Pineapple (<i>Ananas comosus</i>L. Merr.), Waste Streams, Characterisation and Valorisation: An Overview

Processing pineapple industry produces huge amounts of waste thus contributing to worsen the global environmental problem. Valorising pineapple waste through further processing until it is transformed into valuable products using environmentally friendly techniques is both, a challenge, and an opportunity. The aim of this review is to characterize and highlight the phytochemical constituents of pineapple peel, their biological activity, and to evaluate the current state-of-art for the utilization of pineapple waste from the processing industry for obtaining pharmaceuticals, food, and beverages, biocombustibles, biodegradable fibers, and other different usage. Pineapple residues are rich in many bioactive compounds such as ferulic acid, vitamin A and C as antioxidant, and containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycoside, steroids, triterpenoids and phytosterols may provide a good source of several beneficial properties, as well as bromelain that showed significant anticancer activity. Also, pineapple processing residues contain important volatile compounds used as aroma enhancing products and have high potential to produce value-added natural essences. Pineapple peels can be used as nonpharmacological therapeutical in the form of processed food and instant drinks;its potent natural antimicrobial properties may be applied for food conservation and as potential leads to discover new drugs to control some infectious microbial. Pineapple waste is a promising source of metabolites for therapeutics, functional foods, and cosmeceutical applications.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts of <i>Ananas comosus</i>

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles has been proposed as a cost effective and environmental friendly alternative to chemical and physical methods. Plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that intercom nects nanotechnology and plant biotechnology. In the present study, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or (Green-Silver) has been demonstrated using extracts of Ananas comosus reducing aqueous silver nitrate. The AgNPs were characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-vis) Spectrometer, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), Selected Area Diffraction Pattern (SAED) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). TEM micrographs showed spherical particles with an average size of 12 nm. The XRD pattern showed the characteristic Bragg peaks of (111), (200), (220) and (311) facets of the face center cubic (fcc) silver nanoparticles and confirmed that these nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The different types of antioxidants presented in the pineapple juice synergistically reduce the Ag metal ions, as each antioxidant is unique in terms of its structure and antioxidant function. The re- action process was simple for formation of silver nanoparticles and AgNPs presented in the aqueous medium were quite stable, even up to 4 months of incubation. This work proved the capability of using biomaterial towards the synthesis of silver nanoparticle, by adopting the principles of green chemistry.

Physico-Chemical and Thermal Characterization of Some Lignocellulosic Fibres: <i>Ananas comosus</i>(AC), <i>Neuropeltis acuminatas</i>(NA) and <i>Rhecktophyllum camerunense</i>(RC)

This paper focuses on the study of the physical, biochemical, structural, and thermal properties of plant fibres of Rhecktophyllum camerunense (RC), Neuropeltis acuminatas (NA) and Ananas comosus (AC) from the equatorial region of Cameroon. The traditional use of these fibres inspired researchers to investigated their properties. This study aims at improving the state of knowledge with a view to diversifying applications. The fibres are extracted by retting. Then, their apparent density was measured following the ASTM D792 standard and their water moisture absorption and moisture content were also evaluated. Their molecular structure was studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. A quantitative analysis of the biochemical composition was performed according to the analytical technique for the pulp and paper industry (TAPPI). A TGA/DSC analysis was also performed. The results reveal that the AC, NA and RC fibres have densities of 1.26 ± 1.06, 0.846 ± 0.13 and 0.757 ± 0.08 g·cm-3 respectively. They are also hydrophilic with a water absorption rate of 188.64 ± 11.94%, 276.16% ± 8.07% and 198.17% ± 20%. They have a moisture content of 12.21%, 10.36% and 9.37%. The studied fibres exhibit functional groups that are related to the presence of hemicellulose, pectin, lignin and cellulose. The cellulose crystallinity index was found to be 67.99%, 46.5% and 59.72% respectively. The fibres under study have the following chemical composition: an extractive content of 3.07%, 14.77% and 8.74%;a pectin content of 4.15%, 7.69% and 3.45%;a hemicellulose content of 4.90%, 15.33% and 7.42%;a cellulose content of 68.11%, 36.08% and 65.15%;a lignin content of 12.01%, 25.15% and 16.2%;and an ash content of 0.27%, 1.53% and 0.47% respectively. The thermal transitions observed on the thermograms correlate with the TAPPI chemical composition. It is observed that these fibres are thermally stable up to temperatures of 200°C, 220°C and 285°C. These results make it possible to envisage uses similar to those of sisal, hemp and flax fibres.

