3-D modeling of rock burst in pillar No. 19 of Fetr6 chromite mine

Fetr6 is an underground mine in which chromite is extracted using stope and pillar mining method. Despite of all improving works such as roof supporting and replacing of ore pillars with concrete pillars, pillar No. 19 failed and other pillars failed progressively as a domino effect and 4000 m2 of mine collapsed within a few minutes, consequently. For detail investigation, two 3-D numerical models were developed by 3Dec. The first, a base model, was used for estimation of stress on pillars just before failure and the other for investigation of rock burst in pillar No. 19. The results show that discontinuity parameters such as friction angle and shear stiffness is critical parameters in this pillar failure. In addition, it indicates that W/H ratio equal 0.3, the lack of ore extraction strategy and inadequate roof support are the major reasons for this failure. In this paper, the procedure of study was described.

3-D numerical modelling of Domino failure of hard rock pillars in Fetr6 Chromite Mine, Iran, and comparison with empirical methods

Fetr6 is an underground mine using the stope-and-pillar mining method. As there was some evidence regarding pillar failure in this mine, improving works such as roof support and replacing existing pillars with concrete pillars (CP) were carried out. During the construction of the second CP, in the space between the remaining pillars, one of the pillars failed leading to the progressive failure of other pillars until 4 000 m 2 of mine had collapsed within a few minutes. In this work, this phenomenon is described by applying both numerical and empirical methods and the respective results are compared. The results of numerical modelling are found to be closer to the actual condition than those of the empirical method. Also, a width-to-height (W/H) ratio less than 1, an inadequate support system and the absence of a detailed program for pillar recovery are shown to be the most important causes of the Domino failure in this mine.

Numerical modeling of coupled thermo-mechanical response of a rock pillar

Understanding the rock mass response to excavation and thermal loading and improving the capability of the numerical models for simulating the progressive failure process of brittle rocks are important for safety assessment and optimization design of nuclear waste repositories.The international cooperative DECOVALEX-2011 project provides a platform for development,validation and comparison of numerical models,in which the sp pillar stability experiment（APSE） was selected as the modeling target for Task B.This paper presents the modeling results of Wuhan University（WHU） team for stages 1 and 2 of Task B by using a coupled thermo-mechanical model within the framework of continuum mechanics.The rock mass response to excavation is modeled with linear elastic,elastoplastic and brittle-plastic models,while the response to heating is modeled with a coupled thermo-elastic model.The capabilities and limitations of the model for representation of the thermo-mechanical responses of the rock pillar are discussed by comparing the modeling results with experimental observations.The results may provide a helpful reference for the stability and safety assessment of the hard granite host rock in China＇s Beishan preselected area for high-level radioactive waste disposal.

Analysis of sp Pillar Stability Experiment: Continuous thermo-mechanical model development and calibration

The paper describes an analysis of thermo-mechanical （TM） processes appearing during the Aspo Pillar Stability Experiment （APSE）. This analysis is based on finite elements with elasticity, plasticity and dam- age mechanics models of rock behaviour and some least squares calibration techniques. The main aim is to examine the capability of continuous mechanics models to predict brittle damage behaviour of gran- ite rocks. The performed simulations use an in-house finite element software GEM and self-developed experimental continuum damage MATLAB code. The main contributions are twofold. First, it is an inverse analysis, which is used for （1） verification of an initial stress measurement by back analysis of conver- gence measurement during construction of the access tunnel and （2） identification of heat transfer rock mass properties by an inverse method based on the known heat sources and temperature measurements. Second, three different hierarchically built models are used to estimate the pillar damage zones, i.e. elas- tic model with Drucker-Prager strength criterion, elasto-plastic model with the same yield limit and a combination of elasto-plasticity with continuum damage mechanics. The damage mechanics model is also used to simulate uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests on the ,Aspo granite.

Research on 3D Modeling and Visualization of Coal Pillars for Surface Protection

In order to safely exploit coal resource, protection coal pillars must be prepared in coal mines. Some correlative parameters of protection coal pillar are calculated by Drop face and Drop line methods. Models of protecting surface objects and coal pillars are established by TIN modeling and object-oriented technique. By using ACCESS2000as the database and the VC++ and OpenGL as the language, the calculation of protective coal pillars is realized and the 3D-visulizaiton system for protected objects on ground surface and for coal pillars is developed. The system can obtain the data of characteristic points on the surface interactively from the digitized mine topography map, constructing 3D model automatically. It can also obtain the interrelated parameters of the coal seam and drill hole data from existing geological surveying database to calculate the location, surface area and the total coal columns. The whole process can be computed quickly and accurately. And the 3D visualization system was applied in a mine, showing that the system solve the problem of complex calculation,not only realized the automatic 3D mapping and visualization of coal pillars for buildings protection , but also greatly improves the working efficiency.

