HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES IDENTIFYING MAST CELLS IN PIG,CATTLE AND SHEEP

Carnoy′s fluid and neutral buffered formalin(NBF)have been proved to be good fixatives for preservation of mast cells in pig,cattle and sheep except NBF blocked staining of most porcine mast cells,especially those located in intestinal mucosa(MMC)and in thymus medulla(TMMC). Both toluidine blue and Alcian blue were the excellent stains generally,but Alcian blue stained more porcine mast cells than did toluidine blue( P <0 01). Staining with toluidine blue of a wide pH range(from 0 1 to 7 0)showed that porcine mast cells were not very pH dependent,but the dye at pH 0 5 seemed to have the strongest affinity for all mast cells in pigs and it was also suitable for bovine and ovine mast cell staining. In the three species,unlike in rodents,the Alcian blue method did not distinguish between mast cells in the intestinal mucosa(MMC)and those in the connective tissue of the intestinal submucosa,tongue and skin(CTMC). Porcine CTMC,but not MMC,fluoresced strongly when stained with berberine sulphate or with a mixture of berberine sulphate and acridine orange. It suggested that porcine CTMC contained heparin proteoglycan.

Osteopontin: a leading candidate adhesion molecule for implantation in pigs and sheep

Osteopontin （OPN; also known as Secreted Phosphoprotein 1, SPP1） is a secreted extra-cellular matrix （ECM） protein that binds to a variety of cell surface integrins to stimulate cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion and communication. It is generally accepted that OPN interacts with apically expressed integrin receptors on the uterine luminal epithelium （LE） and conceptus trophectoderm to attach the conceptus to the uterus for implantation. Research conducted with pigs and sheep has significantly advanced understanding of the role（s） of OPN during implantation through exploitation of the prolonged peri-implantation period of pregnancy when elongating conceptuses are free within the uterine lumen requiring extensive paracrine signaling between conceptus and endometrium. This is followed by a protracted and incremental attachment cascade of trophectoderm to uterine LE during implantation, and development of a true epitheliochorial or synepitheliochorial placenta exhibited by pigs and sheep, respectively. In pigs, implanting conceptuses secrete estrogens which induce the synthesis and secretion of OPN in adjacent uterine LE. OPN then binds to αvβ6 integrin receptors on trophectoderm, and the αvβ3 integrin receptors on uterine LE to bridge conceptus attachment to uterine LE for implantation. In sheep, implanting conceptuses secrete interferon tau that prolongs the lifespan of CL. Progesterone released by CL then induces OPN synthesis and secretion from the endometrial GE into the uterine lumen where OPN binds integrins expressed on trophectoderm （αvβ3） and uterine LE （identity of specific integrins unknown） to adhere the conceptus to the uterus for implantation. OPN binding to the αvβ3 integrin receptor on ovine trophectoderm cells induces in vitro focal adhesion assembly, a prerequisite for adhesion and migration of trophectoderm, through activation of： 1） P70S6K via crosstalk between FRAP1/MTOR and MAPK pathways; 2） MTOR, PI3K, MAPK3/MAPK1 （Erk1/2） and MAPK14 （p38） signaling to stimulate trohectoderm cell migration; and 3） focal adhesion assembly and myosin II motor activity to induce migration oftrophectoderm cells. Further large in vivo focal adhesions assemble at the uterine-placental interface of both pigs and sheep and identify the involvement of sizable mechanical forces at this interface during discrete periods of trophoblast migration, attachment and placentation in both species.

