Study on the growth of wind wave frequency spectra generated by cold waves in the northern East China Sea

The growth of frequency spectra and spectral parameters of wind waves generated by cold waves, a kind of severe weather system, in the northern East China Sea is studied in this paper. Based on a third-generation wave action model(the Simulating WAves Nearshore model), simulations were developed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of wind waves and to output spectral data. It is shown that the cold wave-induced spectra can be well described by the modified Joint North Sea Wave Project spectral form. The growth of wave spectra is comprehensively reflected by the evolution of the three characteristic parameters: peak frequency, spectral peak and wave energy. Besides, the approximations of dependences between spectral parameters and the three types of universal induced factors are obtained with the least squares method and compared systematically. Fetch and peak frequency turn out to be suitable parameters to describe the spectral parameters, while the dependences on the inverse wave age vary in different sea areas. In general, the derived relationships improve on results from previous studies for better practical application of the wind wave frequency spectrum in the northern East China Sea.

Observing spectral characteristics over a continental shelf and slope in the South China Sea

Using in situ measurement data from May-June, 1998, and data from the Asian seas international acoustics experiment （ASIAEX） from 2001 in the South China Sea （SCS）, the spectral density function and the dissipa- tion spectrum function are estimated. In the inffa-gravity wave （IGW） band, the power spectra of velocity （u, v, w） are universal functions with respect to characteristic frequencies, which correspond to the peak fre- quencies of the dissipation spectrum （PFDS）. This suggests that high-frequency internal waves in the IGW band have similar dynamical characteristics. In addition, the evolution of these characteristic frequencies is explored and its highest value is 8.8 cph （cycles per hour, 1 cph=2.778× 10-3 Hz）.

Doppler spectral analysis for time-evolving sea surfaces using second-order small slope approximation

The second-order small slope approximation （SSA2） method is introduced to study the Doppler characteristics from time-evolving sea surfaces. Simulation results show better agreement between the SSA2 model and the numerical method for both vertical and horizontal polarizations, meaning that SSA2 gives a satisfactory prediction of the spectral difference between two po- larizations; while such discrepancy cannot be captured using the lowest-order SSA （SSA1） model. In particular, the Doppler shifts and spectral widths for different incident angles, wind directions and polarizations are analyzed, demonstrating correct variations with respect to such parameters. Those observations prove that the SSA2 provides an efficient and relatively fast tool for sea surface Doppler spectral analysis.

Wave Characteristics at the South Part of the Radial Sand Ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea

Based on one-year wave field data measured at the south part of the radial sand ridges of the Southern Yellow Sea, the wave statistical characteristics, wave spectrum and wave group properties are analyzed. The results show that the significant wave height （H1/3） varies from 0.15 to 2.22 m with the average of 0.59 m and the mean wave period （Tmean） varies from 2.06 to 6.82 s with the average of 3.71 s. The percentage of single peak in the wave spectra is 88.6 during the measurement period, in which 36.3% of the waves are pure wind waves and the rest are young swells. The percentage with the significant wave height larger than 1 m is 12.4. The dominant wave directions in the study area are WNW, W, ESE, E and NW. The relationships among the characteristic wave heights, the characteristic wave periods, and the wave spectral parameters are identified. It is found that the tentative spectral model is suitable for the quantitative description of the wave spectrum in the study area, while the run lengths of the wave group estimated from the measured data are generally larger than those in other sea areas.

Abundance and distribution of meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea

The metazoan meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea were collected from seven shallow water stations （depths rang- ing 46 to 52 m） and five deep sea stations （depths ranging between 393 and 2 300 m） during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2010. The results showed that abundance of meiofauna was higher in shallow water sediments （average of 2445 ind./（10 cm2）） than in deep sea sediments （407.06 ind./（10 cm2））. A UNIANOVA test for difference between the two different regions was highly significant （F=10h 15, p〈0.Ol）. Nematodes were numerically dominant, representing （96.6±4.6）% of the total meiofaunal abundance at the shallow water stations and （98.90±1.42）% at deep sea stations. The number of higher taxonomic groups and abundance of meiofauna were higher at Stas CC1, CC4, and R06 near the Bering Strait and the continent, than at the rest of the shallow water and deep sea stations. The primary factors causing the differences were concentrations of nutrients P and Si of bottom seawater （R=0.831, p〈0.003）, followed by depth （R=-0.655, p〈0.05） and sand fractions of sediments （R=0.632, p 〈0.05）. The numbers of meiofauna on the 65 lam and 32 llm sieves were significantly higher than those on the rest of the screens. Differences in numbers of meiofauna retained on screens with different mesh openings were highly significant among all sampling stations （F=31.60, p〈0.01）. The highest numbers of individuals on screens with 32 μm mesh openings were found at deep sea stations. The number of meiofauna in the top 6-1, 1-2, and 2-4 cm segments constituted 84.4% of the total and was significantly higher than those in the bottom 4-6 and 6-10 cm segments （F=15, p〈0.01）.

