Lateral abutment pressure distribution and evolution in wide pillars under the first mining effect

The wide pillars are generally popular due to the high productivity and efficiency in Northwest China.The distribution of lateral abutment pressure in coal pillars is important for mining safety.To reveal the effect of the first mining on the lateral abutment pressure distribution and evolution in wide pillars,an in-situ experiment,theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were performed.First,the field monitoring of lateral abutment pressure was conducted from the perspective of time and space in the Chahasu Coal Mine,Huangling No.2 Coal Mine and Lingdong Coal Mine during the first mining.Based on the field monitoring stress,a theoretical model was proposed to reveal the lateral abutment pressure distribution.The methodology was demonstrated through a case study.Aiming at the distribution mechanism,a numerical experiment was conducted through the finite-discrete element method(FDEM).Last,field observations of borehole fractures were performed to further study the damage distribution.In addition,two types of lateral abutment pressure evolution with mining advance were discussed.Suggestions on the stress monitoring layout were proposed as well.The results could provide foundations for strata control and disaster prevention in wide pillars in underground coal mines.

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

给在煤支柱下面在车道支持遇到的困难，我们在车道稳定性上学习了压力分发和他们的效果的特征，用理论分析和数字模拟。当水平应力减少时，结果证明在一个煤支柱下面，在一个地板阶层的垂直应力增加。我们断定垂直、水平的应力之间的增加的差别是为包围岩石的变丑和在煤支柱下面的车道的失败的一个重要原因。基于这，我们在一个煤支柱下面建议一条车道的包围岩石的控制技术例如高力量和高对的门栓支持，打电报加强支持，单个水力由包围岩石的 grouting 与横梁支持和加强支撑，它成功地在一个煤支柱下面在一条车道的一个稳定性控制工程被使用了。

Stress distribution and surrounding rock control of mining near to the overlying coal pillar in the working face

The occurrence of overlying coal pillar(OCP)exerts a strong effect on the stress and strain distribution of the surrounding rock in the stope.In this paper,the stress distribution characteristics are analyzed via the numerical calculation with the account of OCP presence or absence.In addition,this study revealed the joint effect of side pressure relief area of the goaf and stress concentration in OCP on the final stress distribution.Furthermore,the rules of abutment stress distribution affected by three influencing factors,namely horizontal-vertical distances between OCP and working face and buried depth of OCP,are analyzed.The functional model linking the peak stress of surrounding rock with the above influencing factors is developed.The field application of the above results proved that the rib spalling and deformation of a 2.95 m-high and 5.66 m-wide roadway could be efficiently controlled by rationally adjusting working states of the support,and adopting the hydraulic prop coordinated with the p type metal beam and anchor cable to strengthen the surrounding rock of working face and roadway,respectively.The proposed measures are considered appropriate to satisfy the safe operation requirements.

Calculation and analysis of stress in strata under gob pillars

Aiming at the difficulty in stress analysis for strata under pillars with actual bearing conditions, an approach was proposed to apply multi-sectional linear approximation to the characteristic curves of pillar loads, and stress of strata was calculated under pillars with linear load by calculation method for uniform load. This approach leads to a rapid analyzing method for strata stress under pillars with any form of loads. Through theoretical analysis, strata stress expressions for pillars under linear bearing conditions are obtained. In addition, two concepts, stress increase factor and stress factor, are proposed for the approximate analysis of strata stress by uniform load approximation method. It is also found that the stress increase factor of strata is related to the strata stress factor and the ratio of the minimum load on the pillar' two ends to the maximum one; and the distribution features of stress factors and the sizes of their influencing areas in strata influenced by overlying pillars are obtained. Combining with the gob pillar conditions of Jurassic coal seam in Tongxin Coal Mine, it is demonstrated that the results obtained by stress distribution analysis of the strata stress in non-influencing areas of pillars with linear bearing through uniform load approximation are in basic accordance with the results obtained for pillars under linear bearing condition. Therefore, it is feasible and accurate to calculate stress in non-influencing area in strata under pillars with linear bearing condition by uniform load calculation method.