A gene expression estimator of intramuscular fat percentage for use in both cattle and sheep

Background：The expression of genes encoding proteins involved in triacyglyceride and fatty acid synthesis and storage in cattle muscle are correlated with intramuscular fat（IMF）%.Are the same genes also correlated with IMF%in sheep muscle,and can the same set of genes be used to estimate IMF%in both species？Results：The correlation between gene expression（microarray） and IMF%in the longissimus muscle（LM） of twenty sheep was calculated.An integrated analysis of this dataset with an equivalent cattle correlation dataset and a cattle differential expression dataset was undertaken.A total of 30 genes were identified to be strongly correlated with IMF%in both cattle and sheep.The overlap of genes was highly significant,8 of the 13 genes in the TAG gene set and 8 of the 13 genes in the FA gene set were in the top 100 and 500 genes respertively most correlated with IMF%in sheep,P-value = 0.Of the 30 genes,CIDEA,THRSP,ACSM1,DGAT2 and FABP4 had the highest average rank in both species.Using the data from two small groups of Brahman cattle（control and Hormone growth promotant-treated[known to decrease IMF%in muscle]） and 22 animals in total,the utility of a direct measure and different estimators of IMF%（ultrasound and gene expression） to differentiate between the two groups were examined.Directly measured IMF%and IMF%estimated from ultrasound scanning could not discriminate between the two groups.However,using gene expression to estimate IMF%discriminated between the two groups.Increasing the number of genes used to estimate IMF%from one to five significantly increased the discrimination power;but increasing the number of genes to 15 resulted in little further improvement.Conclusion：We have demonstrated the utility of a comparative approach to identify robust estimators of IMF%in the LM in cattle and sheep.We have also demonstrated a number of approaches（potentially applicable to much smaller groups of animals than conventional methods） to using gene expression to rank animals for IMF%within a single farm/treatment,or to estimate differences in IMF%between two farms/treatments.

Integrins and their potential roles in mammalian pregnancy

Integrins are a highly complex family of receptors that, when expressed on the surface of cells, can mediate reciprocal cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix(ECM) interactions leading to assembly of integrin adhesion complexes(IACs) that initiate many signaling functions both at the membrane and deeper within the cytoplasm to coordinate processes including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and metabolism. All metazoan organisms possess integrins, and it is generally agreed that integrins were associated with the evolution of multicellularity, being essential for the association of cells with their neighbors and surroundings, during embryonic development and many aspects of cellular and molecular biology. Integrins have important roles in many aspects of embryonic development, normal physiology, and disease processes with a multitude of functions discovered and elucidated for integrins that directly influence many areas of biology and medicine, including mammalian pregnancy, in particular implantation of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, subsequent placentation and conceptus(embryo/fetus and associated placental membranes) development. This review provides a succinct overview of integrin structure, ligand binding, and signaling followed with a concise overview of embryonic development, implantation, and early placentation in pigs, sheep, humans, and mice as an example for rodents. A brief timeline of the initial localization of integrin subunits to the uterine luminal epithelium(LE) and conceptus trophoblast is then presented, followed by sequential summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs, sheep, humans, and rodents. As appropriate for this journal, summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs and sheep are in depth, whereas summaries for humans and rodents are brief. Because similar models to those illustrated in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present throughout the scientific literature, the illustrations in this manuscript are drafted as Viking imagery for entertainment purposes.

First survey of hard ticks(Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle, sheep and goats in Boeen Zahra and Takistan counties, Iran

Objective:To carry out the distribution survey of hard ticks of livestock in Boeen Zahra and Takistan counties of Qazvin province from April 2010 to September 2010.Methods:Nearly about 2638 sheep, 461 goats and 318 cattle of 38 herds in different geographical areas were searched for tick infestation.Results:The species compositions collected from the livestock of Boeen Zahra and Takistan wereHaemaphysalis concinna(0.63%),Haemaphysalis sulcata(12.66%),Hyalomma anatolicum(3.80%),Hyalomma asiaticum(3.16%),Hyalomma detritum(5.70%),Hyalomma dromedarii(28.48%),Hyalomma marginatum(13.29%),Hyalomma schulzei(1.89%),Rhipicephalus bursa(3.16%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus(3.16%), and for Takistan's livestock were Hyalomma dromedarii(9.86%),Hyalomma marginatum(13.29%),Hyalomma schulzei(1.89%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus(3.16%), respectively. Hard ticks compositions in different topographic areas were different.Hyalommaspecies had the most prevalence in the areas.Conclusions:The veterinary and public health investigation of the above species should be taken.