Nonlinear interactions among internal tidal waves in the northeastern South China Sea

We used a set of 75-day long ADCP data from the northeastern South China Sea(SCS) to investigate nonlinear interactions among freely propagating internal tidal waves.The kinetic energy spectra displayed significant peaks at some higher tidal frequencies,such as O1M2(O1+M2),and M4(M2 +M2),where O1 is the lunar diurnal internal tide,M2 is the lunar semidiurnal internal tide,and M4 is the first higher harmonic frequency of M2.These higher tidal harmonic frequency peaks,as well as the fundamental tidal harmonic peaks,show a σ-2.3 spectral falloff rate with frequency.In addition,we explored the possible generation mechanism of higher tidal harmonics.Analysis on the rotary and bicoherence spectra suggests that strong forced non-resonant interaction induced by nonlinear advections was the dominant physical mechanism that induced these higher tidal harmonics.Moreover,the energetic,freely propagating semidiurnal(M2) internal tidal wave played the most crucial role in these interactions.These results indicate that strong nonlinear forced non-resonant interactions among internal tides can be one of the processes responsible for the redistribution of energy in the internal wave spectrum.

Study of scattering from time-varying Gerstners sea surface using second-order small slope approximation

Backscattered fields from one-dimensional time-varying Gerstners sea surface are calculated utilising the secondorder small slope approximation. It is well known that spectral properties of the backscattered echoes relate to the velocity of the small elementary scatterers on sea surface profiles. Therefore, modeling Doppler spectra from the ocean requires an accurate description of the sea surface motion. The profile of nonlinear Gerstners sea surface shows verticalskewness of sea waves, it is sharper at the crest and flatter at the trough than linear waves, and its maximum slope position is closer to the crest than to the trough. Furthermore, the horizontal component of the small elementary scatterers orbit velocity on the sea surface, which yields noticeable influence on Doppler spectra, can be obtained conveniently by Gerstners sea surface model. In this study the characteristics of Doppler spectra of backscattered fields from time-varying Gerstners sea surface are investigated and the dependences of the Doppler frequency and the Doppler bandwidth on the parameters, such as the wind speed, the radar frequency, the incident angle, etc. are discussed. It is shown that the Doppler bandwidth of microwave scattered fields from Gerstners sea surface is considerably broadened. For the case of high frequency backscattered fields, the values of the higher-order spectrum peaks are larger than those obtained by linear sea surface.

Seasonal Variations in Fishery Resources in Shenzhen Sea Area

Seasonal variations and causes for these were elaborated for fishery resources in Shenzhen sea area,to provide scientific basis for sustainable utilization and management of fishery resources in typical fisheries of South China Sea coasts. Based on the data of fishery resources collected through trawl surveys in Egong Bay fisheries area,Shenzhen,from August( autumn) and December( winter) of 2012 to March(spring) and May(summer) of 2013,seasonal variation of nekton species composition,stock density,dominant species composition,size spectra and biodiversity were studied. Results showed that there were 113 species of nekton in Shenzhen sea area,which belonged to 78 genus,50 families,14 orders and 3 classes. The number of species was the largest in summer(61 species) and smallest in autumn(53 species). In spring and winter,there was 56 species. The stock density and individual density of nekton were the minimum in summer(5950. 20 kg/km2 and 356. 45 ind/km2,respectively),whereas the percentage of fish stock density and individual density were the highest in summer(51. 99%and 42. 19%). The seasonal variations of size spectra indicated that fishing intensity was the highest in autumn,and was the lowest in summer. Additionally,biodiversity index presented significant seasonal variations,including Shannon-Wiener diversity index( H '),Margalef richness index( D') and Pielou evenness index( J'),with the same trend as summer > spring > autumn > winter. In conclusion,there are clear seasonal variations in the nekton species,biomass and structure in Egong Bay fisheries area in Shenzhen. Due to the difference in fishing intensity in different seasons( low intensity in summer and high intensity in autumn),community structure and function in summer are more stable than that in autumn and winter. Particularly,with the increase in the fishing intensity in autumn,k selection species will be replaced by r selection species.