Design and Construction of a Pneumatic Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System for the Multiplication of <i>Ananas comosus</i>var. Trujillana Red

The present work initially identified the design parameters of a temporary immersion bioreactor to later scale it to a complete system for the in vitro multiplication of Ananas comosus var. Trujillana Red. Thus, a low-cost pneumatic temporary immersion bioreactor system was designed and built with 24 tanks of 2 L each. The automation of the system was designed and implemented by means of a timer circuit whose design parameters were: duration of the propagation process, which depends on the multiplication period of the crop and is an open variable, which means that the operator decides when to turn off the system;the duration of each dive, which for reasons of complexity of the algorithm was standardized as one minute;immersion frequency, which was programmed for intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 hours respectively and duration of aeration, which from a test run times of 0.20 were chosen, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 seconds that correspond to the time of delivery of compressed air;additionally, the multiplication rate of Ananas comosus var. Trujillana Red in the immersion system which was 6.5 times per propagative unit inoculated in thirty days.

Light Intensity Affects the Coloration and Structure of Chimeric Leaves of Ananas comosus var.bracteatus

Ananas comosus var.bracteatus is an important ornamental plant because of its green/white chimeric leaves.The accumulation of anthocyanin makes the leaf turn to red especially in the marginal part.However,the red fades away in summer and winter.Light intensity is one of the most important factors affecting leaf color along the seasons.In order to understand the effects of light intensity on the growth and coloration of the chimeric leaves,Ananas comosus var.bracteatus was grown under full sunlight,50%shade and 75%shade for 75 days to evaluate the concentration of pigments,the color parameters(values L^(*),a^(*),b^(*))and the morpho-anatomical variations of chimeric leaves.The results showed that a high irradiance was beneficial to keep the chimeric leaves red.However,prolonged exposure to high irradiance caused a damage,some of the leaves wrinkled and even burned.Shading instead decreased the concentration of anthocyanin and increased the concentration of chlorophyll,especially in the white marginal part of the leaves.Numerous chloroplasts were observed in the mesophyll cells of the white marginal part of the chimeric leaves under shading for 75 days.The increase in chlorophyll concentration resulted in a better growth of plants.In order to balance the growth and coloration of the leaves,approximately 50%shade is suggested to be the optimum light irradiance condition for Ananas comosus var.bracteatus in summer.

Preventive Effects of Ananas comosus Juice on Obesity Risk Factors in Female Wistar Rats

The present study aim was to assess the preventive effects of Ananas comosus juice consumption on the risk factors of obesity in female Wistar rats. 108 rats were tested for 90 days. After randomization, they were shared out into six groups including four experimental groups (GTc, GPlp, GEns and GBrS) and two control groups (). The control group consumed 1.20 ml of distilled water, the experimental rats received in oral, 1.20 ml of drinks made from the different parts of Ananas comosus fruit. The measurements of morphometric and biochemical parameters were carried out on Day 0 (D0), Day 30 (D30), Day 60 (D60) and Day 90 (D90). The analysis showed that compared to the positive control rats, the consumption of the various drinks slowed down significantly (P < 0.001);the evolution of the morphometric and biochemical parameters likely to induce obesity in experimental rats which have an increase in a protective factor (HDL;P < 0.001). These results indicate that consumption of different parts of Ananas comosus’s juices had preventive effects on risk factors related to obesity. Moreover, the fruit juice treatment has been found to be more effective.