Influence of abnormal stress under a residual bearing coal pillar on the stability of a mine entry

Mine entries close to residual bearing coal pillars(RBCPs) will suffer large deformation that may cause rock burst. To better understand the deformation mechanism and develop safe and practical guidelines for entry design, most studies focus on the absolute size of the stress field in and around the pillar. In this paper, we present a new approach to analyze the abnormal stress field close to a RBCP that uses the stress concentration coefficient(SCC), stress gradient(SG), and coefficient of lateral pressure(CLP) to describe the stress state induced by the RBCP. Based on elastic theory and a mathematical model for the abutment stress in the RBCP, an analytical solution for the abnormal stress in the strata below the RBCP was derived and the characteristics of the abnormal stress for a case study of a coal mine in China were analyzed. The results show that the abnormal stress field around the pillar is characterized by four distinct zones: a zone of high SCC, high SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of high SCC, low SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of low SCC, SG close to 0, and CLP greater than 1, and a zone of SCC close to 1, SC close to 0, and CLP close to 1. Based on this zoning pattern, a numerical model was established to study the combined effects of the abnormal stress on the stability of the entry. The most stable zone was determined based on a model of the Xinrui coal mine and verified by field measurements at the mine. Our conclusions can be used as guidelines for designing safe entry layouts in similar geological and mining settings.

Dynamic buckling mechanism of pillar rockbursts induced by stress waves

Rockbursts are sudden and violent rock failures that can lead to huge production and equipment losses,injury or death of mining workers.Buckling has been regarded as one of the key mechanisms of rockbursts,which are often induced by dynamic loads from mining excavations,such as drilling and blasting in underground mining.The paper attempts to investigate the dynamic buckling mechanism of pillar rockbursts in underground mining,by considering rockbursts as a dynamic stability problem of underground rock structures.The results include:(1)A new explanation of the“sudden and violent”phenomenon of rockbursts,characterized by exponential growth of the amplitudes of transverse displacement responses,even in the presence of rock damping;(2)Identification of the critical role in inducing rockbursts of dynamic loads that bear frequencies approximately double the natural pillar frequency;(3)The greater influence on rockburst occurrence of the amplitude of dynamic component relative to the static component of loads;and(4)Quantification of the relative effects of stress waveform of dynamic loads on pillar rockbursts,which are in decreasing order if other parameters remain constant:rectangular,sinusoidal,and exponential waveforms.Application examples are provided and limitations of the approach are discussed.This research is motivated by the on-going and ubiquitous occurrence of rockbursts in underground excavations all around the world.In contrast to conventional methods that use rock specimens or rock materials to study rockbursts,this investigation emphasizes the structural effects on rockbursts,which has potential applications in hard rock mining engineering.

遗留煤柱边界下方撤面巷道合理位置确定研究

为了确定遗留煤柱边界下方撤面巷道合理布置位置,以内蒙古某矿为研究对象,基于遗留煤柱覆岩空间结构,探究应力在底板的传递规律,通过构建“上煤层遗留煤柱传递应力-下煤层巷道掘进应力”应力叠加计算模型,分析外错距离与撤面巷道围岩安全稳定之间的关系。研究结果表明:在遗留煤柱的“支撑”作用下,煤柱煤体及其上覆岩层近似成“T”型空间结构;10 m外错距离满足现场安全生产和巷道围岩控制的要求。研究结果可为相似开采条件下的巷道稳定评估和合理位置确定提供参考。

特大型条形矿柱卸压开采技术研究

某铁矿为超大规模超深井矿山,矿体特别厚大,在盘区之间布置了特大型条形矿柱,本文采用数值模拟方法,对特大型条形矿柱采取不同卸压开采方案后的应力特征和塑性区分布进行了对比研究,揭示了不同卸压方案的卸压效果,提出了“先进路法卸压、后中深孔或深孔充填法回采”的盘区矿柱回收方法,研究结果可为类似开采条件下的卸压开采提供参考。

