Feeding Practices and Use of Lysine and Methionine in Pigrationing on Intensified Pig Breeding in the West Center and Hauts Bassins Regions of Burkina Faso

The aim of the study was to assess feeding practices and the use of lysine and methionine in pig rationing on intensified and semi-intensive pig breeding in the Koudougou and Bobo-Dioulasso areas. To this end, a cross-sectional survey was carried out on 87 breeding in these towns. A Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) confirming a k-means classification of the data collected was used to retain 71 breeding divided into three breeding classes: Class A (32.4% of breeding), Class B (14.08%) and Class C (53.52%). The results show that the majority of pig breeders were men between the ages of 36 and 59. Average herd sizes were 35 ± 28;79 ± 42 and 89 ± 21 pigs for Classes A, B and C respectively. The main breeds of pig found on the breeding were crossbred, Large white, local, Landrace and Duroc. Class A (26.1%), B (30%) and C (15.8%) breeders were familiar with both lysine and methionine. Class A breeders distributed feed staggered (65.2%) and in rations (34.8%). Lysine (13%) and methionine (8.7%) were purchased at 5250 FCFA/kg. Those in class B distributed feed staggered (50%) and in the form of rations (50%), in which they incorporated lysine (30%) and methionine (30%) purchased at a cost of 2500 FCFA/kg and 3000 FCFA/kg respectively. Rationing and staggered feeding were practiced by 23.7% and 76.3% of Class C breeders respectively. Only lysine purchased at 3400 FCFA/kg was incorporated into rations by 10.5% of breeders. The high cost of lysine and methionine was incriminated by Class A (100%), B (33.3%) and C (50%) breeders. In conclusion, intensive pig breeding, the practice of rationing and the incorporation of the amino acids lysine and methionine are of ascending importance from classes C, A to B. The high cost of feedstuffs, particularly lysine and methionine, compromises their use in rations, which could have a negative impact on expected breeding performance. The screening and use of feeds rich in and/or enriched with these amino acids, through the development or adaptation of technologies, could improve the efficiency of rations and the productivity of intensive pig breeding in Burkina Faso.

Fermented liquid feed for pigs： an ancient technique for the future

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

Consuming fermented distillers＇ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) feed reveals a shift in the faecal microbiota of growing and fattening pigs using 454 pyrosequencing

The objective of this study was to investigate pig fed by Bacillus coagulans-fermented distillers＇ dried grains with solubles （DDGS） on the faecal microbial composition and diversity using 454 pyrosequencing. Healthy crossbred （Durocx Yorkshirex Landrace） growing and fattening pigs （n=48）, with an average initial body weight of 65 kg, were divided into two groups （24 replicates per group; four pens per group; six pigs per pen）, and given either DDGS feed as the control, or B. coagulans-fermented DDGS feed as the treatment. Faecal samples were collected on day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. DNA was extracted, and the V3-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. The fermented DDGS feed affected the relative abundance of bacteria populations at the phylum, genus, and species levels. At the genus level, the consumption of fermented DDGS feed led to higher relative abundances of faecal Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, and Bacillus, and lower relative abundances of faecal Escherichia, Ruminococcus, Dialister, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae than in the control. At the species level, the consumption of fermented DDGS feed led to higher relative abundances of faecal Prevotella sp., Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus mucosae, Lactobacillus reuteri, Clostridium butyricum, Bifidobacterium sp., and Roseburia sp., and lower relative abundances of faecal Prevotella copri, Escherichia coil, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Dialister sp. than in the control. Principal coordinates analysis indicated a distinct separation in the faecal microbial communities of pigs that were fed the fermented and unfermented DDGS feed. Fermented DDGS feed significantly increased the average daily gain （ADG） of pigs, and significantly decreased the average daily feed intake （ADFI） of feed and feed/gain （F/G）. Thus, our results demonstrate a beneficial shift in the faecal microbiota of pigs consuming fermented DDGS feed, with potential applications in livestock production.

