Seasonal Changes in Copper and Cobalt Concentrations of PinusnigraL.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica Leaves to Monitor the Effects of Pollution in Elazig (Turkey)

The aim of this study is to examine seasonal changes in Cu and Co concentrations of three plant species for monitoring the effects of pollution in Elazig,Turkey.For this purpose,the leaves of the Pinus nigra L.,Cedrus libani and Cupressus arizonica together with soil samples were collected from different points depending on traffic intensity,nearness the city center and cement factory as well as control location during different months of the year.Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(FAAS) was used for measurement of the metals in clear digests after the dry ashing method.Copper and Co concentrations were in the ranges from 1.3to 2.6mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.26mg.kg-1 for Pinus nigra L.,1.2to 4.7mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.41mg.kg-1 for Cedrus libani and 1.5to 4.8mg.kg-1 and<LOD to 0.42mg.kg-1 for Cupressus arizonica,respectively.The levels observed for Cu and Co in the soil ranged from 12to 38mg.kg-1 and 6.0to 17mg.kg-1,respectively.

Differences in physiological and biochemical responses to summer drought of Pinus nigra subsp.pallasiana and Pinus brutia in a natural mixed stand

Understanding how tree species respond to drought in their natural environment is needed to predict forest adaptation and management practices under global environmental changes.This study was carried out to determine and compare physiological and biochemical responses to variations in environmental conditions during summer drought of mixed natural stands of Pinus nigra Arn.subsp.pallasiana(Lamb.)Holmboe and Pinus brutia Ten.Midday xylem water potential(ψmd),water relations,photosynthetic pigments,total soluble sugar and proline contents were investigated during the growing season.ψmd followed a similar seasonal trend in both species but P.nigra subsp.pallasiana had higher ψmd than P.brutia.The ψmd gradually decreased from June,reached its lowest value in August,and then increased again.Gradual decreases in the osmotic potential at turgor loss point(ψnTLP)were observed during the summer.Generally,ψnTLP was lower in P.brutia.Total soluble sugars decreased from April to June for P.brutia,then increased and stayed relatively constant August to October.Similar changes were found at lower values in P.nigra subsp.pallasiana.Prolin accumulation and photosynthetic pigments were higher in P.brutia.The results indicate that physiological and biochemical responses of both species against changing environmental conditions were in different degrees but followed similar trends.P.nigra subsp.pallasiana is more sensitive to summer drought than P.brutia in their natural environment.

火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)合子胚愈伤组织的器官发生和植株再生

以火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)的成熟合子胚为外植体在附加NAA和BA的TE培养基上诱导产生了淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织。经过愈伤组织的保持和增殖培养及不定芽原基的诱导培养后,进行了不同激素、低温处理和蔗糖浓度对不定芽分化的影响实验。结果表明,在附加0.5 mg·L^(-1)IBA和2 mg·L^(-1)BA的TE培养基上,愈伤组织上的不定芽分化频率最高达62.15%。不定芽分化的最佳低温处理时间是5—6周,最佳蔗糖浓度是25—30 g·L^(-1)。不定芽经伸长培养后取高于1cm的小苗用于生根。在附加IBA、BA和GA_3的TE培养基上不定芽的生很频率最高达46%。

The impact of the environmental factors on the photosynthetic activity of common pine (Pinus sylvestris) in spring and in autumn in the region of Eastern Siberia

The taiga coniferous forests of the Siberian region are the main carbon sinks in the forest ecosystems.Quantitatively, the size of the carbon accumulation is determined by the photosynthetic productivity, which is strongly influenced by environmental factors. As a result,an assessment of the relationship between environmental factors and photosynthetic productivity makes it possible to calculate and even predict carbon sinks in coniferous forests at the regional level. However, at various stages of the vegetative period, the force of the connection between environmental conditions and the productivity of photosynthesis may change. In this research, correlations between the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) with the environmental conditions were compared in spring and in autumn. In spring, close positive correlation of the maximum daily net photosynthesis was identified with only one environmental factor. For different years, correlations were for soil temperature(rs= 0.655,p = 0.00315) or available soil water supply(rs= 0.892,p = 0.0068). In autumn within different years, significant correlation was shown with two(temperature of air and soil; rs= 0.789 and 0.896, p = 0.00045 and 0.000006,respectively) and four factors: temperature of air(rs=0.749, p = 0.00129) and soil(rs= 0.84, p = 0.00000),available soil water supply(rs= 0.846, p = 0.00013) and irradiance(rs= 0.826, p = 0.000001). Photosynthetic activity has a weaker connection with changes in environmental factors in the spring, as compared to autumn.This is explained by the multidirectional influence of environmental conditions on photosynthesis in this period and by the necessity of earlier photosynthesis onset, despite the unfavorable conditions. This data may be useful for predicting the flow of carbon in dependence on environmental factors in this region in spring and in autumn.

