基于多CNN的分块镜piston和tip-tilt误差同步检测方法研究

绝大多数大型望远镜采用分块镜的设计方案,为了获得优质的成像效果,需要控制分块望远镜系统的piston和tip-tilt误差。神经网络误差检测方法相较于传统的检测方法具有一定优势,但存在仅检测单一类型误差的局限性。本文提出一种基于卷积神经网络的piston和tip-tilt误差同步检测方法,通过在出瞳面设置具有离散孔的光阑,引发分段镜反射的子波发生干涉-衍射现象,构建包含丰富piston和tip-tilt误差信息的数据集。通过粗测网络和精测网络级联,满足大范围和高精度同步检测的需求。结果表明,该方法实现了对输入光源相干长度内纳米级的piston误差检测,并对10μrad范围内的tip-tilt误差实现了亚微弧度检测;对40 dB的CCD噪声表现出良好的抗干扰性,对面形误差的允差为0.05λ0RMS(λ0=600 nm),同时对六子镜系统具有可扩展性。本文方法光路简单,操作便利,具有实际意义。

Static and Thermal Analysis of Aluminium (413,390,384 and 332) Piston Using Finite Element Method

The main objective of this research was to examine the suitability of aluminium alloy to design a piston of an internal combustion engine for improvement in weight and cost reduction. The piston was modelled using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software. The modelled piston was then imported into Ansys for further analysis. Static structural and thermal analysis were carried out on the pistons of the four different materials namely: Al 413 alloy, Al 384 alloy, Al 390 alloy and Al332 alloy to determine the total deformation, equivalent Von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and the safety factor. The results of the study revealed that, aluminium 332 alloy piston deformed less compared to the deformations of aluminium 390 alloy piston, aluminium 384 alloy piston and aluminium 413 alloy piston. The induced Von Mises stresses in the pistons of the four different materials were found to be far lower than the yield strengths of all the materials. Hence, all the selected materials including the implementing material have equal properties to withstand the maximum gas load. All the selected materials were observed to have high thermal conductivity enough to be able to withstand the operating temperature in the engine cylinders.

The Effect of Ignition Parameters on the Combustion Characteristics of an Aviation Piston Engine

A cylinder combustion simulation model was established for a two-stroke aviation piston engine used in a small unmanned aerial vehicle. The influence of different ignition system parameters on the combustion process of aviation kerosene was studied using this model. The research results showed that under the working conditions of 5500 r/min and 50% throttle opening, as the ignition energy increased, the peak values of average cylinder pressure and average temperature increased, and the combustion duration shortened, The advance of the combustion center of gravity increases the tendency of the engine to knock. Under the same operating conditions, as the ignition timing advances, the peak values of average pressure and average temperature in the cylinder increase, gradually approaching the top dead center, and the tendency of engine detonation increases more significantly.

Tribological Properties of Ti-DLC Coatings on Piston-pin Surfaces

A magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition system was used to deposit Ti-doped diamond-like carbon coatings(Ti-DLC)on pin surfaces to improve the wear resistance of high-power density diesel engine piston pins.The coating structure,composition,and morphology were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy,and other techniques.Friction tests were carried out using a universal tribometer to study the tribological properties of pins with or without coatings under dry friction and oil lubrication.The surface morphology and cross-sectional morphology of the Ti-DLC coating show that the coating has a uniform crosssection and good surface properties.The XPS spectrum shows that the coating contains Ti-C,Ti-C*,sp2-C,sp3-C,and C-O/C=O.Raman spectroscopy shows that there is an amorphous carbon phase in the Ti-DLC coating.The friction test shows that the friction temperature increase of the pin with the Ti-DLC coating is lower than that without the coating,especially under dry-friction conditions.At the end of the test,the difierence in temperature increase is 16.7%.The friction coefficient when using high-viscosity lubricating oil with a coating is relatively lower than that without a coating,especially under low-speed and heavy-duty conditions.In the dryfriction state,the coated surface has better wear resistance than the uncoated surface,which primarily manifests as abrasive wear,and the surface without a coating mainly experiences adhesive wear.

Cavitation recognition of axial piston pumps in noisy environment based on Grad-CAM visualization technique

The cavitation in axial piston pumps threatens the reliability and safety of the overall hydraulic system.Vibration signal can reflect the cavitation conditions in axial piston pumps and it has been combined with machine learning to detect the pump cavitation.However,the vibration signal usually contains noise in real working conditions,which raises concerns about accurate recognition of cavitation in noisy environment.This paper presents an intelligent method to recognise the cavitation in axial piston pumps in noisy environment.First,we train a convolutional neural network(CNN)using the spectrogram images transformed from raw vibration data under different cavitation conditions.Second,we employ the technique of gradient-weighted class activation mapping(Grad-CAM)to visualise class-discriminative regions in the spectrogram image.Finally,we propose a novel image processing method based on Grad-CAM heatmap to automatically remove entrained noise and enhance class features in the spectrogram image.The experimental results show that the proposed method greatly improves the diagnostic performance of the CNN model in noisy environments.The classification accuracy of cavitation conditions increases from 0.50 to 0.89 and from 0.80 to 0.92 at signal-to-noise ratios of 4 and 6 dB,respectively.

