two Agricultural Pests

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of asarum essential oils on physiological and biochemical indices of two agricultural pests. [Method]Asarum essential oils were extracted by different methods,and their effects on physiological and biochemical indices related to the structure of body wall（ chitin and phenoloxidase）,the physiological and biochemical indices acting on the nervous system（ Acetylcholinesterase）,and the physiological and biochemical indices acting on the digestive system（ protease,amylase and lipase） of Ostrinia furnacalis and Mythimna seperata were studied. [Result]Asarum essential oils had no effect no chitin content of body wall under the experimental concentration,and had no inhibitory effect but activated effect on polyphenol oxidase activity. Asarum essential oils could act on the nervous system of insect,and had strong inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase activity of O. furnacalis larvae,with inhibition rates of 24. 86%- 38. 79%. Asarum essential oils showed a significant activated effect on pepsin activity in midgut,but the activated amplitude became smaller with the prolongation of treatment time. Asarum essential oils showed a significant inhibitory effect on activities of amylase and lipase,indicating that it could play an insecticidal effect by inhibiting activity of amylase and lipase,and it could act on digestive system of insect. [Conclusion]The study laid the foundation for further development of asarum as botanical pesticide.

Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of different apple cultivars under various nitrogen and water supply conditions

Nitrogen(N) deficiency is a common problem for apple(Malus×domestica) production in arid regions of China.However,N utilization efficiency(NUE) of different apple cultivars grown under low N conditions in arid regions has not been evaluated.In this study,NUE was assessed for one-year-old seedlings of six apple cultivars,Golden Delicious,Qinguan,Jonagold,Honeycrisp,Fuji and Pink Lady,grafted onto Malus hupehensis Rehd.rootstocks.Four treatments were used,including control water with control N(CWCN),limited water with control N(LWCN),control water with low N(CWLN) and limited water with low N(LWLN).Our results showed that growth indices such as biomass,plant height and stem diameter,and photosynthetic rate of all cultivars decreased in the order CWCN>CWLN>LWCN>LWLN.When subjected to LWLN treatment,Qinguan showed better growth and photosynthetic characters than other tested cultivars.Additionally,Qinguan and Pink Lady had higher NUE,while Honeycrisp and Jonagold had lower NUE,based on the determination of biomass,photosynthetic parameters,chlorophyll content,the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(Fv/Fm),15 N and N contents.

Physiological Indices and Selection of Methods on Rapid Identification for Sweet Potato Drought Resistance

The relationships between the changes of relative water content （RWC）, malondialdehyde （MDA） contents, superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and free proline contents in sweet potato leaves, and drought resistant ability under different concentration of polyethylene glycol （PEG） treatment applied at rhizosphere of sweet potato seedlings were studied. A highly positive correlation between RWC and drought resistance （r =0.783, P〈0.01）, a highly negative correlation between MDA contents and drought resistance （r = -0.848, P〈0.01）, a highly positive correlation between SOD activity and drought resistance （r = 0.777, P〈0.01） was observed. Free proline contents in leaves was not related obviously to the sweet potato drought resistance under 25% PEG treatment. The stronger the drought resistance of variety, the less decrease of RWC and increase of MDA contents, the more increase of SOD activity. By determining these physiological indices in sweet potato leaves under 25% PEG treatment, rapid identification of drought resistant ability of different varieties can be obtained in the lab.

Effects of 1-aminobenzotriazole on the growth and physiological characteristics of Tamarix chinensis cuttings under salt stress

vegetation restoration is a main ecological remediation technology for greening saline and alkaline soils.The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of1-aminobenzotriazole(ABT-1) on the growth and physiology of Tamarix chinensis under salt stress and to determine a suitable ABT-1 concentration and soil salinity(Sc) for propagating T.chihehsis-cuttings.Cuttings were soaked in water and ABT-1 solutions at three concentrations(50,100,and 200 mg L^(-1)) and propagated in pots containing four soil salinity levels,mild(0.3%),moderate(0.6%),and severe(0.9% and 1.2%),and compared with a control.The cuttings were measured to determine growth indices and physiological and biochemical indices(e.g.,chlorophyll content,superoxide dismutase activity,peroxidase activity,and malondialdehyde content).ABT-1 was effective in improving survival,growth,and physiological processes of cuttings under salt stress.However,there was a threshold effect when using ABT-1 to facilitate propagation under salt stress.ABT-1 effects were insignificant when applied at low concentrations(<100 mg L^(-1)).At a high concentration(> 100 mg L^(-1)),ABT-1 limited growth and physiological activities.Under a salt stress level(Sc ≤0.9%),ABT applied at a 100 mg L^(-1)concentration increased chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in the leaves and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation effects.As a result,ABT-1 enhanced the resistance of T.chinensis to salt stress.However,under high salt stress(>0.9%) and ABT-1 concentration(> 100 mg L^(-1)),the physiological regulatory ability of T.chinensis seedlings weakened.T.chinensis grew well at a salt stress ≤0.9% and ABT ≤100 mg L^(-1) and exhibited relatively high physiological regulatory ability and high salt adaptability.