煤层群下行开采底板应力演化规律与合理巷道错距研究

为解决近距离煤层开采遗留煤柱下伏回采巷道合理布置工程问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,基于半无限平面体理论建立遗留煤柱底板岩层应力分布力学模型,系统研究了遗留煤柱下伏底板岩层应力分布特征及减压区相对位置关系,提出遗留煤柱非均布载荷影响的底板水平/垂向距离判别方法,揭示了遗留煤柱水平/垂向间距对下伏煤层回采巷道应力变化率的影响程度。结果表明:垂直应力集中是导致下伏巷道失稳的主控因素,以垂直应力变化量0.2γH作为评判应力影响程度的临界指标,探究了不同因素影响下的应力扰动程度,随着遗留煤柱尺寸、煤层间距、埋深与岩层垮落角逐渐减小,底板岩层应力影响深度呈递减趋势;随着水平错距增大,巷道围岩垂直应力值、应力变化率差值不断减小,界定两者数值低于0.2γH与0.01时,围岩达到可控稳定状态;现场试验21320回风巷采用外错式25 m进行实测验证,优化布置后巷道顶板相对位移量控制在45 mm以内,服务期间巷道围岩工况稳定,验证了所得安全错距的合理性。

浅埋深中厚煤层预掘回撤通道支护技术研究与应用

为进一步提高综采工作面末采回撤速度、确保设备回撤空间,采用理论计算、现场试验相结合的方法对浅埋深中厚煤层预掘回撤通道支护技术进行初步研究,建立了工作面残余煤柱承载力学模型,理论分析得知残余煤柱宽度对煤柱承载性能的时空演化规律具有重要影响,末采期间残余窄煤柱出现区域性脆性破坏失稳状态是导致超前采动应力、顶板岩层断裂线前移的主要原因。现场试验末采段残余煤柱宽度约5 m时,整条窄煤柱在多重载荷作用下发生屈服,进而呈现大面积失稳破碎状态,巷内支护体承载受力急剧增加,锚索最大受力约为225 kN,最大顶底板移近量出现在通道中部靠工作面侧,约为100 mm,结果表明,采用高预应力强力锚杆(索)联合支护结构配合垛式支架外部支撑,可有效控制末采期间预掘回撤通道顶底板之间的闭合位移,为类似条件下预掘回撤通道支护提供工程借鉴。

倾斜工作面面向断层开采煤柱失稳机制及稳定性控制

以某矿面向断层开采的5302工作面为工程背景,模拟了工作面回采过程中断层及断层周围煤岩体垂直应力、塑性区及断层滑移演化规律,提出了断层煤柱的合理尺寸,并制定了卸压方案。研究结果表明:工作面回采期间断层及断层周围煤岩体受构造应力与采动应力叠加作用下应力高度集中,容易诱发冲击地压;微震、应力在线监测结果对比分析表明,制定的爆破断顶、钻孔卸压技术方案能够有效降低应力集中程度,避免工作面面向断层开采时诱发冲击危险。

区段煤柱变形光纤光栅监测应用研究

针对近距离煤层下伏工作面过上覆遗留煤柱时,发生动静载叠加诱发强矿压显现,导致区段煤柱发生变形失稳造成人员伤亡和设备破坏。为探索基于光纤光栅实时监测区段煤柱变形发育特征,分析进、出遗留煤柱阶段矿压显现机理,将FBG、光栅应力计的光测方法相结合,结合现场实测的区段煤柱变形应力应变水平参量变化规律,研究煤柱应变空间分布规律及回采过程中工作面前方煤柱内部应变时域响应特征,验证光测方法在煤体应变水平观测的可行性。结果表明:工作面回采经过上覆遗留煤柱期间,区段煤柱顶板受集中应力影响,上部岩层块体破断并发生回转导致煤柱载荷增加,随着工作面推进覆岩断裂进一步向上传递,关键层断裂回转发生导致工作面来压,最终导致区段煤柱变形失稳。根据现场光栅应变增量幅度判断煤柱内局部变形的剧烈程度,在集中应力作用下,区段煤柱变形时发生最大应变为650×10^(-6),上覆岩层集中应力造成煤柱应变水平峰值位置为煤柱宽度11.5 m,沿煤柱宽度方向应变表现出先增加后减小然后趋于稳定的趋势,内部应变随采动过程中影响范围在5 m左右。综合研究工作面回采经过上覆遗留煤柱时应变对区段煤柱发生变形失稳的特点和规律,以及应变水平变化和煤柱物理力学性质,得到煤柱破坏的前兆特征,在外力作用下达到变形峰值前对煤柱提前进行卸压和防护的安全处理。