Antifungal activity of plant extracts with potential to control plant pathogens in pineapple

Objective:To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of extracts,resins,oils and mother tinctures from plants against the filamentous fungi Fusarium guttiforme(F.guttiforme)and Chalara paradoxa,and to evaluate the control of the pineapple fusariosis in situ using mother tinctures.Methods:The screening of the antifungal potential of 131 extract forms from 63 plant species was performed in vitro by using plate-hole method.To control pineapple fusariosis in situ,preventive and post-infection treatments were performed on detached pineapple leaves of cv.Perola(susceptible).Results:The quantitative study indicated that among the 49 mother tincture samples analyzed,46% were effective against F.guttiforme and 29% for the Chalara paradoxa.The natural plant extracts,mother tincture of Glycyrrhiza glabra(MTGG1),mother tincture of Myroxylon balsamum(MTBT2),mother tincture of Aloe vera(MTAV3),mother tincture of Allium sativum(MTAS4),resin of Protium heptaphyllum(RESAM5) and crude extracts of Rhizophora mangle(CEMV6),exhibited an antifungal activity against F.guttiforme.In the preventive treatment against pineapple fusariosis,MTAV3,MTAS4 and MTGG1 were statistically similar to the treatment with tebuconazol fungicide.The curative treatments with MTAV3,MTAS4,MTGG1 and MTBT2 presented similar activity to fungicide(P < 0.05).Conclusions:The findings of the present study concluded that mother tinctures can effectively control phytopathogens.The mother tincture extract of Myroxylon balsamum showed antifungal activity and was used here for the first time for inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi.This study paves the way for the development of bioactive natural products with phytosanitary applications,with the added benefits of an environmentally safe and economically viable product.

New Pineapple Somaclonal Variants: P3R5 and Dwarf

The Food and Agriculture Organization has highlighted pineapple as one of the most important tropical fruits. Since classical pineapple breeding is difficult, biotechnology has emerged as an attractive instrument. We obtained two new pineapple somaclonal variants derived from in vitro culture of cv. Red Spanish Pinar: P3R5 and Dwarf. The AFLP analysis revealed an existing genetic distance. So far 44 phenotype indicators selected due to their relation to a wide range of important agricultural, morphological and physiological processes have been evaluated. P3R5 differed from the donor in 19 variables (19/44;43.18%), while Dwarf varied in 31 indicators (31/44;70.45%). The number of shoots was significantly different among the three plant materials. Dwarf showed two shoots per plant while P3R5 and the donor did not form any shoots. We also observed that water use efficiency, chlorophyll b concentration, total chlorophyll concentration, transpiration rate, chlorophyll a concentration, thickness of leaf photosynthetic parenchyma, fruit mass with crown, content of free phenolics and superoxide dismutase specific activity were also very different among the three plant materials. The Euclidean distances of each somaclonal variant to the donor plant material taking into consideration the genotype (AFLP) and the phenotype evaluations were also calculated. Regarding the genotype information, P3R5 is separated from cv. Red Spanish Pinar by 2.83 units of Euclidean distance, and Dwarf by 3.00 units. However, the phenotype indicators revealed higher differences: 3.74 in P3R5 and 4.71 in Dwarf. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a comprehensive analysis of pineapple somaclonal variants.

Influence of Watering Solution and Phenotype on the Growth of <i>in Vitro</i>Propagated Pineapple (Smooth Cayenne Cultivar) Plantlets during Acclimatization

