The direct leaching kinetics of an iron-poor zinc sulfide concentrate in the tubular reactor was examined.All tests werecarried out in the pilot plant.To allow the execution of hydrostatic pressure condition,the slurr...The direct leaching kinetics of an iron-poor zinc sulfide concentrate in the tubular reactor was examined.All tests werecarried out in the pilot plant.To allow the execution of hydrostatic pressure condition,the slurry with ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acidsolution was filled into a vertical tube(9m in height)and air was blown from the bottom of the reactor.The effects of initial acidconcentration,temperature,particle size,initial zinc sulfate concentration,pulp density and the concentration of Fe on the leachingkinetics were investigated.Results of the kinetic analysis indicate that direct leaching of zinc sulfide concentrate follows shrinkingcore model(SCM).This process was controlled by a chemical reaction with the apparent activation energy of49.7kJ/mol.Furthermore,a semi-empirical equation is obtained,showing that the order of the iron,sulfuric acid and zinc sulfate concentrationsand particle radius are0.982,0.189,-0.097and-0.992,respectively.Analysis of the unreacted and reacted sulfide particles bySEM-EDS shows that insensitive agitation in the reactor causes detachment of the sulfur layer from the particles surface in lowerthan60%Zn conversion and lixiviant in the face with sphalerite particles.展开更多
From beginning of 90＇s, the Brazilian nuclear policy has been changed radically. This determined the interruption of most R＆D fuel cycle activities and the facilities shutdown at Nuclear and Energetic Research Insti...From beginning of 90＇s, the Brazilian nuclear policy has been changed radically. This determined the interruption of most R＆D fuel cycle activities and the facilities shutdown at Nuclear and Energetic Research Institute （IPEN）. The existence of those facilities also implicated in the need of constant surveillance, representing additional obligations, costs and problems. The reasons to promote the dismantling of the IPEN＇s Nuclear Fuel Cycle Pilot Plants elapsed mainly from the need of physical space for new activities, since the R＆D in the nuclear fuel cycle area were interrupted. In the last decade, IPEN has changed its ＂nuclear profile＂ to a ＂comprehensive and multidisciplinary profile＂. With the end of most nuclear fuel cycle activities, the former facilities were distributed in four different centers. Each center has adopted a different strategy and priority to face the D＆D problem. The available resources depend on the specific program in each area＇s development （resources available from other sources, not only from Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission （CNEN）. One of those new activities is the IPEN＇s Environmental Program. This paper describes the procedures, problems faced and results related to the reintegration of the former pilot plant areas as new laboratories of the Chemical and Environmental Technology Center-CQMA of the IPEN.展开更多
In concert with governmental policy for promoting the use of biofuels, the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research （INER） is dedicated to the research and development of technologies for cellulosic ethanol production. ...In concert with governmental policy for promoting the use of biofuels, the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research （INER） is dedicated to the research and development of technologies for cellulosic ethanol production. A pilot plant for cellulosic ethanol production with a capacity of one ton in dry biomass per day was established in 2007 and launched test-run operations for mass production in early 2010. The feedstock is focused on rice straw currently, but is also flexible for sugarcane bagasse and hardwood. The operative experiences and the experimental data will provide valuable information for the evaluation of production cost as well as the foundation for design of a commercial production plant in Taiwan. Additionally, this pilot plant will also serve as an important platform for validation of technologies related to cellulosic ethanol production and biorefinery operations. The biomass-to-ethanol process of this plant is based on the route of biochemical conversions. Developed and developing technologies, such as acid hydrolysis pretreatment, high solid to liquid ratio hydrolysis, in-house cellulase production, xylose fermentation, and the distillation and dehydration processes will be introduced.展开更多