某乘用车正面碰撞仿真分析

为准确评价整车正面碰撞过程中的碰撞安全性能,采用CATIA软件建立整车几何模型,导入HyperMesh软件搭建整车有限元模型,结合LS-DYNA软件模拟汽车正面碰撞,并采用HyperMesh软件分析模型可靠性及碰撞过程中整车变形、B柱加速度、各部件变形等。仿真结果表明:整车碰撞期间,增加质量与总质量的比为2.16%,沙漏能与总能量的比为1.02%,整车模型可靠性满足要求;左右两侧B柱最大加速度分别约为42.5 g(g为自由落体加速度)、45.4 g,满足中国新车评价规程中两侧B柱最大加速度不得超过72 g的要求;该车前防撞梁最大变形为178.1 mm,前吸能盒最大变形为315.9 mm,前纵梁最大变形为618.9 mm,该车前部吸能部件具有良好的吸能效果;前围板最大变形为137.8 mm,满足碰撞试验前围板最大变形不超过150 mm的限值要求,可以保护驾驶员及乘客的安全。

煤田房柱式采空区地震响应特征物理模拟研究

在总结了蒙陕地区地震地质条件、煤田房柱式采煤时采空区特征的基础上构建了蒙陕地区房柱式采空区地质模型,并在水槽实验室对其进行物理模拟地震数据采集,使用针对性的处理流程对采集的数据进行处理,最后对成像结果中目的层进行属性分析,总结了蒙陕地区房柱式采空区的成像特征,其结果可以用于提升煤田采空区探测的效率和质量。

基于《汽车正面碰撞的乘员保护》的某轻卡碰撞CAE模型对标探索与实践

文章旨在探讨基于《汽车正面碰撞的乘员保护》的某轻卡碰撞CAE模型的建立与修正。通过对该标准的详细解读和分析,结合实际案例,本研究建立了一套适用于某轻卡碰撞仿真的整车CAE模型及分析方法。经整车实物碰撞验证和比对,B柱加速度曲线相似度高达96.5%,加速度曲线峰值时刻基本吻合、试验峰值优于CAE峰值20g,驾驶室门框变形量差异小于20mm,证明该CAE模型在预测碰撞情况和评估车辆安全性能方面具有较高的准确性和可靠性。本研究的成果为轻卡碰撞仿真提供了一种新的方法和视角,对于提升轻卡碰撞安全性能具有重要指导意义和实践价值。

某微型电动车侧碰条件下的B柱轻量化研究

B柱加强板作为B柱最主要的支撑结构,在侧碰中起到关键的作用,在满足侧碰安全性能的前提下进行轻量化研究具有重要意义。根据GB 20071—2006《汽车侧面碰撞的乘员保护》试验要求,利用HyperWorks建立有限元模型,基于Crachfem失效模式进行仿真分析,依托成形性分析,对焊缝位置进行优化,对比B柱轻量化前后侵入量和侵入速度的变化情况,并通过试验验证。结果表明:侧碰过程中,侵入量最大的位置位于B柱的R+400 mm的位置,此处为人体的胸部肋骨区域。通过激光拼焊的方式把B柱加强板的材料由DP780改为DP780+B1500HS,不仅侧碰安全性能得到提高,而且实现轻量化减重13.2%。

Numerical and analytical investigations for the SOI LDMOS with alternated high-k dielectric and step doped silicon pillars

This paper presents a new silicon-on-insulator(SOI) lateral-double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor(LDMOST) device with alternated high-k dielectric and step doped silicon pillars(HKSD device). Due to the modulation of step doping technology and high-k dielectric on the electric field and doped profile of each zone, the HKSD device shows a greater performance. The analytical models of the potential, electric field, optimal breakdown voltage, and optimal doped profile are derived. The analytical results and the simulated results are basically consistent, which confirms the proposed model suitable for the HKSD device. The potential and electric field modulation mechanism are investigated based on the simulation and analytical models. Furthermore, the influence of the parameters on the breakdown voltage(BV) and specific on-resistance(R_(on,sp)) are obtained. The results indicate that the HKSD device has a higher BV and lower R_(on,sp) compared to the SD device and HK device.