Pineapple is the first fruit crop cultivated in south Benin that greatly contributes for food and nutritional security and farmers’ income. But the lack of homogenous planting material constitutes the major constraint for improving pineapple yield. In vitro micropropagation is now used in the production of homogenous and free disease planting materials of pineapple. However, the acclimatization to natural condition of pineapple plantlets is an important step in planting material production of this crop. Here, we determined the intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence the behavior of plantlets during the acclimatization process. For this purpose, plantlets from different categories were selected, trimmed and planted on a horticultural substrate made up of potting soil, white sawdust and compost previously sterilized. The plantlets were then incubated in under acclimatization greenhouse with average temperature of 29˚C and 70.2% of humidity. A batch of plantlets was subjected to two different watering solutions: Shive and Robbins solution and NPK 14-6-5 foliar fertilizer. The results obtained initially showed high rate (100%) of survival and growth of the plantlets watered with Shive and Robbins solution against 50% of the plantlets watered with the foliar fertilizer solution. In addition, the plantlets with spread pores exhibiting the characteristics of which the number of leaves varies between 9 and 11, the weight between 1.2 and 1.5 g, the size of 4.5 to 5.5 cm, and a good junction between the aerial part and the root system were those which were successfully grown in acclimatization phase under greenhouse, unlike plantlets with erected pores having lower success rate. This study goes a long way in providing good procedures of acclimatization of homogenous and free disease planting material of pineapple to the famers.

An updated review of pineapple and its bioactive compounds in breast cancer

Women are more likely than men to develop cancer of the breast.Most breast cancer drugs are highly toxic,and treatment can cause side effects.It is imperative to find safe alternative medicines in the pursuit of a cure for breast cancer.An extract of pineapple contains cysteine proteases known as bromelains.In general,pineapples are regarded as safe foods.From the fruit,stem,and of pineapples,bromelain is produced by multiple endopeptidases.As well as reducing the growth of tumors locally,bromelain severely impaired the cytotoxicity of monocytes in the immune system in the fight against cancer.Specifically,we investigated pineapple’s possible mechanisms of action and its bioactive compounds in breast cancer.

Mineral Fertilization Influences the Acceptability of Fresh Pulp and Juice Made from Sugarloaf Pineapple

Fertilization practices can influence the quality of pineapple fruit and consequently its acceptability by consumers who are increasingly oriented towards high quality agri-food products. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of N, P and K on some physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) for fresh consumption and juice processing. A complete NPK factorial design was installed in the south Benin. The treatments NPK in g plant-1 were randomized into four blocks: T1;T2;T3;T4;T5;T6;T7;T8;T9. Brix juice was determined using a refractometer and pH with a pH meter. An evaluation of sensory characteristics such as sweetness, acid taste and aroma of fresh pineapple pulp and processed juice was made by a panel of tasters selected and trained. A principal components analysis, followed by a numerical classification was performed on fruits’ sensory and physicochemical characteristics. Results showed that juice pH was significantly influenced by the phosphorus and potassium. Potassium influenced significantly juice yield. Some physico-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes were correlated between them and groups of treatments are formed for both the juice and the fresh fruit.

Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Turiacu Pineapple Clones and Genetic Correlation between Traits

This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters of Turia&ccedil;u pineapple clones using mixed models;and estimate genetic correlation coefficient between traits, to provide important information to breeding programs. For this, 19 pineapple plants were visually selected and its slips were collected and planted in a single environment and nine traits were evaluated. The genetic parameters of most evaluated traits presented significant differences between the 19 clones. Some traits, such as Fusarium wilt resistance, showed high magnitudes of heritability. Clones did not differ in relation to total titratable acidity (TTA) and total soluble solids (TSS). However, these traits, which have implications to fruit quality, showed to be negatively correlated to fruit mass (-0.46 and -0.67). The results indicate that the population of Turia&ccedil;u pineapple is suitable for selection, especially for Fusarium wilt resistance. Also, Turia&ccedil;u clones can be used in breeding programs of pineapple.