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Sheep and Cattle Meat Using PCR-RFLP Technique

distribution.The main source of infection for humans is livestock and meat-producer animals.The relationships between Toxoplasma genotype and biological characteristics of the parasite have already been identified.According to the pathogenicity of the parasite in laboratory animals,Toxoplasma is divided into three genotypes included type I,II and III.Understanding the genotype of the parasite,could help us to predict clinical features and severity of disease.The aim of this study was to identify genotypes of T.gondii in cattle and sheep meat and meat products in Ahvaz city southwest of Iran.One hundred and ninety samples of tongue,heart and muscles of sheep and cattle and meat products,including sausages and burgers,were collected from slaughterhouses and stores.To identify Toxoplasma gondii,DNA were extracted from samples and B1 gene were amplified by specific primers.To determine the genotype of T.gondii,PCR-RFLP was done on positive samples using by amplifying GRA6 gene and endonuclease Msel enzyme.Data analysis showed that the strain of the parasite in all positive samples belonged to genotype I.In this study the predominant Toxoplasma genotype was type I which can cause severe clinical symptoms in immunocompromised patients.Further research is needed to determine the genotype of the parasite in humans and other animals.

Healthier Food of Animal Origin and Prevention of Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter species belong to the most important foodborne bacteria which cause gastroenteritis in humans in both developed and developing countries. Applied hygienic measures result only partially efficient, as demonstrated by the high number of reported cases in the human population. Alternative strategies to prevent the disease though a direct action at primary production level have been explored. Preliminary data showed that cattle and pigs fed with bamboo and olive by-products, respectively, were free from Campylobacter, suggesting potential sustainable prevention strategy. In addition, biochemical analysis showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in red meat and meat products, adequate for the application of health claims in line with EU food law.

Large animal models for Huntington's disease research

Huntington'sdisease(HD)isahereditary neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no effectivetreatmentavailable.Consequently,the development of appropriate disease models is critical to thoroughly investigate disease progression.The genetic basis of HD involves the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin(HTT)gene,leading to the expansion of a polyglutamine repeat in the HTT protein.Mutant HTT carrying the expanded polyglutamine repeat undergoes misfolding and forms aggregates in the brain,which precipitate selective neuronal loss in specific brain regions.Animal models play an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as HD and in identifying potential therapeutic targets.Due to the marked species differences between rodents and larger animals,substantial efforts have been directed toward establishing large animal models for HD research.These models are pivotal for advancing the discovery of novel therapeutic targets,enhancing effective drug delivery methods,and improving treatment outcomes.We have explored the advantages of utilizing large animal models,particularly pigs,in previous reviews.Since then,however,significant progress has been made in developing more sophisticated animal models that faithfully replicate the typical pathology of HD.In the current review,we provide a comprehensive overview of large animal models of HD,incorporating recent findings regarding the establishment of HD knock-in(KI)pigs and their genetic therapy.We also explore the utilization of large animal models in HD research,with a focus on sheep,non-human primates(NHPs),and pigs.Our objective is to provide valuable insights into the application of these large animal models for the investigation and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

牛羊布鲁氏菌病虎红平板凝集试验技术要点分析

牛羊布鲁氏菌病(布病)为牛羊养殖过程中的重大传染性疾病,既是养殖场(户)在生产管理中的关键防控对象,也是我国兽医部门每年春防、秋防规定必须严格监测的疫病。为了提升当前基层兽医人员对牛羊布病的防控检测水平,提高检测结果的准确性,结合团队成员近几年在基层牛羊布病虎红平板凝集试验检测指导的经验,依据中华人民共和国卫生行业标准WS269-2019《布鲁氏菌病诊断标准》,对基层兽医技术人员在检测过程中的操作误区进行详尽剖析,并提出精细化、规范化的指导建议。旨在提升基层技术人员的操作技能,并为相关研究提供参考。

