Effects of Environmental Factors on Tree Seedling Regeneration in a Pine-oak Mixed Forest in the Qinling Mountains, China

Natural seedling regeneration and tree establishment are affected by various environmental factors.In this study,we established eight,eight,six,and four independent forest stands(each stand was further divided into five subplots) respectively based on the altitudinal gradient,stand density,slope location,and slope aspect to investigate the effects of environmental factors on tree seedling regeneration in a pine-oak mixed forest.The results indicated that the seedling density was significantly higher at altitudes of 1,283 m to 1,665 m,whereas the sapling density did not differ with altitudes.The seedling and sapling density decreased significantly at 1,835 m.The seedling densities on the upper slopes were much higher than those on the middle and lower slopes,whereas the sapling density had no difference.The sapling density decreased gradually from the southwest(20°-75°) whereas it increased on the shady slopes to the northeast(40°).The seedling density increased from southwest(20°) to northeast(40°).The seedling and sapling densities increased with the stand density(850 trees ha-1to 1,525 trees ha-1) whereas the sapling density was significantly lower in stands(1,900 trees ha-1).Principal components analysis showed that the slope aspect and stand density had more important roles in tree regeneration in this study region compared with the other two factors.Therefore,our findings suggest that it will be beneficial to keep stands at a moderate density on shady slopes.Appropriate thinning of higher density stands is also expected to promote the natural regeneration of pine-oak mixed forest.

珍稀树种格木蛀梢害虫的种类鉴定与发生规律初报

格木Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.是我国热带南亚热带地区一个重要的珍贵用材树种,蛀梢害虫的严重为害长期制约着其人工林的健康发展。基于对格木蛀梢害虫种类的鉴定,以及若干造林模式的虫害调查,初步总结了格木蛀梢害虫的发生规律。格木蛀梢害虫为荔枝异形小卷蛾Cryptophlebia ombrodelta L.,主要为害格木未完全木质化的嫩梢,严重影响其干形和长势。从广东格木种源家系试验林虫害发生的时空格局分析,荔枝异型小卷蛾繁殖快,在纯林中扩散迅速,而且所有种源、家系均受害,因此格木不宜营造大片纯林。格木与桉树以及米老排、红锥等速生树种同龄或异龄混交模式中,格木处于林冠下,其受害率明显下降,说明与速生树种混交能够控制荔枝异型小卷蛾的发生与为害;而与生长速度接近的马尾松混交,因二者处于同一林冠层,对虫害控制效果差;这种差异可能与荔枝异型小卷蛾不适应荫蔽环境有关。研究首次明确了格木蛀梢害虫种类,初步摸清其发生规律,并提出了适宜的造林模式,为格木人工林的健康发展提供了科技支撑。

长白山针阔混交林乔木幼苗组成与空间分布

【目的】了解长白山地区针阔混交林森林群落中乔木树种天然更新幼苗的组成及空间分布情况,为进一步科学经营奠定理论基础。【方法】以长白山光明林场针阔混交林固定样地为研究平台,通过对连续1 hm2面积内乔木幼苗和大树进行定位调查,分析了该森林群落中乔木幼苗的物种组成;运用点格局分析法,对样地内典型阔叶乔木(水曲柳、紫椴)和针叶乔木(红松、臭冷杉)幼苗的空间分布及幼苗与大树空间分布之间的关系进行研究。【结果】(1)样地内乔木幼苗树种组成丰富,共调查到幼苗10 865株,隶属于17个乔木树种,且幼苗全部来自样地内大树树种,未发现样地外其他树种的幼苗;(2)从幼苗的空间分布格局来看,在较小的研究尺度上,水曲柳、紫椴、红松和臭冷杉的幼苗均呈现聚集性空间分布;(3)从幼苗与大树空间分布的关系来看,在一定的研究尺度范围内,水曲柳、紫椴幼苗与其大树表现出正相关关系,而红松、臭冷杉幼苗与其大树则表现为负相关关系。【结论】长白山针阔混交林中主要阔叶乔木和针叶乔木的幼苗在较小尺度上多表现为聚集分布,主要阔叶乔木幼苗与大树在空间上呈正相关,主要针叶乔木幼苗与大树在空间上呈负相关。

三峡库区汝溪河流域马尾松林地土壤氮素特性研究

以三峡库区汝溪河流域的马尾松纯林和马尾松+青冈混交林为研究对象,比较两种林分0～20,20～40和40～60cm土层土壤氮库及相关酶活性特征,包括土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物氮、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶.结果表明:马尾松+青冈混交林和马尾松纯林各土层全氮含量无显著差异;马尾松+青冈混交林林地各土层铵态氮含量分别为47.21,47.69和43.83 mg/kg,显著高于马尾松纯林,分别增加了13.7%,24.8%和31.5%;与马尾松纯林相比,马尾松+青冈混交林林地20～40,40～60cm土层的硝态氮含量提高了2.2%和3.2%,0～20,20～40cm土层的微生物氮含量提高了77.4%和60.4%.马尾松+青冈混交林林地各土层蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于马尾松纯林.因此,与马尾松纯林相比,马尾松+青冈混交林显著提高林地内土壤酶的活性,改善土壤氮循环与供应状况.