营养元素缺乏对‘台农16号’菠萝组培幼苗生长的影响

为研究营养元素缺乏对‘台农16号’菠萝组培幼苗生长的影响,设计了缺氮、缺磷、缺钾、缺镁、缺铁、缺钙、缺微量元素和全素共8种处理,对不同缺素处理后的幼苗症状进行观测。结果表明:各缺素处理均对组培幼苗生长产生影响,其中缺素症状表现最为明显的是缺氮及缺钾处理,主要表现为幼苗生长变慢,矮小,叶片短小、失绿变黄,而其它5种处理虽有相应缺素症状出现,但均不明显;与全素处理相比,各缺素处理幼苗的D叶长、D叶宽、叶片SPAD值、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重及总鲜重均降低;缺素处理中,缺氮处理的幼苗长势最弱,其次是缺钾处理,两者的新抽叶片数、株高增量、D叶长、D叶宽、叶片SPAD值、地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重及总鲜重均极显著地低于其它5种缺素处理和全素处理。

菠萝AcNINV家族全基因组分离及表达分析

【目的】鉴定出菠萝NINV家族全基因组成员,初步阐明NINV基因与蔗糖代谢的关系。【方法】采用生物信息学方法鉴定并分析菠萝NINV家族全基因组成员,通过实时荧光定量PCR分析其表达特性,利用HPLC对蔗糖含量进行测定。【结果】在菠萝中共鉴定出6个NINV基因,分布于5条不同染色体上,其二级结构主要由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲组成,该基因家族启动子区域光反应元件数量最多。AcNINV外显子数量介于4~6个之间,其中AcNINV3、6外显子的数量为6个,亚细胞定位预测发现这2个基因都分布于叶绿体,属于α亚族;AcNINV1、2、4、5外显子的数量为4个,亚细胞定位预测发现这4个基因都分布于质膜,属于β亚族。在果柄、果皮、果心中表达量最高的是AcNINV2基因,在果肉中表达量最高的是AcNINV6基因。蔗糖含量随着菠萝果实成熟呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而AcNINV4基因在菠萝果实成熟过程中呈下调表达。【结论】AcNINV4可能是催化果实蔗糖降解的水解酶基因。

基于多传感器信息融合的菠萝果茎切割点位置检测方法

夹切一体的菠萝(Ananascomosus(L.)Merr.)采摘器在进行田间采摘作业时,需要自主确定果茎切割点位置,而菠萝果茎处容易被植株叶片和苞叶遮挡,采用单一图像处理的方法难以准确识别到果茎切割点位置,为此提出一种多传感器信息融合的菠萝果茎切割点位置检测方法。将深度相机和多组光电传感器结合,利用改进的YOLOv5目标检测算法融合RGB-D深度信息,实现对菠萝冠芽顶部至果实底部长度测量,再利用光电传感器信号变化判断菠萝采摘器是否到达冠芽顶部位置,并将冠芽顶部作为起始位置,控制采摘器下降速度和时间,从而保证采摘器底部安装的切割刀准确抵达果茎切割点位置。台架试验结果表明,该方法对真实菠萝果茎切割点检测成功率达到85%,满足菠萝采摘机器人作业过程中果茎切割点检测准确性要求。

不同催花处理对‘台农4号’菠萝出蕾率及果实品质的影响

用400倍40%乙烯利和1.5%电石对西双版纳地区‘台农4号’菠萝进行催花研究。结果表明:乙烯利处理的菠萝果实在果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、果颈长、裔芽数、果基果瘤、果实重量、果肉重量上显著低于对照和电石处理,果眼纵径、冠芽重量、总酸显著高于对照和电石处理。各处理果心直径、冠芽高、出蕾率、果汁含量、可溶性固形物含量差异不显著。不同处理菠萝果实重量、果肉重量与果实横径呈极显著正相关。乙烯利和电石处理菠萝果形指数与果实纵径呈极显著正相关,对照菠萝果形指数与果实纵径呈显著正相关。