青海地区不同动物源志贺菌毒力相关基因的分布研究

为了解青海省不同动物源志贺菌相关毒力基因的分布情况,试验对分离自青海省不同地区的62株不同动物源志贺菌进行了DNA提取,将其作为模板对志贺菌的毒力基因set1B、virA、set1A、ial、ipaBCD、Sen、icsP、iutA、icsA、ipaH进行了PCR检测,并统计各毒力基因在不同动物源志贺菌中的检出率、不同动物源志贺菌毒力基因携带模式及携带毒力基因种类。结果表明:62株志贺菌毒力基因set1B、virA、set1A、ial、ipaBCD、icsP、Sen、iutA、icsA、ipaH的检出率分别为6.5%、43.5%、3.2%、25.8%、37.1%、0、12.9%、22.6%、50.0%、100%。在27株猪源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、VirA、icsA、ipaBCD的检出率较高,然后依次为ial、iutA、Sen,未检出icsP。在27株鸡源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、icsA、virA的检出率较高,然后依次为ipaBCD、ial、Sen、iutA,未检出set1B、set1A、icsP。在4株牦牛源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、icsA、ipaBCD的检出率较高,然后依次为virA、ial、iutA,未检出set1B、set1A、Sen、icsP。在4株藏羊源志贺菌中,毒力基因ipaH、ipaBCD、iutA的检出率较高;然后依次为virA、ial,未检出set1B、set1A、Sen、icsP、icsA。在62株志贺菌中,有7株菌只检出毒力基因ipaH,55株菌携带两种及以上毒力基因,共呈现出30种携带模式,其中以virA-icsA-ipaH模式的菌株最多(11.3%,7/62),然后为ipaBCD-ipaH模式(9.7%,6/62);猪源和鸡源志贺菌毒力基因的携带模式均为18种,牦牛和藏羊源志贺菌毒力基因的携带模式均为4种。在62株志贺菌中,有18株菌携带2种毒力基因,15株菌携带3种毒力基因,13株菌携带4种毒力基因,7株菌携带5种毒力基因,2株菌携带6种毒力基因。27株猪源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为3.7%、40.7%、14.8%、18.5%、14.8%、7.4%,27株鸡源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为18.5%、18.5%、29.6%、22.2%、11.1%、0,4株牦牛源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为25.0%、0、25.0%、50.0%、0、0,4株藏羊源志贺菌中携带1,2,3,4,5,6种毒力基因菌株的占比分别为0、50.0%、50.0%、0、0、0。62株志贺菌单毒力基因携带率(11.3%,7/62)<多重毒力基因携带率(88.7%,55/62),其中猪源志贺菌的多重基因携带率最高(42.0%),然后依次为鸡源(35.5%)、藏羊源(6.4%)和牦牛源(4.8%)。说明青海地区志贺菌携带多种毒力基因,携带模式呈现多样性且因动物源不同有所差异,同时应重点加强青海地区猪志贺菌病的防治工作。

安徽省牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测工作现状调研

为全面了解安徽省牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测工作现状,通过实地走访和书面调研相结合方式开展了为期3个月的调研。调研发现:安徽省牛羊布鲁氏菌病流行率总体较低(0.22%),但各年份的个体阳性率有差异;在种畜场、商品代饲养场、散养户以及屠宰场、交易市场等场点均检出阳性样品;有3个地级市未建设市级兽医实验室,9个县级实验室没有正式运行,实验室现有人员平均配备数量只达到了实际需要的60%左右;全省各级兽医实验室工作经费普遍不足,缺少稳定来源;人间布鲁氏菌病病例数量和地域范围整体呈上升和扩大趋势,病例以养殖相关从业人员为主。总体来看,安徽省牛羊布鲁氏菌污染面较广,兽医实验室监测能力不足,对高危职业人群的布鲁氏菌病防护宣传不到位。因此,在全省牛羊饲养业稳定发展的形势下,应持续加强牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测和对高危职业人群的防护宣传,重视兽医实验室经费投入和专业技术人员配备,以确保布鲁氏菌病监测工作顺利开展,稳定提升重点地区重点环节的监测能力。