Membrane technology holds great potential in gas separation applications,especially carbon dioxide capture from industrial processes.To achieve this potential,the outputs from global research endeavours into membrane ...Membrane technology holds great potential in gas separation applications,especially carbon dioxide capture from industrial processes.To achieve this potential,the outputs from global research endeavours into membrane technologies must be trialled in industrial processes,which requires membrane-based pilot plants.These pilot plants are critical to the commercialization of membrane technology,be it as gas separation membranes or membrane gas-solvent contactors,as failure at the pilot plant level may delay the development of the technology for decades.Here,the author reports on his experience of operating membrane-based pilot plants for gas separation and contactor configurations as part of three industrial carbon capture initiatives:the Mulgrave project,H3 project and Vales Point project.Specifically,the challenges of developing and operating membrane pilot plants are presented,as well as the key learnings on how to successfully manage membrane pilot plants to achieve desired performance outcomes.The purpose is to assist membrane technologists in the carbon capture field to achieve successful outcomes for their technology innovations.展开更多
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion(PFBC) is recognized as an advanced coal-fired technology which can improve efficiency in combined cycle scheme and reduce environmental pollution. Progressive status on PFBC-CC in ...Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion(PFBC) is recognized as an advanced coal-fired technology which can improve efficiency in combined cycle scheme and reduce environmental pollution. Progressive status on PFBC-CC in China is presented in this paper. Test results on a 1 MWt bench scale experimental PFBC facility is reviewed briefly. Based on retrofitting of an old steam power plant located at Jiawang,a project to construct a PFBC-CC pilot plant is under way. Designed capacity of the pilot plant is about 15 MWe, 3 MWe from gas cycle and 12 MWe from steam cycle. The system configuration, main design parameters, estimated technical performance as well as construction schedule of the pilot plant are described. The bright future for PFBC-CC in China is also indicated.展开更多
The process of a power reactor spent fuel reprocessing pilot plant (hereinafter referred to as the "pilot plant") had been completed through active commissioning. Operational and technological parameters, su...The process of a power reactor spent fuel reprocessing pilot plant (hereinafter referred to as the "pilot plant") had been completed through active commissioning. Operational and technological parameters, such as shearing, dissolution, feed clarification, co-decontamination cycle, uranium and plutonium purification cycle, and the uranium and plutonium finishing facility, were identified. In addition, technical devices including extraction and mechanical equipment, electrical installation as well as instrumentation, and auxiliary systems for safety and adaptability were also verified. The commissioning results indicated that the recovery rate and decontamination coefficients of each system satisfied the designed index requirements and the qualified productions, i.e. uranium trioxide and plutonium dioxide, were produced. Monitored values at various monitoring points in the radiological protection system were within the control range and the discharge of waste water and waste gas complied with the relevant standards. This shows that independent and innovative technology for power reactor spent fuel reprocessing had been developed by our country.展开更多
According to the national policy on enhancing environmental protection,the five major power generation companies are required to carry out flue gas desulphurization(FGD) franchising pilot project in thermal power plan...According to the national policy on enhancing environmental protection,the five major power generation companies are required to carry out flue gas desulphurization(FGD) franchising pilot project in thermal power plants.This paper introduces the development of this pilot project,including the foundation,purpose,objects,demands and procedures.It also discusses some main problems encountered during implementation,involving the understanding,legislation,financing,taxation,pricing and management of franchise.At the end,it puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures with regard to laws,regulations,taxation policy and electricity pricing policy.展开更多
White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the pr...White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the present study was to compare chemical composition and antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Polish variety of Morus alba leaves at the laboratory (L) and pilot plant scale (PP) conditions. Proximate composition, phenolic acids profile (HPLC/MS), flavonol glicosides (HPLC/ MS), polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assay) of the extracts were determined. The main phenolic compounds were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, phydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic constituent of both extracts. The flavonols fraction contained rutin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-β-D- glucopyranoside. Total concentration of phenolic compounds were 7.9 g and 14.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, and antioxidant activity was 137.1 and 214.1 μMol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight for the PP and L extracts, respectively. We concluded that current pilot plant process is less efficient than laboratory process at the aqueous extraction of bioactive components from Morus alba dried leaves. Potential improvements may include increasing efficacy of the extraction, decreasing losses of bioactive components during the process, or both.展开更多
