Research objectives presented in the article are of theoretical, methodological, and empirical nature. The theoretical aim of the article is to present the different approaches to conceptualization and operationalizat...Research objectives presented in the article are of theoretical, methodological, and empirical nature. The theoretical aim of the article is to present the different approaches to conceptualization and operationalization of psychic distance. The methodological aim of the article is to show the pilot research results of quantitative research planned in future. The paper aims at presenting the results of testifying the questionnaire, especially reactions of the respondents on the level of difficulty of questions included in it. The empirical aim of the article is to present the perceptions of managers about the importance of psychic distance stimuli （differences in culture, differences in economic and political systems, as well as differences in mentality and geographic distance） in the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization. The paper is based on the critical literature overview and on the field research conducted on the sample of 18 Polish companies with the technique of direct interview. In the first part of the article, the research design as well as methodological issues connected with psychic distance measurement is presented. The second part of the article is dedicated to the field research results on the importance of psychic distance in the process of internationalization. The conclusions of the current stage of the research will comprise the base of complete research. The conducted research enabled the author to answer the following research questions： What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization （the directions and forms of internationalization, the pace and amount of countries subject to foreign expansion of Polish companies, and the value of sales and foreign capital engagement of Polish companies abroad）？ What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on managers＇ decisions connected with engagement on international markets （initiating business with foreign partners, leading business on international markets, and withdrawal business from international markets）？ What are the factors determining perceptions of psychic distance by managers？ What is the size of psychic distance among Poland and the foreign expansion markets of Polish companies？ The respondents stated that the managers＇ perceptions about psychic distance importance in the process of companies＇ internationalization depend on the managers＇ experience in activity on international markets, the knowledge of managers about international markets, the level of education of managers, and the level of stability and changeability of environment, in which the company operates. According to the managers, the most important factors having impact on decisions connected with internationalization are： cultural differences （especially differences in religion）, political differences （especially the level of democracy）, geographic distance （the differences in time zones）, the differences in economic systems （the level of economic development）, and the differences in mentality （different way of thinking of managers）. The factors having impact on companies＇engagement in international markets are： the level of democracy, the level of infrastructure development, different way of thinking of managers, and differences in time zones. The managers stated that the most significant differences in cultural systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-Romania. The most significant differences in economic systems occur among Poland and the receivers of Polish export China, Ukraine, and the United States. The biggest differences in political systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Russia Belarus, and Poland-Ukraine. According to the managers, the biggest differences in mentality occur among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-the United States. Geographic distance is the most important factor in Polish export to the United States, China, Turkey, and Spain. There is applied a methodology stating that psychic distance （and its stimuli） should not be measured only with the use of objective constructs and statistical data, but also with the use of subjective data, such as the responses of decision makers of companies under internationalization. The value of the article is the presentation of the application of new research tool for psychic distance measurement.展开更多
How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hos...How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-展开更多
Objective To explore the potential role of native cardiac T1 mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance for detection of cardiac amyloidosis（CA）.Methods Twenty patients with cardiac amyloidosis（with definite cardiac inv...Objective To explore the potential role of native cardiac T1 mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance for detection of cardiac amyloidosis（CA）.Methods Twenty patients with cardiac amyloidosis（with definite cardiac involvement based on standard biomarkers and echo cardiographic criteria）were studied at our hospital展开更多
Proportional direction valve is one of the most fundamental elements in electronic-hydraulic control technique. Its function is to control the operating speed, direction, position, and strength of output force of the ...Proportional direction valve is one of the most fundamental elements in electronic-hydraulic control technique. Its function is to control the operating speed, direction, position, and strength of output force of the hydraulic actuator continuously. Considering the different application and the cost, the existing technique mainly includes the internal feedback valve used in open loop system, and the electronic closed loop controlled valve used in closed loop system. Because of their different mechanical structure and the gre at different in performance, it brings inconvenience for customer to select, also inconvenience for enterprise to produce. Aiming at this problem, the idea of combining the above two kinds of valves into one body is proposed first, and then the new valve＇s structure to realize this target is designed. The idea intends to apply the displacement pilot flow feedback control principle in present 2-position 2-way valve system to the proportional direction valve of 3-position 4-way system. Newly designed feed forward controller can decouple the interference between the internal feedback and the electronic closed loop. Redundant conversion is designed to electronic switch mode. Experiment on dynamic and static characteristic of new proportional direction valve in internal feedback control mode and electronic closed loop control mode is discussed to prove the new theory is correct. Although the new valve is of excellent dynamic response characteristic, its steady control characteristic in open loop control mode needs to be improved further. The research results prepare one new fundamental element for electronic-hydraulic control technology.展开更多