Growth response of broom (Cytisus scoparius) growing with and without radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings to different P levels in soils

A study was carried out to test the effects of three rates of TSP （triple superphosphate） （0, 50, and 100 mg·kg^-1 P） on growth of broom with and without radiata pine seedlings and to determine the relationships between P concentrations in the broom shoot and dry matter yields with soil plant-available P （Bray-2 P）. A bulk sample of soil was collected from Kaweka forest at soil depth of 0-10 cm, in New Zealand on March 11, 2001. The forest area was not supplied with fertiliser at least 30 years. The results show that TSP application increased P avail- ability in the soil. The P availability concentration in soil of broom with radiata pine seedlings was higher than that in soil of broom alone. Bray-2 P concentrations had a significant logarithmic relationship with Pcon- centrations of broom shoot and an exponential relationship with dry matter weight of whole broom plant.

黑桑(Morus nigra L.)的研究与利用进展

黑桑(Morus nigra L.)是桑属的一个种,具有悠久的栽培应用历史。黑桑不仅存在极为罕见的天然二十二倍体,而且其叶、茎、果中含有丰富的活性次生物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、美白等功能。本文系统总结关于黑桑的起源、分布、生物学特征、繁殖技术以及活性物质的功能和开发利用的研究进展,对上述研究中存在的一些争议进行了讨论,并提出今后对黑桑资源综合利用的主要研究方向和研究内容,以利于对黑桑种质资源的深入研究和更好地服务于我国黑桑的规模化栽培及资源的高效开发利用。

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and assessment of factors influ-encing transgene expression in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

This investigation reports a protocol for transfer and expression of foreign chimeric genes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Transformation was achieved by co-cultivation of mature zygotic embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 which harbored a binary vector (pBI121) including genes for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII). Factors influencing transgene expression including seed sources of loblolly pine, concentration of bacteria, and the wounding procedures of target explants were investigated. The expression of foreign gene was confirmed by the ability of mature zygotic embryos to produce calli in the presence of kanamycin, by histochemical assays of GUS activity, by PCR analysis, and by Southern blot. The successful expression of the GUS gene in different families of loblolly pine suggests that this transformation system is probably useful for the production of the genetically modified conifers.

Differential protein expression in substantia nigra induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in a mouse model of chronic Parkinson’s disease

BACKGROUND： To date, a complete protein expression profile of the midbrain substantia nigra in a mouse model of chronic Parkinson＇s disease, induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine （MPTP）, does not exist. In addition, there are no reports of analysis of differential protein expression. OBJECTIVE： To separate and evaluate MPTP-induced differential protein expression through the use of proteomics in the substantia nigra of a mouse model of chronic Parkinson＇s disease. DESIGN： Randomized controlled animal study. SETTING： Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University. MATERIALS： Sixteen 8-10-week old, healthy, male, C57BL mice, weighing 20-25 g, and of clean grade, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Chongqing Medical University. The experimental animals were disposed according to ethical criteria. MPTP was provided by Sigma Company, USA; Pdquest 2D image analysis software and gelatum/irradiance image analysis system （ChemiDoc XRS） by Bio-Rad, USA; and Voyager DE-PROMALD1-TOF-MS mass spectroscopy analyzer by AB1 Company, USA. METHODS： This study was performed in Chongqing Neurological Laboratory between November 2006 and July 2007. Mice were randomly divided into model and control groups, with 8 mice in each group. Mice in the model group were received a subcutaneous injection of MPTP （25 mg＆g）, twice a week, for five successive weeks, to establish a chronic Parkinson＇s disease model. Mice in the control group received the same volume of a subcutaneous saline injection at the same time points. Mice were sacrificed by anesthesia to rapidly obtain the midbrain for protein separation of the substantia nigra. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） 2-ED handbook （Bio-Rad Company） was referenced for two-dimensional electrophoresis, （2） PDQUEST8,0 analytical electrophoresis pattern was adopted to evaluate differential protein expression. （3） Peptide mass finger print map and data were retrieved on http：//www.prospector.ucsf.edu to compare differential substantia nigral protein expression in the two groups. RESULTS： Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of substantia nigra tissue indicated that there were 33 differential protein expressions between the two groups. Three new proteins were evaluated, including α -enolase, which exhibited regulated expression, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B. CONCLUSION： There are three proteins that exhibit differential expression in the substantia nigra- α -enolase, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B.