Effects on Growth Performance and Feed Digestibility of Hainan Black Pigs by Adding Lysine in Low Protein Diet

[Objective] The paper was to study the effects on growth performance and feed digestibility of Hainan black pigs by adding lysine in low prntein diet. [Method] A tntal of 36 Hainan black pigs with the body weight of （46.34±3.06） kg were randomly divided into three groups： con- trol group （protein level 15%, lysine level 0.83%）, experimental grnup 1 （protein level 13%, 0.83%）, and experimental group II （protein level 13%, lysine level 1.03）, each group had three replicates of four pigs. The trial lasted 35 d. [Result] The growth performance of Hainan black pig in grnup II had no significan! difference with that in contrail group （P〉0.05）. The apparent digestibility of chide protein and phosphorus of Hainan black pigs in Group II increased significantly （P〈0.05）, which were increased by 10.08% and 11.85% respectively compared to the control group; the apparent digestibility of calcium was increased, but the difference was not signifieant （P〉0.05）. [Conclusion] It will not reduce the growth performance of Hainan blaek pig when the protein level of diet is reduced by 2% and Ihe lysine level is increased to 1.03%. It is recommended that the diet can be used in the production of llainan black pig.

Energy Saving on Distribution of Liquid Animal Feeds at Pigsty Farms

This paper focused on the task of reducing power consumption and improving energy efficiency in the technological process of distribution liquid feeds in a pigsty. The liquid feeds in a pigsty are distributed to the stables via pipelines. A centrifugal pump driven by an electric motor is used to supply the liquid feed and to move it through the pipeline. The electric motor is the major electric energy consumer in the process. As shown by experimental data and as following the theory, there is a non-linear relation between the electric motor power, the pump throughput and feed humidity. The purpose of the paper is to calculate such an optimal value of the electric motor power that provides the minimal energy consumption on the process of feed distribution. The problem is solved by the Lagrange multiplier method of nonlinear mathematical programming, taking into account geometrical parameters of the pipeline, humidity and portions volumes of distributed feed. The energy saving effect is estimated and reducing power consumption is shown.

Effect of Supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into Low Quality Local-Based Feeds on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Late Starter Local Pigs

The study aimed at evaluating the effect of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into low quality local-based feeds on performance and nutrient digestibility of late starter to grower stage local pigs. There were total 16 late starter local pigs fed with four treatment feeds based on block design with four pigs in each treatment. The four treatment feeds offered consisted of： commercial starter feeds Charoen Pokphand 552 （To）, basal feeds ＋ yeast 2% of daily feeds requirement （T0, basal feeds ＋ yeast 4% of daily feeds requirement （T2） and basal feeds ＋ yeast 6% of daily feeds requirement （T3）. Feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, protein and crude fiber digestibility were evaluated in the study. The findings showed that supplementing S. cerevisiae into low quality local-based diet improved 0.9%-2.7% feeds＇ crude protein, 10%-19% feeds intake, 1%-6% daily weight gain, 3%-4% crude protein digestibility and 4%-5% crude fiber digestibility, but reduced feeds conversion efficiency by 0.3-0.4. The conclusion drawn is that supplementing S. cerevisiae （yeast） up to 6% improved performances of starter local pigs fed low quality feeds and performed the similar result with feeding commercial starter feeds Charoen Pokphand 552. Further research by widening the range and increasing the level of yeast supplementation could be done.

Effects of liquid feeding of corn condensed distiller's solubles and whole stillage on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and sensory traits of pigs