基金the Zanjan Zinc Khalessazan Industries Company (ZZKICO) for the financial and technical support of this work
文摘The direct leaching kinetics of an iron-poor zinc sulfide concentrate in the tubular reactor was examined.All tests werecarried out in the pilot plant.To allow the execution of hydrostatic pressure condition,the slurry with ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acidsolution was filled into a vertical tube(9m in height)and air was blown from the bottom of the reactor.The effects of initial acidconcentration,temperature,particle size,initial zinc sulfate concentration,pulp density and the concentration of Fe on the leachingkinetics were investigated.Results of the kinetic analysis indicate that direct leaching of zinc sulfide concentrate follows shrinkingcore model(SCM).This process was controlled by a chemical reaction with the apparent activation energy of49.7kJ/mol.Furthermore,a semi-empirical equation is obtained,showing that the order of the iron,sulfuric acid and zinc sulfate concentrationsand particle radius are0.982,0.189,-0.097and-0.992,respectively.Analysis of the unreacted and reacted sulfide particles bySEM-EDS shows that insensitive agitation in the reactor causes detachment of the sulfur layer from the particles surface in lowerthan60%Zn conversion and lixiviant in the face with sphalerite particles.
文摘From beginning of 90＇s, the Brazilian nuclear policy has been changed radically. This determined the interruption of most R＆D fuel cycle activities and the facilities shutdown at Nuclear and Energetic Research Institute （IPEN）. The existence of those facilities also implicated in the need of constant surveillance, representing additional obligations, costs and problems. The reasons to promote the dismantling of the IPEN＇s Nuclear Fuel Cycle Pilot Plants elapsed mainly from the need of physical space for new activities, since the R＆D in the nuclear fuel cycle area were interrupted. In the last decade, IPEN has changed its ＂nuclear profile＂ to a ＂comprehensive and multidisciplinary profile＂. With the end of most nuclear fuel cycle activities, the former facilities were distributed in four different centers. Each center has adopted a different strategy and priority to face the D＆D problem. The available resources depend on the specific program in each area＇s development （resources available from other sources, not only from Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission （CNEN）. One of those new activities is the IPEN＇s Environmental Program. This paper describes the procedures, problems faced and results related to the reintegration of the former pilot plant areas as new laboratories of the Chemical and Environmental Technology Center-CQMA of the IPEN.
文摘In concert with governmental policy for promoting the use of biofuels, the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research （INER） is dedicated to the research and development of technologies for cellulosic ethanol production. A pilot plant for cellulosic ethanol production with a capacity of one ton in dry biomass per day was established in 2007 and launched test-run operations for mass production in early 2010. The feedstock is focused on rice straw currently, but is also flexible for sugarcane bagasse and hardwood. The operative experiences and the experimental data will provide valuable information for the evaluation of production cost as well as the foundation for design of a commercial production plant in Taiwan. Additionally, this pilot plant will also serve as an important platform for validation of technologies related to cellulosic ethanol production and biorefinery operations. The biomass-to-ethanol process of this plant is based on the route of biochemical conversions. Developed and developing technologies, such as acid hydrolysis pretreatment, high solid to liquid ratio hydrolysis, in-house cellulase production, xylose fermentation, and the distillation and dehydration processes will be introduced.
基金The author thanks the C02CRC Ltd.,especially Dr.Abdul Qader and Mr.Barry HooperProcess Group(now Suez Oil&Gas Systems),especially Dr.Trina Dreher+7 种基金Pilot Plant Management&Services Pty Ltd.,especially Mr.Kurt LuttinCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO),especially Mr.Dan Maher and Mr.Phillip GreenFurnace EngineeringHRL Technology Pty Ltd.Engie(formerly GDF Suez)Delta Electricitythe Victorian Government's Energy Technology Innovation Strategy(ETIS)and Victoria Fellowshipas well as Coal Innovation New South Wales.