Bio-productivity of Pinus sylvestris L.var. mongolica plantation on west Kerqin sandy land

The biomass and net primary production of Mongolian scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var mongolica) plantations of west Kerqin sandy land were measured. According to average standard trees, the biomass, netprimary production and their distributions of trunk, bark, branch, leaf and root of 16-year-old stand were analyzed.The regressive equation for the estimation of each organ biomass was established through djmensional analysis.Preferable equation with higher precision was selected. The study results showed that the total biomass of theforest community was 62.023 t/hm2 and net primary production was 5.045 V(hm2. a). which indicates that thecommunity of plantation possesses high bio-productivity.

Assessment of early survival and growth of planted Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris) seedlings under extreme continental climate conditions of northern Mongolia

Environmental factors play vital roles in successful plantation and cultivation of tree seedlings.This study focuses on problems associated with reforestation under extreme continental climatic conditions.The objectives were to assess relative seedling performance(survival and growth)with respect to plantation age,and to analyze the influence of specific climatic factors during the early stages of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)plantations.The study was carried out in reforested areas of the Tujyin Nars region of northern Mongolia on six Scots pine plantations ranging from 5 to 10 years.In each of the six plantations,five 900 m^2 permanent sample plots were established and survival rates and growth performance measured annually over 7 years.Results show high variation in survival among the plantations(p<0.001,F=29.7).Seedling survival in the first year corresponded directly to the number of dry days in May.However,survival rate appeared to stabilize after the second year.The insignificant variation of height categories throughout the observation period indicated low competition among individuals.Two linear mixed-effect models show that height and radial growth were best explained by relative air humidity,which we consider to be a reliable indicator of site-specific water availability.Insufficient amounts and uneven distribution of rainfall pose a major threat during the first year of plantation establishment.Humidity and water availability are decisive factors for a successful seedling plantation.This highlights the impact of drought on forest plantations in northern Mongolia and the importance of developing climate resilient reforestation strategies.

Transformation and Expression of Choline Monooxygenase(CMO) Gene in Embryogenic Tissue of White Pine(Pinus strobus)

A transformation procedure of choline monooxygenase(CMO) gene, involved in stress tolerance, was established in white pine embryogenic tissue by using A. tumefaciens C58/pMP90. The CMO cDNA fragment(1.3 kb) was generated by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) with primers based on the report sequence of CMO in gene bank. A chimerical gene composed of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter fused to CMO cDNA and β-glucuronidase (GUS-marker gene) was transferred into Ti-derived disarmed binary vector pBI121. The new vector, p35SCMOp, was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58/pMP90 by freeze-thaw method. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) initiation of Pinus. Strobus L. and Pinus.Koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. depended on the manipulation of plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations in the GLH culture medium. Transgenic embryos and regenerated plants of two Pine species were produced after co-culture of embryogenic tissue with the disarmed strain of A. tumefaciens C58/pMP90/ p35SCMOp and selected on medium containing 25mg/L kanamycin. The transformed embryogenic tissue was initially confirmed by histochemical GUS assay followed by PCR. One copy of T-DNA was detected by transgenic lines analysis in Pinus. Strobus L. and transgenic plants were regenerated for two species using modified protocols for maturation and germination of somatic embryos.