Background： The immense growth in global bioethanol production has greatly increased the supply of by-products such as whole stillage and condensed distiller＇s solubles, which could be potentially used for animal feeding. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of liquid feeding high levels of corn condensed distiller＇s solubles（CCDS） and whole stillage（CWS） on growth performance, carcass characteristics, belly firmness and meat sensory traits of pigs.Methods： A total of 256 pigs were blocked by sex and initial BW（13.5 ± 2.5 kg）, and pens of pigs（8 pigs/pen） were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments（8 pens/treatment）： 1） corn-soybean meal based diet as control, 2） 25%CWS ＋ 5% CCDS, 3） 19.5% CWS ＋ 10.5% CCDS, and 4） 19.5, 26, and 32.5% CWS ＋ 10.5, 14, and 17.5% CCDS in phases 1（28 d）, 2（38 d）, and 3（60 d）, respectively. Inclusion levels of CCDS and CWS for Treatments 1, 2, and 3 were fixed during all the three phases of the experiment. Inclusion levels of CWS and CCDS were on 88% dry matter basis. The liquid feeding system delivered feed from the mixing tank to feed troughs by high-pressure air, had sensors inside feed troughs, and recorded daily feed intake on the basis of a reference feed intake curve. The pigs were fed 5 to 10 times per day with increasing frequency during the experiment.Results： Control pigs had greater（P 0.10） dressing percentage, loin muscle depth, and lean percentage were observed among the four treatments. Inclusion of CWS and CCDS reduced（P 0.10） the overall like,flavor, tenderness and juiciness of loin chops when compared with the control group.Conclusion： In conclusion, our results indicate that including 30–50% of a mixture of whole stillage and condensed distiller＇s solubles in the growing-finishing diets may reduce growth performance, carcass weight and belly firmness, but does not affect pork sensory traits.

Effect of Complete Feed Feeding Level and Morning Glory on Growing Pig Performance

A total of 60 castrated male pigs (Yorkshire x Duroc, initially 17.36 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of complete feed feeding level and morning glory on growth performance of growing pigs. Pigs were allotted to pens and randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: A) completed feed fed ad libitum;B) complete feed fed at 75% of intake of treatment A, and C) treatment B with ad libitum availability of morning glory. The design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five pens (replications) of each treatment with four pigs per pen. Average daily feed intake (dry matter basis) was higher (P < 0.001) for pigs fed treatment A (1420 g/d) compared to treatment B (1048 g/d) as expected, with treatment C intermediate (1178 g/d;1048 g/d complete feed + 130 g/d morning glory). Average daily weight gain of pigs fed ad libitum was greater (P < 0.001) than pigs restricted fed with pigs which provide morning glory intermediate (871, 674 and 714 g, respectively). Feed efficiency improved (P < 0.024) for pigs fed the restricted feed level compared to pigs fed complete feed ad libitum or pigs restricted fed but provided morning glory (1.63, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively). For economics, feeding complete feed ad libitum improved (P < 0.001) income over feed cost compared to restricted feeding or providing morning glory (USD 41.48, 33.42, and 33.89/pig, respectively). In conclusion, feeding growing pigs a complete diet ad libitum resulted in the greatest growth rate and profitability. Offering morning glory (Ipomoea. aquatica) to pigs fed a restricted level of complete feed did improve final body weight, but the extra cost of feeding morning glory offset this advantage resulting in similar profitability on an income over feed cost basis.

Effects of corn gluten feed inclusion at graded levels in a corn-soybean diet on the ileal and fecal digestibility of growing pigs

Background： This study aimed to determine the effect of the inclusion of corn gluten feed （CGF） on the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids and the apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy in growing pigs. The study was performed using 16 barrows （weight, 45.3 ±4.5 kg） that were fitted with a T cannula at the terminal ileum. There were four treatments： a corn-soybean diet without CGF and three corn-soybean diets containing increasing levels of CGF （65, 130, and 195 g/kg）. Data were analyzed according to a randomized complete block design, four blocks with four pigs each （one pig per treatment）. The trend of the response （linear or quadratic） was determined using orthogonal contrasts, and when a linear effect was determined, a linear equation was obtained. Results： The results showed that the inclusion up to 195 g/kg of CGF in the corn-soybean diet did not diminish the ileal digestibility （apparent and standardized） of protein and amino acids （P 〉 0.05）, except that of phenylalanine, cystine, and proline. A linear decrease （P 〈 0.05） per gram of CGF added to the diet in the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phenylalanine （0.011 and 0.015 percentage units, respectively）, cystine （0.048 and 0.043 percentage units, respectively）, and proline （0.045 and 0.047 percentage units, respectively） was noted. Similarly, ileal digestibility of dry matter and energy were adversely affected （reduced by 0.028 and 0.025 percentage units, respectively, per gram of CGF increment in the diet）. A significant （P 〈 0.05） linear reduction in total tract digestibility with increase in CGF amount in the diet was observed for energy （0.027 percentage units）, dry matter （0.027 percentage units）, crude protein （0.020 percentage units）, and neutral detergent fiber （0.041 percentage units） per gram of CGF added to the diet. Conclusion： CGF did not affect the ileal digestibility of protein and most amino acids but reduced the ileal and total tract digestibility of energy.