乙烯利处理菠萝不同成熟期果实中AcMYB103基因表达规律研究

菠萝属于凤梨科(Bromeliaceae)凤梨属(Ananas Merr.)的一种重要热带水果,其花果发育理论与转录调控技术研究是菠萝产业的热点之一。乙烯是调控菠萝催花和果实发育的重要激素之一。菠萝基因组测序鉴定出94个菠萝R2R3-MYB转录因子,分为26亚族,其中S19亚族的MYB103与拟南芥等植物花药和叶片发育调控相关。为证明菠萝MYB103转录因子调控菠萝果实发育的潜在功能,从菠萝台农17号果实中克隆了1个MYB转录因子AcMYB103,全长1204 bp,编码区1038 bp,编码345个氨基酸。该基因编码蛋白含有2个典型的SANT结构域,定位在细胞核,无跨膜结构域和信号肽,是植物R2R3型MYB转录因子家族的一员。将菠萝和拟南芥MYB家族成员进行聚类分析发现,AcMYB103与拟南芥AtMYB103序列相似度最高,并与AtMYB80和AtMYB35聚类于S19亚族,据此命名为AcMYB103。进一步采用体积分数为0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%共4个乙烯利浓度处理台农17号、小目手撕和大目手撕3个品种小果期、膨大期和成熟期果实,并分析AcMYB103的表达量。结果表明,在小果期,随着乙烯利浓度的增加,台农17号AcMYB103表达规律呈下调模式,在小目手撕和大目手撕中呈上调模式。在膨大期,在台农17号和小目手撕品种中均呈现下调模式,在大目手撕果实中呈现上调模式。在成熟期果实中AcMYB103不表达,说明AcMYB103基因表达在乙烯利处理的品种和果实发育时期具有特异性,在果实发育早期起到差异化调控作用。本研究为深入研究AcMYB103基因在菠萝果实生长发育的调控机制奠定基础。

不同激素和基本培养基对菠萝组培苗生长的影响

为了解激素和基本培养基对菠萝组培苗生长的影响,试验用不同的分裂素和生长素及基本培养基对菠萝组培苗进行培养。结果表明:细胞分裂素6-BA能有效促进菠萝组培苗分蘖,但对株高及叶片、根的生长不利,浓度越高抑制越明显;KT不利于菠萝组培苗的分裂,有利于植株和根系的生长,但浓度不宜过高。生长素主要作用是促进根系生长及壮苗,其中IBA在株高和根长方面比NAA优势明显,更适合用于生根培养。1/2 MS基本培养基中菠萝组培苗的长势弱于MS基本培养基,不适合用于菠萝组培苗的培养。

菠萝叶片色泽、色素及抗氧化活性的关系

以菠萝22个栽培品种的叶片为实验材料,测定其5种色泽参数(L*、a*、b*、c*和h*值)、5种色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮和总酚)含量及3种抗氧化活性指标(ABTS、DPPH自由基和亚硝酸盐的清除能力),并进行相关性分析。研究结果显示,色泽参数a*和h*值可以作为菠萝叶片指示色泽、主要色素含量和抗氧化活性变化的重要指标;菠萝叶片主要色素组成是叶绿素、类黄酮和总酚,且含有少量的花青苷,几乎不含类胡萝卜素。相关性分析结果显示,菠萝叶片类黄酮和总酚含量均与3种抗氧化活性指标极显著正相关,而叶绿素含量与其它指标相关性未达到显著水平,类黄酮和总酚是菠萝叶片抗氧化活性的主要功效成分。

菠萝叶基愈伤组织诱导体细胞胚

以菠萝[Ananascomosus(L.)Merr.]吸芽上的叶基部组织为材料,研究了2,4-D、NAA、BA、TDZ在菠萝愈伤组织诱导体细胞胚过程中的影响。结果表明,2,4-D在体细胞胚诱导过程中起着极为重要的作用,其适宜浓度为5mg/L,适当浓度(1mg/L)的BA在降低畸形胚比例和增加体细胞胚发生率方面有重要作用,但BA也会促进愈伤组织分化不定芽;低浓度的TDZ与BA效果相似,在不同生长调节物质处理组合中,MS+0.01mg/LTDZ+5mg/L2,4-D培养基的体细胞胚发生率最高(97%)。低浓度NAA(2￣5mg/L)利于非胚性愈伤组织的增殖,而高浓度的NAA虽能促进体细胞胚发生,但这种体细胞胚很难继续增殖,在萌发时只生根不发芽。成熟体细胞胚在MS+0.2%活性炭上30d时的转株率为22.7%。