Microscopic Characterisation of Pinus sylvestris Cell Structures under Compression Loading

This study is mainly focused on the 3D mechanical cell deformations of 20 × 20 × 60 mm sized softwood specimens under 35 - 40 MPa compression loading at room temperature of 20?C. The moisture content of the specimens was 6% - 7%. The data of microscopic images were measured and compared in terms of the permanently degenerated individual cell structures each in micro-scale . 3D cell deformations of tissues were observed with a magnification of (×100) - (×1500) and in the range of 3.0 - 5.0 kV voltage under the SEM microscope. The specimens were examined under magnification and photographed before and after the compression loading applied parallel to the grain angles to the wood samples. Specimens were painted with gold liquid (12 × 12 × 12 mm sized specimens) in obtaining the SEM images. Under the SEM, these specimens were photographed and lengths between the cell walls ranged between 15 to 40 micrometers. In this study, relative deformations of pinewood cells were determined statistically considering the percentage permanent deformation under the compression loading. It was performed by using knowledge of structural mechanics, considering the measurement of permanent deformation in honeycomb-pinewood structure material.

榆林市樟子松人工林土壤养分特征

为进一步探明陕西省榆林市樟子松人工林的土壤养分变化特征,以5年生樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.)纯林和5年生樟子松-胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)混交林为研究对象,分析土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等理化指标以及土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明,樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量整体上均随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,全磷含量均随着土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,硝态氮含量则均随着土壤深度的增加而增加,5个指标均表现为樟子松-胡枝子混交林高于樟子松纯林,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林各层土壤有效磷含量均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤含水率各土层间差异均不显著,樟子松-胡枝子混交林5~15 cm土层土壤含水率含量显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05);樟子松纯林和樟子松-胡枝子混交林土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而降低,且樟子松-胡枝子混交林过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性在各土层均显著高于樟子松纯林(P<0.05)。

HPLC-ELSD法测定新疆药桑叶中1-脱氧野尻霉素的含量

该研究采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测(HPLC-ELSD)法测定新疆药桑叶中1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-DNJ)的含量,色谱柱为Waters XBridge^(TM) HILIC(2.1 mm×100 mm,5μm),乙腈-水(85∶15,V/V)为流动相,流速0.2 mL/min。结果表明,1-DNJ在1.2~12.0μg/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.25%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.16%。该方法快捷简便、结果可靠,可用于药桑叶中1-脱氧野尻霉素含量的分析检测。

NaCl胁迫下盐松不同种源种子的发芽特性

研究从国外引进的盐松种子的耐盐发芽特性,用0%、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%和1.25%6种不同浓度的NaCl溶液对9个种源盐松种子进行处理,同时以国内樟子松种子作对照进行发芽试验。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增大,各种源种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈下降趋势,初始萌发时间和平均发芽时间呈上升趋势。不同种源种子的萌发对NaCl胁迫的反应不同,引种盐松种子的耐盐能力优于国内樟子松。聚类分析表明:耐盐能力最好的种源是754、N8和17245。

黑桑种质资源表型性状变异特征分析

【目的】研究新疆东南部21个采集点的710份黑桑种质资源表型性状,分析遗传多样性,为新疆黑桑种质资源的系统研究及开发利用奠定基础。【方法】对黑桑的15个定性描述性状和12个定量描述性状进行遗传多样性、主成分、聚类和相关性分析。【结果】叶片大小、枝条围度、叶幅、叶形等4个性状多样性较为丰富,其余定量描述性状多样性较低。黑桑表型性状聚类结果主要集中在两大类群,根据行政区域分布,一个类群主要集中在环塔里木盆地南缘县(市),另一个类群主要集中在环塔里木盆地北缘县(市)。果形指数与纬度之间呈显著负相关,其他定量描述性状与地理因子(经纬度和海拔)之间均无相关性,叶片大小和叶片周长的差异是区分不同地区黑桑品种的主要性状特征,此外,叶片大小和周长受到温度的正调控和降雨量的负调控。【结论】黑桑表型性状的遗传多样性较低。