综放面“双硬”煤层临空煤柱宽度及承载强度校核

具有“双硬”特征煤层的工作面其护巷煤柱的极限尺寸确定与常规工作面有所不同。以榆树岭煤矿505工作面沿空掘进巷道为背景,首先测试了煤岩样的力学性质和不同高径比煤样的抗压强度,得到了不同高径比煤样峰值强度曲线;其次分析了沿空掘巷覆岩结构模型,建立了沿空掘巷护巷煤柱顶板力学模型,得到了不同宽度煤柱所受的载荷应力;建立了不同高宽比煤柱的数值模型,得到了不同高宽比煤柱的极限强度校核公式;最后通过对比不同宽度煤柱所受的载荷应力和极限强度,得出4m宽度的煤柱即可满足支护要求,并在此基础上提出了沿空掘进巷道支护工艺。现场监测结果表明,煤柱宽度为4m时,巷道整体变形量较小,巷道稳定性得到有效维护。研究结果可为小煤柱护巷宽度的确定提供参考。

营盘壕煤矿深部多煤层开采地表移动变形规律及最优错距研究

鄂尔多斯东胜煤田为侏罗系含煤地层,诸多深部矿区2-2煤层和3-1煤层全区可采,并且煤层间距较小。以营盘壕煤矿为地质原型,通过FLAC3D和UDEC数值模拟软件构建研究区域数值模型,围绕2-2煤层和3-1煤层开采引起的地表移动变形及应力场演化规律进行研究。结果表明:多煤层重复采动将引起沉陷盆地中心投影向下煤层采空区方向移动,进而逼近煤层初采中心投影,并最终越过之;两煤层连续开采后,地表最大下沉值小于两煤层单独开采最大下沉值之和,煤层复采下沉系数小于初采下沉系数;煤柱错距与地表移动参数关联密切,错距系数与地表下沉系数、水平移动系数和主要影响角正切分别呈对数正态函数、凹抛物线和凸抛物线函数关系,并且与宽深比作为共同因子对煤层初采及复采表征参数的比值产生耦合影响;另外,同时随着错距的增大,地表沉陷盆地范围先减小后增大的趋势发展,水平移动近盆地等值线由椭圆形向梭子形演化;综合卸压错距经验公式、地表损伤程度及煤柱卸压效果确定的研究区域多煤层开采最优错距为30 m。

围岩加强支护留窄煤柱护巷的可行性研究

为了减少煤矿井下资源浪费现象的发生,研究了留设不同宽度保护煤柱时,围岩塑性区及垂直应力在施工“支护-卸压-砌墙”协同控制技术前后的数值模拟对比分析。数值模拟结果表明:未采取围岩加强支护措施时,随着停采线与回风大巷之间距离的减小,煤柱垂直应力峰值呈先增大后减小的趋势,且回风大巷围岩破坏变形严重;施工“支护-卸压-砌墙”协同控制技术后,随着保护煤柱的回采,煤柱与回风大巷围岩的塑性形变区域面积占比都显著减小,且回风大巷的垂直应力峰值平均减小了25.32%,应力集中系数平均减小了27.03%;在保证煤柱及大巷围岩稳定的前提下,可适当的缩减保护煤柱的宽度,以减少煤炭资源的浪费,并可为煤矿带来较大的经济效益。

近距离煤层多次采动影响巷道围岩破坏特征与控制

针对隆德煤矿近距离煤层上下同采工作面巷道围岩稳定性控制问题,采用现场实测和理论分析方法,对多次采动影响下巷道支护体受力特征和煤柱应力演化特征进行研究。结果表明,巷道锚杆/索受力经历7个变化阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响阶段、双工作面超前影响阶段、采动卸压区快速升高阶段、采动应力恢复区慢速升高阶段、二次稳定阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段;煤柱采动应力演化经历5个阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响区缓慢上升阶段、采动卸压区快速上升阶段、采空区压实自由演化阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段。随着钻孔应力计安装深度增加,煤柱应力呈现先升高后降低趋势,煤柱浅部3 m左右进入塑性状态,承载能力降低;基于上述观测结果,对新掘巷道支护参数进行优化,在保证围岩长期稳定性的同时还可以降低支护费用,实测结果表明,支护参数优化后巷道表面位移量在工程允许范围内,巷道围岩裂隙发育程度较低。