Changes in Several Physiological and Biochemical Indices of Maize Seedling Roots Caused by Drought Stress

The changes in several physiological and biochemical indices of seedling roots of new maize variety Qingnong 8 were studied under the simulated drought condition with 18% PEG-6000 and water shortage. The results showed that under drought conditions, the contents of soluble protein and malonialdehy （MDA） and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） in roots of maize seedlings significantly increased, and the increasing amplitude reduced after water shortage for 96 h. The re-watering treatment results after 48 h water shortage showed that the SOD and POD activities and the MDA content could recover to normal level, and the soluble protein content was lower than normal content. This study showed that the maize seedlings of Qingnong 8 suffered drought injury could grow normally after re-watering treatment.

Effects of Chinese Herbal Compound on the Blood Physiological Indices and Cytokines of Myelosuppressive Mice

[ Objective ] The research aimed to study the effects of Chinese herbal compound on the blcod physiological indices and cytokines of myelosuppressive mice. [ Metho] Myelasuppressive mice model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Chinese herbal compound was composed of Houttuynia cordata, Taraxacum mongolicum, Citrus reticulata peel, Atractylodes chinensis, Paeonia sterniana, Atractylodes macrocephala and Angelica sinensis. The effects of Chinese herbal compound and Astragalus polysaccharide at different doses on the blood physiological indices and hematopoietic growth factors of myelosuppressive mice were discussed. [ Result] Myelosuppressive mice medel was successfully established. The total white blood cell count, total nentrephile granulocyte count, total lymphocyte count, total platelet count and the contents of serum interleukin-6 and erythropoietin in myelosuppressive mice were significantly decreased. The total erythrocyte count, the contents of hemoglobin and imerleukin-3 were decreased, without significant difference. The blood physiological indices and the contents of interleukin-3 and erythropoietin in myelosuppressive mice could be improved by intragastric administration of Astragalus polysaccharide and Chinese herbal compound at different doses for 3 days or 7 days. The effect of 20 g/kg Chinese herbal compound was the best after administration for 3 days, and the effect of 10 g/kg Chinese herbal compound was the best after administration for 7 days. The total white blcod cell count, total neutrophile granulocyte count, percentage of neutrephile granulocyte, total lymphocyte count, total count of middle cells, percentage of middle cells, total platelet count, contents of interleukin-3 and erythropoietin in myelosuppressive mice could be extremely significantly improved by intragastric administration of 10 g/kg Chinese herbal compound for 7 days（ P 〈 0. 01 ） , and the reduction of red blood cell count, hematecfit, the contents of hemoglobin and interleukin-6 induced by cyclophesphamide could be inhibited （P 〈 0.01 ）. [ Conclusion ] Chinese herbal compound could improve the hematopoietic function of myclosuppressivc mice induced by cyclophosphamide and its effect was better than Astragalus polysaccharide. 20 g/kg Chinese herbal compound reacted fast and the reaction of 10 g/kg Chinese herbal compound was slow ,but its efficacy was lasting.

Determination of Physiological and Biochemical Indices of Hailan Chickens at 20 Weeks of Age

[Objective]This study aimed to determine physiological and biochemical indices of Hailan chickens at 20 weeks of age.[Method]T,P,BT,CT,ESR,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,RBC,HCT,MCV,RDW,HGB,MCH,MCHC,PLT,MPV,WBC,N,E,B,L,M,TP,Alb,AST,ALT,Glu and TG and CHO of 20 weeks-old male and female Hailan chickens were determined with various methods.[Result]According to the determined blood physiological and biochemical indices,RBC,HGB,Glu and ALB in male chickens were higher compared with female chickens,exhibiting extremely significant differences（P〈0.01）;B,M and TP in male chickens were significantly higher compared with female chickens（P〈0.05）;other physiological and biochemical indices exhibited no significant differences between males and females（P〉0.05）.[Conclusion]Physiological and biochemical indices of 20 weeks-old Hailan chickens varied between males and females,which were generally higher in male chickens than in female chickens.