Feeding Effect of Growing-Finishing Pigs under Fine Division of Feeding Stages

In order to study the feeding effect of fine division of feeding stages on the growing-finishing pigs,96 healthy Duroc × Landrace ×Yorkshire hybrid commercial pigs with similar age in days,size,and body weight about 15 kg,half boars and half sows,randomly divided into3 treatments( each treatment repeated 4 times,and each repetition 8 pigs). According to the body weight division standard,three stages,four stages,and five stages of feeding were adopted separately. The daily ration of with different nutrition levels was used,body weight and feed consumption were measured,and effects of different feeding methods on body weight increase,feed utilization,and economic benefits of growing-finishing pigs. The results showed that compared with the three-stage feeding,the body weight of five-stage and four-stage feeding increased by 4. 18%( P < 0. 01) and 2. 41%( P < 0. 05),respectively,and the body weight of five-stage feeding increased by 1. 74%( P < 0. 05) compared with that of four-stage feeding; the daily feed consumption of five-stage and four-stage feeding increased 3. 10%( P < 0. 01) and 1. 70%(P <0. 01),respectively,and the daily feed consumption of five-stage feeding was 1. 37% higher than that of four-stage feeding. The feed cost of five-stage feeding and four-stage feeding increased 3. 32%( P < 0. 01) and 1. 61%( P < 0. 05) separately,and the feed cost of five-stage feeding was 1. 69% higher than that of four-stage feeding( P < 0. 01). The income from average body weight increase of five-stage and fourstage feeding increased by 5. 47%( P < 0. 01) and 3. 59%( P < 0. 01) respectively,and the benefit of average body weight increase of fivestage feeding was 1. 81% higher than that of four-stage feeding( P > 0. 05). The crude protein consumption from average body weight increase of five-stage and four-stage feeding decreased by 2. 28%( P < 0. 01) and 1. 68%( P < 0. 01),respectively; the crude protein consumption from average body weight increase of five-stage feeding was 0. 67% lower than that of four-stage feeding; the feed conversion ratio of five-stage feeding,four-stage feeding,and three-stage feeding was 2. 92,2. 93,and 2. 95 respectively. The results showed that compared with the threestage feeding,the four-stage and five-stage feeding could significantly increase the body weight of the growing-finishing pigs,improve the feed utilization level and improve the economic benefits,and the effect of five-stage feeding was better than the four-stage feeding.

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces: study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.

Effects of conditioners(single-layer, double-layer and retentionconditioner) on the growth performance, meat quality and intestinal morphology of growing and finishing pigs

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feed conditioners(single-layer, double-layer and retentionconditioner) on the growth performance, meat quality and intestinal morphology of pigs throughout the growing to finishing phase. A total of 96 growing pigs((28.70±3.20) kg) were selected and randomized into three treatment groups with four replicates per group. Eight pigs were used per replicate for the 17-week feeding trial. The grower diet was given at 0 to 6 weeks and a finisher diet was given at 6 to 17 weeks. The treatments were as follows: SC diet(control; single-layer conditioning), DC diet(double-layer conditioning), and RC diet(retention-conditioning). Starch gelatinization was significantly higher(P<0.05) in the RC treatment than in the SC treatment, however, there was no significant difference in the starch gelatinization between the DC group and the RC group. In the growing phase, the feed to gain index(F:G) was significantly lower(P<0.05) in the RC group than in the SC and DC groups. Between growing and finishing, the F:G was the lowest(P<0.05) in the SC group compared to the RC or DC group. Drip loss, a measurement of meat quality, was significantly lower(P<0.05) in longissimus dorsi tissue collected from pigs fed the RC diet than in tissues collected from pigs fed the SC diet. The intestinal quality of the duodenum and jejunum tissues showed a significant increase(P<0.05) in the crypt depth and villus height in the RC group compared to the SC-or DC-treated pigs. These results demonstrated that the retentionconditioner treatment decreased the F:G in growing pigs, improved intestinal morphology and enhanced the meat quality in the finishing pigs. However, the retention-conditioner treatment had a negative impact on growth performance in the finishing pigs.