Observations of semidiurnal M 2 internal tidal parametric subharmonic instability in the northeastern South China Sea

Near-diurnal vertically-standing waves with high vertical wavenumbers k z were observed in the velocity and shear fi elds from a set of 75-d long ADCP moored in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS)away from the“critical”latitude of 28.8°.These enhanced near-diurnal internal waves followed a fortnightly spring-neap cycle.However,they always happened during semidiurnal spring tides rather than diurnal springs although strong diurnal internal tides with the fortnightly spring-neap cycle were prevailing,suggesting that they were generated via subharmonic instability(PSI)of dominant semidiurnal M 2 internal tides.When two semidiurnal internal tidal waves with opposite vertical propagation direction intersected,both semidiurnal subharmonic and super harmonic waves were largely intensifi ed.The observed maximum diurnal velocity amplitudes were up to 0.25 m/s.The kinetic energy and shear spectra further suggested that frequencies of daughter waves were not always perfectly equal to M 2/2.The superposition of two daughter waves with nearly equal frequencies and nearly opposite k z in a PSI-triad leaded to the vertically-standing waves.

On the Bandwidth Parameter of Wind-Wave Spectra

In Light of the analysis of the physical implication and underlying assumption of the bandwidth parameter epsilon of wave spectrum, a time-averaging method is used to evaluate epsilon of the JONSWAP spectrum for different sea states. The resulting values of epsilon, which vary from 0.44 to 0.53 depending on the dimensionless fetch, are physically meaningful and reasonable. The same method is also used to compute epsilon from wind-wave records measured in a flume under different wind speeds at different fetches. The computed values of epsilon, which vary with wind fetches and speeds too, are compared with those evaluated for the JONSWAP spectrum.

基于ZooScan图像分析“海马”冷泉区浮游动物垂直分布特征

为了解“海马”冷泉区浮游动物的垂直分布以及冷泉活动可能对上方浮游动物群落产生的影响,2020年9月在“海马”冷泉区的5个调查站位使用浮游生物分层拖网对1250m以浅的浮游动物垂直分布进行了调查。使用浮游动物图像扫描系统(ZooScan)对不同水层的浮游动物样品进行了分析,获取了浮游动物的丰度、生物量和粒径谱的垂直分布特征。结果显示:浮游动物丰度和生物量主要集中在0~100m水层,低于100m后,浮游动物的丰度和生物量随着水深增加均快速下降,在1000~1250m水层平均分别仅为8.33个·m^(-3)和12.10mm^(3)·m^(-3)。总体看来,桡足类是各水层浮游动物的优势类群,胶质类浮游动物在深层中的占比上升。“海马”冷泉区不同站位和水层标准化生物量谱斜率的变动范围为-0.94~-0.57,截距的变化范围为-2.10~5.94。从表层到底层,浮游动物标准化生物量谱基本呈现斜率逐渐增大而截距逐渐减小的趋势。这反映了浮游生态系统的生产力水平从表到底逐渐下降,但浮游食物网的能量传递效率逐渐增加。甲烷气体渗漏强度最大的ROV1站位在1000~1250m水层表现出异常的粒径谱特征,生物量谱的斜率a显著低于同水层其他站位,同时在600~800m水层出现浮游动物丰度的相对高值,推测该站位的浮游动物群落结构可能受到冷泉区甲烷渗漏的影响。