坚硬顶板高压磨料射流侧向切顶煤柱卸荷技术研究

针对坚硬顶板下临空巷道存在的高应力、大变形、难支护等问题,分析了磨料射流能量分布情况,研究了磨料颗粒及高压水射流的冲击破岩作用。基于“砌体梁”原理,建立不同岩性条件下的岩层周期破断力学模型,研究了巷道侧向切顶条件下上覆岩层断裂情况,采用数值模拟分析切顶前后煤柱应力变化情况,提出了磨料射流侧向切顶煤柱卸荷技术。现场试验结果表明,采用磨料射流切顶后巷道高度变形量减小38.7%,宽度变形量减小45.8%,巷道变形得到有效控制。同时,切顶后每日最大总能量降低85.5%,平均每日总能量降低82.6%。验证了磨料射流侧向切顶对坚硬顶板的弱化效果,为坚硬顶板弱化治理提供了一种新的技术手段。

深井分段充填采矿应力演化规律数值分析

针对某矿山—700 m至—1100 m中段水平的典型采场布置方式,建立了数值分析模型,模型中段高度60 m,分段高度12 m。通过岩石力学试验,测试了矿岩、充填体力学参数,构建了1个原岩应力场状态和8个开挖与充填工作状态,并进行了逐次回采开挖与充填过程的数值模拟。数值计算与分析结果表明,伴随着相邻中段的回采,矿体厚度逐渐变薄,中段水平矿柱中应力集中现象较为明显,且以水平应力集中为主导,水平应力最大集中系数达到2.7。竖直方向应力变化特征差异性较大,其中,在前3次序开挖过程中,上盘存在压应力卸载现象,下盘存在压应力集中的现象。等效应力计算结果表明,随着矿体变薄,应力集中系数逐渐增大,应力集中效应由下盘逐渐向矿体中部转移,最大应力集中系数为2.79,发生于矿体中部位置。充填前后的应力场结果分析表明,充填过程对改善应力场集中效应有明显作用,且随矿体变薄,充填体在降低应力集中方面的作用越明显,模型中降低水平应力集中系数可达0.63。

张家湾煤矿工作面上覆煤柱附近开采应力分布及围岩控制

上覆煤柱的赋存对采场围岩的应力和应变分布具有强烈的影响,通过数值计算分析有无上覆煤柱情况下的应力分布特征,研究上覆煤柱与工作面的水平、垂直距离及上覆煤柱埋深3个影响因素对支承应力分布的影响规律,并建立围岩峰值应力与上述影响因素之间的函数模型。模拟结果表明,煤壁片帮的发生对工作面应力分布有显著影响,无上覆煤柱时,超前峰值应力较高,影响范围较小。现场实践表明,工作面频繁出现强矿压显现,当工作面回采至上覆煤柱时,巷道变形达到危险值,通过合理调整液压支架工作状态,煤壁片帮得到了充分控制,巷道高度和宽度分别保持在2.95和5.66m,保证了工作面的安全生产。

采煤工作面沿空掘巷区段煤柱宽度优化研究

针对采煤工作面沿空掘巷区段煤柱合理宽度留设问题,以5319采煤工作面为工程背景,建立了煤柱宽度的计算模型,同时通过理论计算、数值模拟及与现场应用互相结合的方法分析探讨了区段煤柱留设的宽度大小,结果表明:当煤柱留设宽度低于8 m时,顶板与采空区贯通,煤柱承载能力弱,破坏严重,当煤柱宽度大于8 m时,煤柱塑性区未与采空区完全贯通。通过现场钻孔窥视,留设煤柱14 m时煤柱内部仍存在未破坏区域,具有一定的承载能力。