Structures and characteristics of carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs: a review

The current paper reviews the content and variation of fiber fractions in feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets.Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy in diets fed to pigs.Carbohydrates may be classified according to their degree of polymerization: monosaccharides,disaccharides,oligosaccharides,and polysaccharides.Digestible carbohydrates include sugars,digestible starch,and glycogen that may be digested by enzymes secreted in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig.Non-digestible carbohydrates,also known as fiber,may be fermented by microbial populations along the gastrointestinal tract to synthesize short-chain fatty acids that may be absorbed and metabolized by the pig.These non-digestible carbohydrates include two disaccharides,oligosaccharides,resistant starch,and non-starch polysaccharides.The concentration and structure of non-digestible carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs depend on the type of feed ingredients that are included in the mixed diet.Cellulose,arabinoxylans,and mixed linked β-(1,3)(1,4)-D-glucans are the main cell wall polysaccharides in cereal grains,but vary in proportion and structure depending on the grain and tissue within the grain.Cell walls of oilseeds,oilseed meals,and pulse crops contain cellulose,pectic polysaccharides,lignin,and xyloglucans.Pulse crops and legumes also contain significant quantities of galacto-oligosaccharides including raffinose,stachyose,and verbascose.Overall,understanding the structure,characteristics and measurable chemical properties of fiber in feed ingredients may result in more accurate diet formulations,resulting in an improvement in the utilization of energy from less expensive high-fiber ingredients and a reduction in reliance on energy from more costly cereal grains.

Effects of broccoli extract and various essential oils on intestinal and faecal microflora and on xenobiotic enzymes and the antioxidant system of piglets

Objective: Since the ban of antibiotics as growth promoting feed additives in the EU in 2006 research in alternatives has gained importance. Phytogenic feed additives represent a heterogenous class of different plant derived substances that are discussed to improve the health of farm animals by direct and indirect antioxidant effects and by influencing microbial eubiosis in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently our study aimed to investigate the influence of broccoli extract and the essential oils of tur- meric, oregano, thyme and rosemary, as selected individual additives, on intestinal and faecal microflora, on xenobiotic enzymes, and on the antioxidant system of piglets. Methods: 48 four weeks old male weaned piglets were assigned to 6 groups of 8. The piglets were housed individually in stainless steel pens with slatted floor. The control group (Con) was fed a diet without an additive for 4 weeks. The diet of group BE contained 0.15 g/kg sulforaphane in form of a broccoli extract. 535, 282, 373 and 476 mg/kg of the essential oils of turmeric (Cuo), oregano (Oo), thyme (To) and rosemary (Ro) were added to the diets of the remaining 4 groups to stan-dardise supplementation to 150 mg/kg of the oils’ key terpene compounds ar-turmerone, carvacrol, thymol and 1,8-cineole. The composition of bacterial microflora was examined by cultivating samples of jejeunal and colonic mucosa and of faeces under specific conditions. The mRNA expression of xenobiotic and antioxidant enzymes was determined by reversing transcrip- tase real time detection PCR (RT-PCR). Total antioxidant status was assayed using the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring thiobarbioturic acid reactive substances (TBA- RS). Results: Compared to Con piglets all additives positively influenced weight gain and feed conversion in week 1. Over the whole trial period no significant differences in performance parameters existed between the experimental groups. Compared to group Con performance of Ro piglets was, however, slightly impaired. Com- pared to Con piglets Cuo, Oo and To increased the ratio of Lactobacilli:E. coli attached to the jejunal mucosa, whereas BE and Ro impaired this ratio slightly. In contrast in colonic mucosa Ro improved Lactobacilli:E. coli ratio. In faecal samples an improvement of Lactobacilli:E. coli ratio could be analysed for To and Ro. Ro was the only additive that reduced the incidence rate of piglets tested positive for enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC). All additives significantly increased jejunal TEAC and reduced TBA-RS. In the liver BE, Cuo, Oo and To increased TEAC in tendency and Ro significantly. Liver TBA-RS were slightly reduced by all additives compared to Con piglets. Whereas the influence of BE, To and Ro on jejunal TEAC mainly was derived from the induction of xenobiotic and antioxidant enzymes (indirect antioxidant effects), Cuo and Oo influenced TEAC by direct antioxidant effects. Discussion and Conclusions: Our results have shown: That within the labiatae oils Oo and To have the potential to improve performance slightly. That phytogenic substances have a small but not sig- nificant influence on intestinal microflora. That phytogenic feed additives up-regulate the anti- oxidant system of piglets either by direct or by indirect antioxidant effects and that they may thereby improve health status. That within the labiatae oils Oo has a high direct antioxidant potential whereas Ro potently induces xenobiotic and antioxidant enzymes. That broccoli extract is an attractive new phytogenic additive, improving antioxidant status by indirect antioxidant effects. That defined combinations of selected phytogenic substances may produce additive effects. That health promoting effects of phytogenic additives in the future should be studied systematically under the challenge with pathogenic microorganisms or food derived to-xins.