斯里兰卡南部海域次重力波特征研究

次重力波在近岸水动力运动过程中起到重要作用,深入地了解次重力波对预防其引发的近岸灾害有着重要意义。结合波浪现场观测方法和数值模拟方法研究了斯里兰卡南部海域次重力波特征。短波和自由次重力波通过海浪谱模型WAVEWATCH III模拟,而约束次重力波通过二阶非线性理论模拟,数值模拟结果与现场观测结果对比吻合良好。研究结果表明,斯里兰卡南部海域大部分时间以自由次重力波为主;在强涌浪海况下(短波波高大于2.5 m,周期大于15 s)约束次重力波逐渐逼近自由次重力波甚至占主导地位;斯里兰卡大陆架极其狭窄,对涌浪的能量损耗作用极为有限,使得近岸面对强劲的涌浪及其伴生的次重力波的侵袭,增大了次重力波引发近岸水动力灾害的风险。

环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境的电化学行为分析

目的评价铝合金基环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境的腐蚀防护性能,为铝合金结构在深海环境下的腐蚀防护提供支撑。方法采用近底悬浮式深海环境试验装置和深海高压模拟试验系统,分别开展环氧型防腐涂层体系实海试验与室内模拟深海试验,研究铝合金基环氧型防腐涂层在深海环境下的防护性能与电化学行为。结果某海域实海结果显示,经历0.5 a的1000 m深海试验后,环氧防腐涂层对铝合金基体的防护状态良好,涂层附着力强度仍旧保持在9 MPa以上。室内模拟深海试验结果显示,在5~20 d的试验周期内,试验初期涂层电阻均在10^(10)Ω·cm^(2)以上,涂层电容则在10^(‒10)F/cm^(2)数量级。随着试验时间的增加,涂层电阻减小,电容增加。其中3000 m模拟深海环境下,涂层电阻从初始的3.995×10^(10)Ω·cm^(2)锐减至3.264×10^(7)Ω·cm^(2),下降了3个数量级,涂层电容则从初始的8.818×10^(‒10)F/cm^(2)上升至1.765×10^(‒9)F/cm^(2)。静水压力影响结果显示,随着试验压力的增加,涂层电阻逐渐减小,涂层电容和吸水率逐渐增加。在试验后期,1000、2000、3000 m模拟深海环境下,涂层电阻分别为3.044×10^(10)、4.305×10^(9)、3.264×10^(7)Ω·cm^(2),而涂层吸水率则分别为4.32%、8.09%和15.84%。结论1000~3000 m深海环境下,深度每增加1000 m,浸泡初期相同时间的涂层吸水率增加近1倍。

东、黄海典型站位底栖动物粒径谱研究

对东、黄海典型站位底栖动物粒径谱进行了首次研究 ,得出 Sheldon粒径谱呈典型的双峰模式 ,两个峰形分别对应着大型底栖动物和小型底栖动物的生物量分布。小型底栖动物峰值出现在粒级 6～ 10 ,大型底栖动物峰值在 13～ 14。两峰值之间的波谷位置在粒级 10～ 11,是大型、小型底栖动物的过渡带 ,生物量主要由大型动物的幼龄个体构成。E3站大型动物幼龄个体大量出现 ,使该站的过渡粒级上出现峰值 ,粒径谱呈单峰形。同时构建了正态化粒径谱 ,在此基础上对不同生态系统的比较进行了初步尝试。

双峰海浪频谱的一种表示

采用低频分谱和高频分谱叠加的思想，提出了双峰海浪频谱的一种表示。所用的分港形式为以便于确定的物理量为参数的Neumann型谱形。给出了由实测双峰港的特征量确定分谱参数的合理途径，解释了以往双峰诺表示中高频部分过高估计的原因并予以解决，最后应用于胶州湾和南海西沙海域的实测谱。