文摘Research objectives presented in the article are of theoretical, methodological, and empirical nature. The theoretical aim of the article is to present the different approaches to conceptualization and operationalization of psychic distance. The methodological aim of the article is to show the pilot research results of quantitative research planned in future. The paper aims at presenting the results of testifying the questionnaire, especially reactions of the respondents on the level of difficulty of questions included in it. The empirical aim of the article is to present the perceptions of managers about the importance of psychic distance stimuli （differences in culture, differences in economic and political systems, as well as differences in mentality and geographic distance） in the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization. The paper is based on the critical literature overview and on the field research conducted on the sample of 18 Polish companies with the technique of direct interview. In the first part of the article, the research design as well as methodological issues connected with psychic distance measurement is presented. The second part of the article is dedicated to the field research results on the importance of psychic distance in the process of internationalization. The conclusions of the current stage of the research will comprise the base of complete research. The conducted research enabled the author to answer the following research questions： What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on the process of Polish companies＇ internationalization （the directions and forms of internationalization, the pace and amount of countries subject to foreign expansion of Polish companies, and the value of sales and foreign capital engagement of Polish companies abroad）？ What is the impact of psychic distance stimuli on managers＇ decisions connected with engagement on international markets （initiating business with foreign partners, leading business on international markets, and withdrawal business from international markets）？ What are the factors determining perceptions of psychic distance by managers？ What is the size of psychic distance among Poland and the foreign expansion markets of Polish companies？ The respondents stated that the managers＇ perceptions about psychic distance importance in the process of companies＇ internationalization depend on the managers＇ experience in activity on international markets, the knowledge of managers about international markets, the level of education of managers, and the level of stability and changeability of environment, in which the company operates. According to the managers, the most important factors having impact on decisions connected with internationalization are： cultural differences （especially differences in religion）, political differences （especially the level of democracy）, geographic distance （the differences in time zones）, the differences in economic systems （the level of economic development）, and the differences in mentality （different way of thinking of managers）. The factors having impact on companies＇engagement in international markets are： the level of democracy, the level of infrastructure development, different way of thinking of managers, and differences in time zones. The managers stated that the most significant differences in cultural systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-Romania. The most significant differences in economic systems occur among Poland and the receivers of Polish export China, Ukraine, and the United States. The biggest differences in political systems are among Poland-China, Poland-Russia Belarus, and Poland-Ukraine. According to the managers, the biggest differences in mentality occur among Poland-China, Poland-Turkey, and Poland-the United States. Geographic distance is the most important factor in Polish export to the United States, China, Turkey, and Spain. There is applied a methodology stating that psychic distance （and its stimuli） should not be measured only with the use of objective constructs and statistical data, but also with the use of subjective data, such as the responses of decision makers of companies under internationalization. The value of the article is the presentation of the application of new research tool for psychic distance measurement.
文摘How to put forward advisory suggestions regarded as feasible, workable and acceptable by the State leaders through the integration of the goodwill cherished by our scientists with the blueprint masterminded by the hosts of various R&D projects? It seems to me a problem worthy of our serious consideration. Here I would like to suggest that under the leading group of national S&T affairs, a new organ functionally similar to the State R&D Center be set up. Acting as a counselling team to the group, it must be small in payroll and include by strategists spe-
文摘Objective To explore the potential role of native cardiac T1 mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance for detection of cardiac amyloidosis（CA）.Methods Twenty patients with cardiac amyloidosis（with definite cardiac involvement based on standard biomarkers and echo cardiographic criteria）were studied at our hospital
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50575156)Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2008011053)
文摘Proportional direction valve is one of the most fundamental elements in electronic-hydraulic control technique. Its function is to control the operating speed, direction, position, and strength of output force of the hydraulic actuator continuously. Considering the different application and the cost, the existing technique mainly includes the internal feedback valve used in open loop system, and the electronic closed loop controlled valve used in closed loop system. Because of their different mechanical structure and the gre at different in performance, it brings inconvenience for customer to select, also inconvenience for enterprise to produce. Aiming at this problem, the idea of combining the above two kinds of valves into one body is proposed first, and then the new valve＇s structure to realize this target is designed. The idea intends to apply the displacement pilot flow feedback control principle in present 2-position 2-way valve system to the proportional direction valve of 3-position 4-way system. Newly designed feed forward controller can decouple the interference between the internal feedback and the electronic closed loop. Redundant conversion is designed to electronic switch mode. Experiment on dynamic and static characteristic of new proportional direction valve in internal feedback control mode and electronic closed loop control mode is discussed to prove the new theory is correct. Although the new valve is of excellent dynamic response characteristic, its steady control characteristic in open loop control mode needs to be improved further. The research results prepare one new fundamental element for electronic-hydraulic control technology.