Control of Copper Pollution in Pig Waste and Recycling of Copper

With the rapid development of large-scale pig breeding,the problem of environmental pollution around pig farms has become increasingly serious,of which copper pollution has become particularly prominent. Plants such as Leerisia Orygides L.,Eichhornia crassipes（ Mart.） Solms,Commelina communis L.,and Rumex acetosa L. that have strong ability to absorb and transform copper can be used to build constructed wetlands to absorb copper in pig waste,and it can be used as a feed additive to be recycled,which can prevent a larger range of pollution caused by the migration and diffusion of copper.

Application of Active Dry Yeast in Pigs

Active dry yeast is dried by a certain way or retains most of its fermentation capacity, and it does not contain any grains or animal microbial preparations of other fillers. Its main components are active yeast thallus with content ≥90% and a small amount of emulsifier. In pig production, active dry yeast can enhance animal appetite, feed intake, animal growth, hindgut fermentation, breeding environment and anti- stress capability of animals, or reduce feed coefficient, animal constipation, incidence of swine and the number of pathogens in feces to prevent piglets from diarrhea. Studies have been proved that high active dry yeast has a very good application effect on sows, piglets and growing -finishing pigs. Active dry yeast in use should be noted that it should be used up within 3 -6 months after being mixed with feed, while its dosage for pigs at different stages is as follows： nursery pigs of 500 -1 000 g/t complete feed; sows of 500 -800 g/t complete feed; fattening pigs of 250 -500 g/t complete feed. Active dry yeast is very sensitive to the hot and humid, and is also not used in granulated feed and extruded feed.

Effect of Feed Intake Characteristic on Growth Performance in Luyu-Duroc and Yorkshire

[ Objective] To study the effect of feed intake characteristic on growth performance in Luyu - Duroc and Yorkshire. [ Method] 89 Luyu - Yorkshire and 82 Luyu -Duroc were chosed and fed in the automatic determination system for swine production, 24h real-time monitoring feed in- take traits and growth performance, [ Result] It showed that： as feed intake increased, average daily gain （ADG） and weight of 4 months were en- hanced, days on test, feed conversion ratio （FCR） and age-corrected of weight at 100 kg were reduced, feed intake positively regulated growth performance of Luyu -Doroc and Yorkshire. Feed intake significantly impacted ADG and days on test （P 〈0.01 ）, notably affected age-corrected of weight at 100 kg of Luyu - Duroc and FCR of Luyu - Yorkshire （ P〈 0.05）, variation tendency of feed frequency was consistent with feed intake and feed time, and the correlation was significant. [ Conclusion] The correlation between feed intake traits and growth performance was mainly caused by feed intake, ADG and FCR, however, predictability of feed intake was stronger than ADG and FCR, so in the actual selection feed intake was increased in pig breeding, thus at the same time to enhance ADG and to reduce FCR.