黄海中南部不同断面鱼类群落结构及其多样性

基于2006年9月和12月、2007年3月和5月对黄海中南部不同断面的底拖网调查数据,对黄海中南部不同断面的鱼类群落结构、多样性、单位时间的渔获量分布及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明,调查中共捕获鱼类109种,其中鲈形目种类最多(45种,占40.18%),其次是鲉形目(12种,占10.71%)、鲱形目(10种,占8.93%)和鲽形目(10种,占8.93%),主要由暖温种和暖水种组成,并且暖水种和暖温种在各断面渔获量中所占的比例随时间不同而有所差异。各断面主要鱼种除小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis、带鱼Trichiurus lepturus、银鲳Pampus argenteus等种类外,以小型中上层鱼类(鳀Engraulis japonicus、黄鲫Setipinna taty等)和底层经济价值较低的鱼类(黄鮟鱇Lophius litulon、细纹狮子鱼Liparis tanakai等)为主,各断面优势种渔获量均占其总渔获量的50%以上,主要鱼种渔获量均占其总渔获量85%以上。渔获物的营养级主要分布在4.2—4.5、3.0—3.3和3.6—3.9,各营养级渔获量随时间和断面的不同有所变化。鱼类长度谱主要集中在3—24 cm,由南向北长度谱逐渐增大。各断面鱼类群落多样性指数差异不大,与底层温度和深度关系密切。

南黄海典型站位底栖动物粒径谱及其应用

建立了南黄海冷水团区域4个站位的正态化生物量粒径谱,运用连续模型计算出底栖动物群落的平均次级生产力为1.79g dwt.m-2.a-1,耗氧量为0.082 3mmol.m-2.h-1。结果表明,群落次级生产力和耗氧量之间具有相同的变化趋势,且都与正态化生物量粒径谱截距呈正相关,而与斜率无明显关系。小型底栖动物次级生产力和群落耗氧量与大型底栖动物相比没有显著差异。与固定P/B系数法计算的小型底栖动物次级生产力相比,利用正态化生物量粒径谱和连续模型计算的底栖动物群落次级生产力更为可靠。利用正态化生物量粒径谱和连续模型可以得到可信的底栖群落耗氧量结果。

秋季黄海底层鱼类群落结构的变化

根据1985年和2000年秋季渔业生物资源底拖网调查资料,分析了黄海底层鱼类群落结构的时空变化。结果表明,渔业资源优势种的组成随区域和时间不同有着较大的差异。黄海北部和中部渔获种类组成相似性较高,北部与南部、中部与南部的相似性较低;黄海渔获生物种类组成年间相似性较高,为65。进一步的单因子ANOSIM分析表明黄海底层鱼类群落不同区域和年间种类组成没有显著性差异。黄海渔业生物多样性由北向南递减。与1985年相比,2000年鱼类群落长度谱表现出小型种类和小个体增多,大个体减少,且长度范围变小;主要优势种的长度组成也呈现小型化趋势。长度谱区域变化则是从北部向南部小个体数量增多,大个体数量减少。

六种遥感海表温度产品的比对分析

海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)产品是研究全球海洋大气系统的重要数据源,在海洋相关领域的研究和应用方面具有重要价值。对2007年1和7月的六种不同SST产品(AVHRR-only,AMSR+AVHRR,NCODA,RSS,RTG-HR和OSTIA)在南大洋阿古拉斯回流(Agulhas ReturnCurrent,ARC)与绕极环流交汇区域的产品特性进行了比对统计分析,包括SST分析、SST梯度分析、统计参数分析和波数谱分析。分析结果表明产品之间SST时空变化分布的整体趋势一致,RTG-HR在空间分布上过于平滑,OSTIA解析的大洋锋面最弱,RSS包含噪声较多,NCODA相对其他产品存在较大偏差。发现在AVHRR数据的覆盖率较好的情况下与以红外数据构建的AVHRR-only相比,AMSR数据并不能提供更多的SST信息,反而会降低产品的空间解析能力。

夏季东海北部近海鱼类群落结构变化

根据1964、1982、1999和2005年6月渔业生物资源底拖网监测资料,分析了东海北部近海鱼类群落结构的变化。结果表明,1964、1982、1999和2005年间,4次监测中出现的鱼类种类数分别为64、78、64和47种;4次监测中主要优势种类均为带鱼,但其资源量正逐渐降低;其它优势种类由20世纪60年代的底层优质鱼类,转变为80年代的中上层鱼类,随后转变为现在的群落结构简单、底层和中上层鱼类均较少的状况;鱼类生物多样性指数均呈现由1964年到1982年升高,随后又逐渐降低的趋势;1964—2005年间鱼类群落长度谱变化状况表明,该海域内的鱼类呈现小型种类和小个体增多,大个体减少,且长度范围变小的趋势。