新疆杨和臭椿混交林的生长及抗天牛虫害研究

采用不同比例的新疆杨、臭椿营建混交林,对不同混交比例类型的新疆杨和臭椿的树高、胸径、单株材积和受天牛虫害情况进行调查与分析,结果表明:新疆杨和臭椿混交,2个树种的生长量较纯林相比有所下降,天牛对新疆杨的危害程度因比例类型而不同.其中,1∶1(行间混交)行状混交,2个树种的生长量最低;2∶3(2行新疆杨,3行臭椿)带状混交,新疆杨受天牛危害的虫害率和单株虫粪孔数均为最低.

桂西北喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性分布格局的尺度效应

物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与尺度的关系研究对于了解群落物种多样性形成机制具有重要意义。为了探讨喀斯特地区物种多样性空间分布格局的尺度效应,以喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林25 hm^2样地的(胸径DBH≥1)木本植物为研究对象,分析了6个空间尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m,250 m×250 m)上的多度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化规律。结果表明:物种多样性指数的空间分布均表现出较高的空间异质性;物种多样性指数的方差随取样尺度增加呈现单峰分布特征,并且在100 m×100 m尺度上达到最大值;物种多样性指数的变异系数随尺度的增加呈线性下降趋势,其中,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou均匀度指数均在5 m×5 m至20 m×20 m尺度上明显减小;在大于50 m×50 m的尺度上,物种丰富度与多度的正相关性不显著(P>0.05)。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性的空间分布格局与不同空间尺度密切相关,深入解析物种多样性随空间尺度的变化模式,需要在类似的森林生态系统做更多的研究。

杉木混交林土壤微生物及生化特征和肥力

测定了杉木与鹅掌楸、拟赤杨、木荷、檫树和香樟等５个树种的混交林土壤特征。结果表明：混交林土壤微生物数量比杉木纯林高７．１９％～４１．３１％，土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氨酶、多酚氧化酶和呼吸强度均比纯林高；土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解成、速效磷和速效钾普遍高于纯林。

杉木、马尾松、木荷纯林及其不同混交林生长状况的分析

对杉木、马尾松、木荷纯林及其习种不同的混交林分生物量和空间分布状况的调查分析，揭示混交林与生物量间的相互关系，以及生物量的空间分布规律，以便合理利用土壤、防止地力衰退，保持林业永续利用。

Rodent-mediated plant community competition:what happens to the seeds after entering the adjacent stands?

Background:Seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding animals can affect the developmental dynamics of plant communities.However,how animals might participate in plant inter-community competition has rarely been investigated.Forest community junction is an area where the competition between plant communities is most prominent and animal activity is more frequent.At present,little is known about how scatter-hoarding animals might assist competitions by adjacent plant communities.Thus,for 3 years(2015–2017),we tracked the fate of 2880 tagged seeds(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,Pinus tabuliformis,and P.armandii seed)placed near an edge where the forest composition changes from a pine forest to an oak forest in northwestern China.Results:We found that the seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.In contrast to Pinus seeds,acorns that entered pine forests were characterized by higher caching rates and longer dispersal distances.Pinus seeds had the highest probability of being predated(85%)by rodents,and eleven Q.aliena var.acuteserrata seedlings were established in pine forests,although none survived in the later stages.In addition,rodents exhibited obvious selectivity in terms of the microhabitats for the seed caching sites.Conclusions:Seed fates differed when Quercus and Pinus seeds entered adjacent stands.The predation pressure by rodents on the seeds of Pinus species limited the germination of seeds and seedling establishment in oak forests.The different seed fates after their bidirectional dispersal could affect the differences in natural regeneration between pine and oak forests,and they might increase the recruitment rates for oak at the edge of an adjacent community.Rodent-mediated seed dispersal could potential unintentionally affect the competition between plant communities.

韦赤桉与杉木、马尾松混交造林成效研究

为克服单一树种经营的弊端,提高林分生产力,开展韦赤桉纯林、杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、韦赤桉×杉木混交林、韦赤桉×马尾松混交林和杉木×马尾松混交林6种模式造林试验,对其7年生林分生长情况进行调查分析,结果表明:6种造林模式的保存率均超过87%;与3种纯林造林模式相比,林分密度为2505株/hm-2,韦赤桉与杉木1∶3比例混交和杉木×马尾松1∶1比例混交的两种造林模式取得了双赢的效果,在这两种混交造林模式下,韦赤桉、马尾松、杉木的生长状况均较纯林造林模式好,其中韦赤桉与杉木混交林的韦赤桉平均胸径、平均树高和平均单株材积分别较韦赤桉纯林高出9.96%、19.82%和40.05%,杉木的平均胸径、平均树高和平均单株材积分别较杉木纯林提高了24.89%、10.73%和69.23%。