Brassinosteroids Mediate Endogenous Phytohormone Metabolism to Alleviate High Temperature Injury at Panicle Initiation Stage in Rice

High temperatures cause physiological and biochemical changes and significantly affect young panicle development of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Brassinosteroids play important roles in enhancing crop stress resistance.In this study,we subjected rice cultivars Huanghuazhan(heat-resistant)and IR36(heat-sensitive)to high temperature(HT,40 oC)or normal temperature(NT,33 oC)for 7 d at the panicle initiation stage,in conjunction with application of 24-epibrassinolide[EBR,a synthetic brassinolide(BR)]or brassinazole(BRZ,a BR biosynthesis inhibitor)at the beginning of the treatments.HT exacerbated spikelet degeneration and inhibited young panicle growth,which were partially prevented by EBR application,while BRZ application aggravated the reduction in spikelet number.HT decreased the contents of BR,active cytokinins(aCTK),active gibberellins(aGA)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),but increased the content of abscisic acid(ABA)in young panicles.The activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis,glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in young panicles were decreased with the change of endogenous hormone levels under HT.In addition,the contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde(MDA)were increased and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were decreased in young panicles.Exogenous application of EBR induced the expression of phytohormone biosynthesis-related genes and down-regulated the expression of phytohormone catabolism-related genes to increase the contents of endogenous BR,aCTK,aGA and ABA,thus promoting the decomposition and utilization of sucrose in young panicles,enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and peroxidase,and reducing the accumulation of H2O2 and MDA in young panicles,whereas application of BRZ had the opposite physiological effects.These results showed that brassinosteroids mediate endogenous phytohormone metabolism to alleviate HT injury at the panicle initiation stage in rice.

UPLC-MS metabolomics provides insights into the diff erences between black- and white-shelled Pacifi c oysters Crassostrea gigas

A variety of shell colors are one of the most fundamental characteristics of molluscs,which have importantly ecological and economic signifi cance.The Pacifi c oyster Crassostrea gigas is distributed in many sea areas around the world and also an aquacultured mollusc with high nutritional value.In this study,the whole soft body and the mantle tissue of black-shelled Pacifi c oyster(BSO)and white-shelled Pacifi c oyster(WSO)with starkly diff erent melanin contents were compared,and the diff erences in physiology and metabolism between BSO and WSO were analyzed.The results of physiological indicators suggested BSO show more melanin,more dry matter,more crude lipid content,and stronger ability to scavenge free radicals than WSO.The altered metabolites of glycerophospholipids,fatty acyls,and steroids revealed diff erent regulatory mechanisms of lipids.The correlation analysis of metabolomics and previously published RNAseq data suggested that BSO and WSO mainly diff ered in the basal metabolic processes,such as lipid,amino acid and purine metabolisms.This study provides insights into the changes in the physiological indictors and the metabolites of oysters with varying melanin content.

Effects of elevated CO_2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Tolerance Response to Dehydration and Rehydration in Wheat Seedlings

Drought is the main abiotic stress that restricts wheat production.The rapid development of sequencing technology and its widespread application to various fields have revealed the structural characteristics and regulation of related genes through gene expression analysis.Here,we studied responses of wheat plants under drought and rewatering conditions,using morphological and physiological indicators.Moreover,a transcriptome analysis was conducted on Jingmai 12,a drought-resistant wheat strain,to explore the mechanism underlying the response of drought-resistant wheat seedlings to drought stress at the transcriptome level.Drought stress caused morphological and physiological changes in both drought-resistant and-sensitive varieties,but to a greater extent in the drought-sensitive specimen.After re-watering,the drought-resistant wheat showed greater ability to recover than the drought-sensitive wheat.Transcriptome sequencing of Jingmai 12 revealed 97,422 genes,including 80,373 known genes and 17,049 newly predicted genes.The observed upregulation of genes was mostly involved in hormone and signal transduction,carbon metabolism,amino acid synthesis,small molecule production,transmembrane transport,ROS detoxification and defense,drought response protein,and protective enzyme activity.Downregulated genes were mostly involved in photosynthesis,lipid metabolism,signaling,and auxin response.Upon rehydration,these genes and metabolic pathways returned to normal.Our results suggest that all these changes are adaptations to drought stress.Through morphological adaptation,physiological regulation,and the expression of drought-induced genes,normal growth of drought-resistant varieties under drought stress can be promoted.These results increase our understanding of the transcriptomic changes taking place in drought-resistant wheat seedlings under drought stress,and provide a direction for future investigations.

Effects of Low-temperature and Herbicide on Membrane Stability, Antioxidant Capacity, and Product of Metabolism in Barley Seedlings

In order to investigate the physiological injury of barley caused by the low temperature after herbicides, tillering barley seedlings planted in plastic cups were pretreated in illumination incubator at 15℃ and 12 h-light per day for 7 days, and then subjected to herbicide treatment, prometryn （with the concentrations of 0, 0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45%） or isoproturon （with the concentrations of 0, 0.30%, 0.60%, and 0.90%）, and the SOD activity, the CAT activity, the POD activity, the MDA content, proline content, soluble protein content, electrical conductivity, and the rate of O2 were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the low-temperature was the most important, and the treatment-time of low-temperature was another significant influencing factor on the physiological and biochemical indices of barley seedlings. However, all of the physiological and biochemical indices determined were not affected by the kinds of herbicides and herbicide concentrations, and the SOD was stable and should play the more prominent role on extracting of free radicals according to the stepwise regression and correlation. The herbicide concentrations should be increased in the future research for truly reflecting the effects of the herbicide concentration on the physiological and biochemical indices of barley seedlings.