猪、牛、羊和禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验研究要点

抗蠕虫药是指能杀灭或驱除人和动物寄生蠕虫的药物,市场需求巨大。为满足兽药行业发展和寄生虫病防控的实际需要,农业农村部兽药评审中心根据抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验评审现状,充分借鉴兽用药品注册技术要求国际协调会(International Coordination on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medical Products,VICH)的兽药研究指导原则和技术评审要求,组织制订了《猪/牛/羊/禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验技术指导原则》,科学指导抗蠕虫药研发和评审工作,促进兽药行业高质量发展。本文从《猪/牛/羊/禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性试验技术指导原则》的制订思路和主要内容,科学、系统阐述猪/牛/羊/禽抗蠕虫药临床有效性研究的要点,以期为抗蠕虫药物的研发、申报注册和技术评审提供科学指导和依据。

湖南省2023年5—6月跨省调入饲养用牛羊追溯调查与布鲁氏菌病监测

为评估分析外省份调入湖南省饲养用牛羊引入布鲁氏菌病(以下简称“布病”)的风险,对“湖南省动物卫生监督信息平台”2023年5—6月跨省调入饲养用牛羊开展监测排查,并就其来源、去向及布病检测结果等进行调查统计。结果显示:全省共调入饲养用牛羊270批次12850头/只,涉及19个省/自治区/直辖市,其中13个省份为原布病防控一类地区;有164批次牛羊来源于布病免疫区,占60.74%;有96批次牛羊实际用于继续饲养,占35.56%;采集牛羊血清样品1396份,检出布病抗体阳性7份。结果表明,湖南省存在牛羊布病输入性风险,应加大调运监管力度,减少牛羊布病从高风险地区向低风险地区传播的风险。

河南省牛羊规模场布鲁氏菌病感染情况调查

[目的]掌握河南省牛羊布鲁氏菌病流行情况,为牛羊布病防控和净化工作提供理论和科学依据。[方法]2022年对河南省168个场次的4 902头牛羊血清样品进行布病感染抗体检测,并按动物种类、场点类别等对检测结果进行统计分析。[结果]2022年河南省牛羊布病感染抗体平均场群阳性率为5.36%,平均个体阳性率为0.47%;牛布病感染抗体场群阳性率为3.61%,个体阳性率为0.24%;羊场群阳性率为7.06%,个体阳性率为0.71%;阳性样品均来自商品代养殖场(户),种畜场、屠宰场无阳性样品检出。[结论]河南省牛羊布病流行情况整体处于可控水平,种畜场布病净化工作取得了一定成效,随着牛羊养殖规模化程度的提升,当前牛羊布病防控的重点在于商品代规模场(户),应依据调查结果,结合场群实际,进一步完善和推进布病净化工作。

发酵杂交构树饲料在牛羊生产中的应用

发酵杂交构树饲料是以杂交构树为原料通过青贮发酵所得到的一种新型非常规饲料,具有蛋白含量高、制作成本低等优点,已被广泛应用于解决当前蛋白质饲料不足问题的尝试中。本文综述了发酵杂交构树的营养价值及其发酵方法,并对其在牛羊养殖中的应用进行了整理讨论,为发酵杂交构树今后在反刍动物生产中的进一步推广利用提供理论参考。

2022~2023年湖南省牛羊跨省调运市场链调查

为了解掌握湖南省从外省调入牛羊的来源及流向等情况,本研究对2022~2023年通过“牧运通”平台进入湖南省的牛羊进行市场链调查。结果显示:2022~2023年湖南省从省外调入牛15030批次,共有33.87万头,从省外调入羊5964批次,共有117.05万只,涉及27个省(自治区、直辖市)。从省外调入牛用于继续饲养的有11.31万头(占33.4%),从省外调入羊用于继续饲养的有7.65万头(占6.5%),分别有1822批次7.43万头牛、108批次1.69万只羊来源于布病免疫区,说明一些实施布病强制免疫地区没有严格执行国家调运相关政策。调查发现继续饲养牛羊调入后大部分未进行隔离或检测而直接混群饲养,布病等疫病传入的风险较大,建议要进一步加强牛羊的调运监管,并做好对从业人员的宣传教育,降低疫情风险隐患。