Numerical investigation into the effect of backfilling on coal pillar strength in highwall mining

This paper attempts to quantify the effect of backfilling on pillar strength in highwall mining using numerical modelling. Calibration against the new empirical strength formula for highwall mining was conducted to obtain the material parameters used in the numerical modelling. With the obtained coal strength parameters, three sets of backfill properties were investigated. The results reveal that the behavior of pillars varies with the type and amount of backfill as well as the pillar width to mining height ratio(w/h). In case of cohesive backfill, generally 75% backfill shows a significant increase in peak strength, and the increase in peak strength is more pronounced for the pillars having lower w/h ratios. In case of noncohesive backfill, the changes in both the peak and residual strengths with up to 92% backfill are negligible while the residual strength constantly increases after reaching the peak strength only when 100%backfill is placed. Based on the modelling results, different backfilling strategies should be considered on a case by case basis depending on the type of backfill available and desired pillar dimension.

Performance of inclined pillars with a major discontinuity

Discontinuities are an inherent part of the rock mass and majorly affect the stability of the excavation skin and pillars.The dip of the discontinuities and their properties also have a significant effect on the strength of the pillars.Empirical approaches are commonly used to determine the pillar strength but can overestimate the strength and don’t consider the inclination of the pillars and the strength reduction caused by discontinuities.Numerical modeling is a powerful tool and if calibrated can be used to evaluate the strength of the pillars with discontinuities having a range of properties.The effect of a discontinuity on inclined pillars was conducted which has been seldom considered in evaluating the pillar strength.Three-dimensional vertical pillars were simulated,and the pillar strength was calibrated to accepted theoretical results and then the discontinuities were introduced in different pillar inclinations with distinct width to height ratios to gain an insight into the effective pillar strength reduction.Based upon the results,it was found that the discontinuities have a significant effect with the increase in the inclination of the pillars even at a higher width to height ratios.

Design of crown pillar thickness using finite element method and multivariate regression analysis

Minerals are now being extracted from deep mines due to drying up of resource in shallow ground. The need for suitable supports and ground control mechanisms for safe mining necessitates proper pillar design with filling technology. In addition, high horizontal stress may cause collapse of hanging wall and footwall rocks, hence designing of suitable crown pillars is absolutely necessary for imposing overall safety of the stopes. This paper provides a methodology for the evaluation of the required thickness of crown pillars for safe operation at depth ranging from 600 m to 1000 m. Analyses are conducted with the results of 108 non-linear numerical models considering Drucker-Prager material model in plane strain condition. Material properties of ore body rock and thickness of crown pillars are varied and safety factors of pillars estimated. Then, a generalized statistical relationship between the safety factors of crown pillars with the various input parameters is developed. The developed multivariate regression model is utilized for generating design/stability charts of pillars for different geo-mining conditions.These design charts can be used for the design of crown pillar thickness with the depth of the working,taking into account the changes of the rock mass conditions in underground metal mine.

旭龙电站尾水调压室洞间岩柱围岩宏细观特性分析

为了将连续和非连续分析方法耦合用于地下厂房围岩稳定性分析,提出了一种基于软硬混合平行黏结模型的细观参数快速标定法,可根据给定岩石的宏观力学参数快速给出其颗粒流模型细观接触参数;在此基础上,构建了基于颗粒离散元PFC 3D与有限差分FLAC 3D耦合的旭龙地下电站尾水调压室三维离散-连续耦合分析模型,研究了开挖期尾水调压室洞间岩柱围岩变形与破坏宏细观特性,以及检修期间侧向水压力对洞间岩柱稳定性的影响。结果表明:检修期间尾水调压室水压力引起的围岩变形与应力增量变化是极小的,但洞间岩柱上半段22.7 m的高度存在塑形贯通区,局部稳定性较差,有必要在工程建设期开展尾水调压室及尾水支洞岩墩塑性贯通区专项支护方案研究,以确保旭龙地下电站工程的安全建设与运行。

异形煤柱条件下工作面采动冲击地压机制研究

亭南煤矿4号煤经鉴定和评价均具有强冲击危险,针对回采时受超前应力、“工作面见方”大采空区连空、巷道群等因素影响,冲击风险高、治理难度大的难题,通过开展强冲击煤层、异形煤柱条件下工作面冲击地压治理技术研究,借助断裂力学、损伤力学、突变理论及时效损伤模型,建立坚硬顶板条件下上述各种煤柱动静载叠加失稳力学模型,分析采动影响下坚硬顶板破断失稳对异形煤柱动力失稳的扰动效应,分区域、分阶梯、分等级制定有针对性的治理措施,降低冲击地压发生风险和不断优化卸压方案,提高卸压效果,保证工作面安全回采。

Numerical analyses of pillar behavior with variation in yield criterion,dilatancy, rock heterogeneity and length to width ratio