HPLC-ELSD法测定新疆药桑葚中可溶性糖的种类和含量

【目的】建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射(HPLC-ELSD)法测定新疆药桑葚中可溶性糖种类和含量的方法。【方法】采用HPLC-ELSD法,HPLC条件为:Waters-Carbohydrate Analysis色谱柱(3.9×300 mm),柱温为室温,流动相为乙睛-水(体积比为80∶20),流速为0.80 m L/min;ELSD参数:漂移管温度为50℃,氮气压力40 psi,增益值100。【结果】4种药桑葚中均含有果糖和葡萄糖,果糖和葡萄糖在线性范围0.10~0.80 mg/m L和0.20~1.60 mg/m L内线性关系良好,加标回收率分别是97.59%、99.13%。和田药桑(鲜果)、库车药桑(鲜果)、和田药桑(干果)、库车药桑(干果)果糖含量分别为106.24、91.41、229.23、188.77 mg/g,葡萄糖含量分别为80.66、72.25、225.93、183.48 mg/g。【结论】HPLC-ELSD法具有操作简便、准确、重复性好等优点,可快速准确测定桑果实中糖的类型及其含量。

药桑、两色金鸡菊、刺山柑提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用研究

以三种新疆特色食药两用资源药桑、两色金鸡菊、刺山柑为研究对象,以临床糖尿病常用的药物阿卡波糖为阳性对照,用经典α-葡萄糖苷酶活性测定方法,对其水提物及醇提物进行酶抑制活性筛选,并对其中抑制作用最强的提取物进行了酶促反应动力学分析。药桑、两色金鸡菊、刺山柑提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶均有明显的抑制作用,药桑醇提物IC_(50)为2.636μg·mL^(-1)、药桑水提物IC50为7.948μg·mL^(-1)、两色金鸡菊醇提物IC_(50)为0.000645μg·mL^(-1)、两色金鸡菊水提物IC_(50)为6.962μg·mL^(-1)、刺山柑醇提物IC_(50)为78.11μg·mL^(-1)、刺山柑水提物IC50为88.5μg·mL^(-1)、阿卡波糖IC_(50)为24.68μg·mL^(-1);由酶动力学实验结果得到,两色金鸡菊醇提物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用表现为可逆竞争性抑制。两色金鸡菊及药桑的水及醇提物具有较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,可作为潜在的抑制α葡萄糖苷酶、降低餐后血糖的食药两用资源,具有较高的研究价值。

Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying pBI121 plasmid was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of three genotypes (E-Hb, E-Ma, and E-Mc) of loblolly pine. The results demonstrated that the expression frequency of (-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) varied among genotypes after mature zygotic embryos were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cultures. The highest frequency (27.8%) of GUS expressing embryos was obtained from genotype E-Mc with mean number of 21.9 blue GUS spots per embryo. Expression of (-glucuronidase reporter gene was observed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of transformed mature zygotic embryos, as well as on organogenic callus and regenerated shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Nineteen regenerated transgenic plants were obtained from GUS expression and kanamycin resistant calli. The presence and integration of the GUS gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. These results suggested that an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for the future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.

Changes in carbon stocks of soil and forest floor in black pine plantations in Turkey

The objectives of this study were:(1)to determine carbon stock changes in the soil and forest floor of black pine(Pinus nigra subsp.pallasiana)plantations in Turkey;(2)to determine the effects of thinning on annual carbon accumulation in both;and,(3)to investigate relationships between annual carbon storage in soil and forest floor and stand characteristics of black pine.Samples were taken in 90 plots from stands at the pole(dbh=11.0–19.9 cm)and sawlog(dbh=20.0–35.9 cm)stages.Carbon analyses of soil and forest floor samples showed that in unthinned plantations signifi cant organic carbon was sequestered an average of 1.47 Mg ha^−1 a^−1 in the soil and 0.20 Mg ha^−1 a^−1 in the forest floor.Organic carbon sequestered annually in the soil was signifi cantly lower in thinned than in unthinned stands,while diff erences in the forest floor were insignifi cant.There were positive correlations between carbon sequestered in the soil and stand age,average DBH,mean stand height,basal area,and site index.Carbon sequestered the forest floor increased with basal area.As a result,carbon sequestered in the soil should not be ignored in greenhouse gas inventories because carbon stored belowground was approximately 70%of the aboveground pool.