Physiological Responses of Limonium aureum Seeds to Ultra-drying

The seeds of Limonium aureum （L.） Hill. were dried from 8.92% to 2.88% moisture content in a desiccating container with silica gel. After ultra-drying the seeds were accelerated aged （50 ℃, 1 month）, and some physiological indices, including the electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD）, glutathione reductase （GR）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, catalase （CAT）, volatile aldehydes and malondialdehyde （MDA） were tested. The results indicated that dehydrogenase, POD, SOD, GR, APX and CAT activities of the ultra-dry seeds were higher than the control seeds, while volatile aldehydes and malondialdehyde were lower than the control group. The results suggest that ultra-drying is beneficial for maintaining the vigor of L. aureum seeds at a high level. Thus, L. aureum seeds could be stored under ultra-dry conditions.

Effects of Silicon Formulations on Cold Tolerance of Rice Seedlings

To investigate the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings,Song Japonica 16(not cold tolerant)and Dongnong 427(cold tolerant)rice varieties were used as test materials and four different types of silicon formulations,Si-50-G,Si-60-G,Si-T-G,and Si-E-G,were applied as foliar sprays at the seedling stage,and a control group CK(equal amount of distilled water)was set up.One week after the first silicon spray,two types of rice were subjected to low-temperature stress treatments at day/night temperatures of 12℃/10℃for 2,4,6,and 8 days.The effects of different silicon formulations on the chlorophyll,proline(Pro)and soluble sugar contents as well as superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities of rice seedlings under low-temperature stress were compared to find out the effects of silicon formulations on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings.The results showed that silicon formulations could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of rice seedling leaves,with Si-50-G being the most effective,with a significant increment of 40.17%compared to the CK at 2 days of low temperature.Four silicon formulations significantly increased the proline content and soluble sugar content of rice leaves at low temperature for 4-8 days.For Song Japonica 16,the most significant increment in leaf POD activity was observed in Si-E-G treatment at 2,4 and 8 days of temperature stress,with 73.58%,20.95%and 217.24%increases compared to the CK,respectively.For 4 and 6 days of temperature stress,the most significant increase in CAT activity was observed in Si-E-G treatment,with 25.70%and 75.78%increases compared to the CK,respectively.For Dongnong 427,the Si-60-G treatment showed the highest increase in leaf SOD activity for 4 and 8 days of temperature stress,with significant increases of 58.15%and 82.76%compared to the CK,respectively,and the Si-E-G treatment showed the highest increase in leaf POD activity for 2 and 8 days of temperature stress,with significant increases of 97.75%and 245.10%compared to the CK,respectively.It showed that the spraying of silicon formulations could significantly enhance the cold tolerance of rice.This study provided a scientific basis for the rational use of silicon formulations to enhance cold tolerance in rice and had important theoretical and practical significance for ensuring sustainable high and stable rice yields in Heilongjiang Province,as well as for the development of silicon fertilizers.

Land rehabilitation improves edaphic conditions and increases soil microbial biomass and abundance

Rehabilitation of farmland improves the local eco-environmental conditions.But to what extent this transformation influences soil microbial properties is less known.In our study we compared variations in soil microbial attributes following changes in land-use types to understand the influence of altered soil properties on microbial biomass and their community structure using chloroform fumigation extraction method and phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)analysis.For this purpose,3 agricultural(AL)(farmland,apple orchard and 2 years abandoned land)and 4 rehabilitated lands(RL)of various vegetations grassland,shrubland,mixed forest(Amorpha fruticosa and Pinus tabuliformis Carr.)and forest(Robinia pseudoacacia)were selected.Our results showed higher soil organic carbon(SOC)contents in RL soils(forest>mixed forest>grassland>shrub land)than that in AL soils.In RL soils,soil microbial biomass and abundance of group specific PLFA were significantly higher than those in AL soils.Under different land-use types,microbial community was bacteria dominated over fungi.The microbial physiological indices(G^(+)/G^(-),cyc/prec and S/M)indicated decreased environmental stress in RL soils in comparison with AL soils.In loess soils,SOC and total N correlated positively(p<0.05)with microbial biomass C,N and P and also with fungal and bacterial PLFA,indicating a positive microbial mediation in improving soil fertility.Taking together,our findings suggest that land rehabilitation,especially Robinia pseudoacacia planation,improves overall edaphic conditions and accelerates soil microbial biomass accumulation in local regions.