With recent advances in numerical modeling, design of underground structures increasingly relies on numerical modeling-based analysis approaches. While modeling tools like the discrete element method(DEM) and the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM) are useful for investigating small-scale damage processes, continuum models remain the primary practical tool for most field-scale problems.The results obtained from such models are significantly dependent on the selection of an appropriate yield criterion and dilation angle. Towards improving its capabilities in handling mining-related problems, the authors have previously developed a new yield criterion(called progressive S-shaped criterion). The focus of the current study is to demonstrate its use in modeling rock pillars through a comparative analysis against four other yield criteria. In addition to the progressive S-shaped criterion,only one out of the four other criteria predicted a trend in strength consistent with an empirical pillar strength database compiled from the literature. Given the closely-knit relationship between yield criteria and dilation angle in controlling the overall damage process, a separate comparison was conducted using a mobilized dilation model, a zero degree dilation angle and a constant non-zero dilation angle. This study also investigates the impact of meso-scale heterogeneity in mechanical properties on the overall model response by assigning probability distributions to the input parameters. The comparisons revealed that an isotropic model using a combination of progressive S-shaped criterion and mobilized dilation angle model is sufficient in capturing the behaviors of rock pillars. Subsequently, the pillar model was used to assess the effect of L/W(length/width) ratio on the peak strength.

A CUSPC ATASTROPHIC MODEL AND TIME EFFECT OF ROCK BURSTS OF A

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Numerical investigation into pillar failure induced by time-dependent skin degradation

This paper focuses on the instability mechanism of an isolated pillar, caused by time-dependent skin degradation and strength heterogeneity. The time-dependent skin degradation is simulated with a non-linear rheological model capable of simulating tertiary creep, whereby two different pillar failure cases are investigated. The first case is of an isolated pillar in a deep hard rock underground mine and subjected to high stresses. The results show that pillar degradation is limited to the regions near the surface or the skin until two months after ore extraction. Afterwards degradation starts to extend deeper into the pillar, eventually leaving a highly-stressed pillar core due to stress transfer from the failed skin.Rockburst potential indices show that the risk increases exponentially at the core as time goes by. It is then demonstrated that the progressive skin degradation cannot be simulated with conventional strain-softening model assuming brittle failure. The parametric study with respect to the degree of heterogeneity reveals that heterogeneity is key to the occurrence of progressive skin degradation. The second case investigated in this study is pillar failure taking place in a very long period. Such failure becomes significantly important when assessing the risk for ground subsidence caused by pillar collapse in an abandoned mine. The analysis results demonstrate that the employed non-linear rheological model can simulate gradual skin degradation taking place over several hundred years. The percentage of damage zone volume within the pillar is merely 1% after a lapse of one days and increases to 50% after one hundred years, indicating a high risk for pillar collapse in the long term. The vertical displacements within the pillar also indicate the risk of subsidence. The proposed method is suitable for evaluating the risk of ground surface subsidence above an abandoned mine.

An analytic solution describing the visco-elastic deformation of coal pillars in room and pillar mine

Coal pillar deformation is typically nonlinear and time-dependent. The accurate prediction of this defor- mation has a vital importance for the successful implementation of mining techniques. These methods have proven very important as a way to excavate coal resources from under buildings, railways, or water bodies. Elastic and visco-elastic theory are employed with a Maxwell model to formulate an analytic solution for displacement of coal pillars in room and pillar mine. These results show that the visco-elastic solution adequately predicts the coal pillar deformation over time. We conclude that the visco-elastic solution can predict the coal pillar and roadway displacement from the measured geological parameters of the conditions in situ. Furthermore, this method would be useful for mine design, coal pillar support optimization, ground subsidence prediction, and coal pillar stability analysis.

Focal mechanism caused by fracture or burst of a coal pillar

As a regional, real-time and dynamic method, microseismic monitoring technology is quite an appropriate technology for forecasting geological hazards, such as rock bursts, mine tremors, coal and gas outbursts and can even be used to prevent or at least reduce these disasters. The study of the focal mechanisms of different seismic sources is the prerequisite and basis for forecasting rock burst by microseismic monitoring technology. Based on the analysis on the mechanism and fracture course of coal pillars where rock bursts occur mostly, the equivalent point source model of the seismicity caused by a coal pillar was created. Given the model, the seismic displacement equation of a coal pillar was analyzed and the seismic mechanism was pointed out by seismic wave theory. The course of the fracture of the coal pillar was simulated closely in the laboratory and the equivalent microseismic signals of the fractures of the coal pillar were acquired using a TDS-6 experimental system. The results show that, by the pressure and friction of a medium near the seismic source, both a compression wave and a shear wave will be emitted and shear fracture will be induced at the moment of breakage. The results can be used to provide an academic basis to forecast and prevent rock bursts or tremors in a coal pillar.