文摘Membrane technology holds great potential in gas separation applications,especially carbon dioxide capture from industrial processes.To achieve this potential,the outputs from global research endeavours into membrane technologies must be trialled in industrial processes,which requires membrane-based pilot plants.These pilot plants are critical to the commercialization of membrane technology,be it as gas separation membranes or membrane gas-solvent contactors,as failure at the pilot plant level may delay the development of the technology for decades.Here,the author reports on his experience of operating membrane-based pilot plants for gas separation and contactor configurations as part of three industrial carbon capture initiatives:the Mulgrave project,H3 project and Vales Point project.Specifically,the challenges of developing and operating membrane pilot plants are presented,as well as the key learnings on how to successfully manage membrane pilot plants to achieve desired performance outcomes.The purpose is to assist membrane technologists in the carbon capture field to achieve successful outcomes for their technology innovations.
文摘Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion(PFBC) is recognized as an advanced coal-fired technology which can improve efficiency in combined cycle scheme and reduce environmental pollution. Progressive status on PFBC-CC in China is presented in this paper. Test results on a 1 MWt bench scale experimental PFBC facility is reviewed briefly. Based on retrofitting of an old steam power plant located at Jiawang,a project to construct a PFBC-CC pilot plant is under way. Designed capacity of the pilot plant is about 15 MWe, 3 MWe from gas cycle and 12 MWe from steam cycle. The system configuration, main design parameters, estimated technical performance as well as construction schedule of the pilot plant are described. The bright future for PFBC-CC in China is also indicated.
文摘The process of a power reactor spent fuel reprocessing pilot plant (hereinafter referred to as the "pilot plant") had been completed through active commissioning. Operational and technological parameters, such as shearing, dissolution, feed clarification, co-decontamination cycle, uranium and plutonium purification cycle, and the uranium and plutonium finishing facility, were identified. In addition, technical devices including extraction and mechanical equipment, electrical installation as well as instrumentation, and auxiliary systems for safety and adaptability were also verified. The commissioning results indicated that the recovery rate and decontamination coefficients of each system satisfied the designed index requirements and the qualified productions, i.e. uranium trioxide and plutonium dioxide, were produced. Monitored values at various monitoring points in the radiological protection system were within the control range and the discharge of waste water and waste gas complied with the relevant standards. This shows that independent and innovative technology for power reactor spent fuel reprocessing had been developed by our country.
文摘According to the national policy on enhancing environmental protection,the five major power generation companies are required to carry out flue gas desulphurization(FGD) franchising pilot project in thermal power plants.This paper introduces the development of this pilot project,including the foundation,purpose,objects,demands and procedures.It also discusses some main problems encountered during implementation,involving the understanding,legislation,financing,taxation,pricing and management of franchise.At the end,it puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures with regard to laws,regulations,taxation policy and electricity pricing policy.
文摘White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the present study was to compare chemical composition and antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Polish variety of Morus alba leaves at the laboratory (L) and pilot plant scale (PP) conditions. Proximate composition, phenolic acids profile (HPLC/MS), flavonol glicosides (HPLC/ MS), polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assay) of the extracts were determined. The main phenolic compounds were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, phydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic constituent of both extracts. The flavonols fraction contained rutin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-β-D- glucopyranoside. Total concentration of phenolic compounds were 7.9 g and 14.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, and antioxidant activity was 137.1 and 214.1 μMol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight for the PP and L extracts, respectively. We concluded that current pilot plant process is less efficient than laboratory process at the aqueous extraction of bioactive components from Morus alba dried leaves. Potential improvements may include increasing efficacy of the extraction, decreasing losses of bioactive components during the process, or both.