Potential relevance of pig gut content transplantation for production and research

It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig.This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota,factors affecting it,and the impact of the microbiota on health,growth performance,and more recently,behavior of the host.Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency.Research on faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available.Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans,together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production.However,several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient,and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production.There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy,since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms.However,considering the success observed in humans,it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production.Further,FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome,resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics,rather than the broader approach applied in FMT.This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT,and its potential application to swine production,and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.

The Positive Effects of Proprietary Undenatured B-Glucans on Growing Pigs

Beta-glucan that is typically isolated from the fungi or yeast, by solvent extraction, is a commonly used supplement. However, the solvent extraction of beta-glucan from these sources destroys the tertiary structure of the compound, and reduces the immuno-stimulating efficacy of the denatured beta-glucan when compared to undenatured beta-glucan (UDBG1). The objective of this study was to investigate growth performance of piglets, from weaning, that received diets containing undenatured beta-glucan (UDBG) for the following four weeks (up to an average live weight of 26.4 kg). The study was conducted with 128 Noroc pigs from 24 litters at the experimental pig house of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. There were four dietary treatments;one group was fed a control diet containing no UDBG, three other groups were fed a diet containing 0.02 mg UDBG/kg, 0.2 mg UDBG/kg;or 2.0 mg UDBG/kg. In week 1 - 2, the pigs fed 2.0 mg UDBG per kg of feed gained 12% faster than the control diet. The numerical increase in weight gain during the first period after weaning is indicative of an improved immune status of the piglets fed the higher inclusion levels of the UDBG diets. Additionally, the piglets fed the highest level of UDBG (2.0 mg/kg) were found to have a better viability compared to the other groups, as determined by the Veterinary staff. No clinical problems related to the dietary treatments were observed. The animals revealed good growth and an average daily gain (ADG) for all pigs were 559 g for the overall experimental period. The growth performance was calculated for the two first weeks of the study, the remaining last two weeks of the study, and for the overall four-week experimental period. Significant effects of UDBG on weight gain and feed intake were found during the early weeks, but diminished later in the trial. The addition of UBDG to diets had a significant positive effect on several blood hematological parameters including the index of anisocytis, neutrophilic granulocytes, and lymphocytes. A significant positive linear effect of increasing dietary levels of UBDG was also found for hemoglobin and hematocrit.

液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清炎性因子及粪便短链脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究液态饲喂杂粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能、养分消化率、血清炎性因子及粪便短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量的影响。选取平均体重为(30.00±4.26)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪126头,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验Ⅰ组饲喂豆粕型颗粒饲粮;试验Ⅱ组饲喂杂粕型颗粒饲粮(由双低菜籽粕、玉米胚芽粕、喷浆玉米皮及米糠替代部分豆粕和玉米组成);试验Ⅲ组饲喂杂粕型液态饲粮,即在杂粕型饲粮的基础上加入2.7倍的水,混合均匀后饲喂。各组饲粮营养水平基本一致。试验期56 d。结果表明:1)试验全期,与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组平均日采食量和平均日增重分别降低了2.29%和5.33%(P>0.05),料重比提高了3.40%(P>0.05);与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组平均日采食量和平均日增重分别提高了7.04%(P<0.05)和6.32%(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组干物质、总能和粗蛋白质消化率极显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01),粗脂肪、磷和粗灰分消化率显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组间各养分消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)试验Ⅲ组粪便丁酸含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组血清抗炎因子白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量极显著提高(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组血清促炎因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量显著提高(P<0.05);与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组血清IL-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和TNF-α含量有一定程度降低但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。综上可知,与豆粕型颗粒饲粮相比,杂粕型颗粒饲粮会降低生长猪采食量和养分消化率,提高血清炎性因子含量,而通过液态方式饲喂杂粕型饲粮可改善饲粮适口性,提高生长猪采食量,降低血清促炎因子IL-1β含量,对养分消化率无改善作用。