牛羊全混合日粮的配制与利用的研究进展

我国牛羊集约规模化饲养与传统放牧模式共同存在。传统放牧易受气候、季节等因素影响,牧草供应不稳定、饲料营养不均衡等成为牛羊产业发展的制约因素。使用全混合日粮不仅能够解决牛羊饲料营养不稳定问题,提高生产效率,还可以充分利用农业和工业副产品,保护环境,实现牛羊产业绿色健康、可持续发展。文章对全混合日粮配制原则、工艺以及其在牛羊各生产阶段的影响效果进行综述,为全混合日粮在牛羊生产中的使用提供参考。

家畜基因组拷贝数变异研究进展

拷贝数变异(copy number variation, CNV)是基因组上50 bp~5 Mb的DNA片段发生拷贝数目变化的结构变异。近年来,随着检测技术的发展,CNV的检测方法从广泛使用的CGH、SNP和NGS技术延展到新兴的第三代测序技术,使得越来越多对家畜的起源进化和遗传育种等方面有着重要影响的CNV被鉴定。但是,目前从检测技术发展的角度综述有关CNV在牛、羊、猪、马等家畜上的研究进展还较少。因此,本文首先介绍了CNV的主要形成机制、检测方法,然后,分别综述近年来在牛、羊、猪、马等重要家畜物种中利用CGH、SNP、WGS(包括第二代测序和第三代测序)技术检测CNV的研究进展,最后,对家畜CNV在当下研究中存在的问题及其在未来动物遗传育种的应用前景做出展望。本文有望为家畜拷贝数变异相关研究提供新的参考资料。

新疆塔额垦区牛羊粪源志贺菌耐药性、毒力基因检测及其致病性分析

为了解新疆塔额垦区牛羊粪源志贺菌的耐药性、毒力基因携带情况和致病性,对从335份牛羊腹泻粪便中分离鉴定到的32株志贺菌(10株福氏志贺菌和22株宋内志贺菌)进行药敏试验、耐药基因与毒力基因检测、生物被膜形成能力和小鼠致病性检测。结果显示,32株志贺菌对四环素、多西环素和氨苄西林等药物的耐药率较高,分别为87.50%、87.50%和84.38%;29株(90.63%)呈现多重耐药。从分离株中检测到15种耐药基因,其中blaTEM(96.88%)和blaCXT-M(68.75%)基因的检出率较高;检测到14种毒力基因,其中yijP(93.75%)、ibeB(90.63%)和ipaBCD(78.13%)基因的检出率较高。部分志贺菌具有生物被膜形成能力(2/32,6.25%),并引起小鼠死亡。说明新疆塔额垦区牛羊源志贺菌具有较强的耐药性,携带多种耐药基因和毒力基因,具有一定的致病性,在牛羊健康养殖中具有潜在威胁。

Nitrogen Mineralization from Animal Manures and Its Relation to Organic N Fractions

Laboratory aerobic incubation was conducted for 161 d to study N mineralization and the changes of organic N fractions of nine different manures（3 chicken manures, 3 pig manures and 3 cattle manures） from different farms/locations. Results indicated that significant（P〈0.01 or P〈0.001） difference existed in N mineralization between manures. The rapid N mineralization in manures occurred during 56 to 84 d of incubation. First order exponential model can be used to describe N mineralization from chicken manures and pig manures, while quadratic equation can predict mineralization of organic N from cattle manures. An average of 21, 19 and 13% added organic N from chicken manure, pig manure and cattle manure was mineralized during 161 d of incubation. Amino acid-N was the main source of N mineralization. The changes of amino acid-N together with ammonium N could explain significantly 97 and 96% of the variation in mineralized N from manured soils and manures. Amino acid-N and ammonium N are two main N fractions in determining N mineralization potential from manures. Amino acid-N contributed more to the mineralized N than ammonium N.