基于遗传算法的相位差法波前检测piston误差

光学综合孔径望远镜常常因为子望远镜间的失调大于1λ产生相位差,影响望远镜的分辨能力。基于相位差法的检测技术,可以检测出子望远镜间的微小失调误差。提出了相位差波前检测方法与遗传算法相结合,设计了一个相位差波前传感器,进行综合孔径望远系统的piston误差检测。在计算机模拟成像系统的基础上,仿真结果证明,基于遗传算法的相位差波前检测方法可以较准确地恢复波前相位,检测piston误差。

Investigation on the Radial Micro-motion about Piston of Axial Piston Pump

The limit working parameters and service life of axial piston pump are determined by the carrying ability and lubrication characteristic of its key friction pairs. Therefore, the design and optimization of the key friction pairs are always a key and difficult problem in the research on axial piston pump. In the traditional research on piston/cylinder pair, the assembly relationship of piston and cylinder bore is simplified into ideal cylindrical pair, which can not be used to analyze the influences of radial micro-motion of piston on the distribution characteristics of oil-film thickness and pressure in details. In this paper, based on the lubrication theory of the oil film, a numerical simulation model is built, taking the influences of roughness, elastic deformation of piston and pressure-viscosity effect into consideration. With the simulation model, the dynamic characteristics of the radial micro-motion and pressure distribution are analyzed, and the relationships between radial micro-motion and carrying ability, lubrication condition, and abrasion are discussed. Furthermore, a model pump for pressure distribution measurement of oil film between piston and cylinder bore is designed. The comparison of simulation and experimental results of pressure distribution shows that the simulation model has high accuracy. The experiment and simulation results demonstrate that the pressure distribution has peak values that are much higher than the boundary pressure in the piston chamber due to the radial micro-motion, and the abrasion of piston takes place mainly on the hand close to piston ball. In addition, improvement of manufacturing roundness and straightness of piston and cylinder bore is helpful to improve the carrying ability of piston/cylinder pair. The proposed research provides references for designing piston/cylinder pair, and helps to prolong the service life of axial piston pump.

Piston-Cylinder高温高压实验装置及在壳幔动力学研究中的应用

介绍了目前在国际壳幔作用及动力学研究中普遍使用的Piston-Cylinder高温高压实验技术的主要工作原理、结构、样品装置设计及主要技术指标。通过分析Piston-Cylinder高温高压实验技术在大洋和大陆板块俯冲深部过程的流体活动、基性岩石部分熔融作用、岩浆活动机制及约束条件等壳幔相互作用研究中的应用实例,认为引进该项实验技术对于我国科技工作者开展高温高压条件下壳幔动力学研究以及缩短我国实验岩石学技术手段与国际间的差距具有重要意义。

GEO-PISTON重力活塞取样器工作原理与工程应用

重力取样对样品的破坏程度较小、结构简单、对母船适应能力强、理论上不受作业水深的限制。本文系统梳理介绍了“The Geo-Piston Corer”重力活塞取样器系统结构和工作原理,开展了海试工程应用,分析了应用过程中问题产生的原因,并提出了进一步的优化建议。研究工作能够为现有重力活塞取样器的结构优化和现场作业工艺标准化制订提供参考经验和理论支撑,丰富了现有活塞重力取样技术。

Influence of Piston Number on Churning Losses in Axial Piston Pumps

Raising the rotational speed of an axial piston pump is useful for improving its power density;however,the churning losses of the piston increase significantly with increasing speed,and this reduces the performance and efficiency of the axial piston pump.Currently,there has been some research on the churning losses of pistons;however,it has rarely been analyzed from the perspective of the piston number.To improve the performance and efficiency of the axial piston pump,a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation model of the churning loss was established,and the effect of piston number on the churning loss was studied in detail.The simulation analysis results revealed that the churning losses initially increased as the number of pistons increased;however,when the number of pistons increased from six to nine,the torque of the churning losses decreased because of the hydrodynamic shadowing effect.In addition,in the analysis of cavitation results,it was determined that the cavitation area of the axial piston pump was mainly concentrated around the piston,and the cavitation became increasingly severe as the speed increased.By comparing the simulation results with and without the cavitation model,it was observed that the cavitation phenomenon is beneficial for the reduction of churning losses.In this study,a piston churning loss test rig that can eliminate other friction losses was established to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.A comparative analysis indicated that the simulation results were consistent with the actual situation.In addition,this study also conducted a simulation study on seven and nine piston pumps with the same displacement.The simulation results revealed that churning losses of the seven pistons were generally greater than those of the nine pistons under the same displacement.In addition,regarding the same piston number and displacement,reducing the pitch circle radius of piston bores is effective in reducing the churning loss.This research analyzes the effect of piston number on the churning loss,which has certain guiding significance for the structural design and model selection of axial piston pumps.

Investigation of Valve Plate in Water Hydraulic Axial Piston Motor

This paper has introduced the developments of water hydraulic axial piston equipments. According to the effects of physicochemical properties of water on water hydraulic components, a novel valve plate for water hydraulic axial motor has been put forward, whose moment exerted by the fluid field between valve plate and bearing plate is balanced entirely. The material screening experiment of valve plate is done on the test rig. Through numerical simulation the effects of some geometry parameters on the performance of water hydraulic motor have been studied. The silencing grooves on the valve plate in water hydraulic motor can reduce the pressure shock and the occurrence of cavitation effectively. It is evident that the appropriate structure should change the wear status between matching pairs and reduces the wear and specific pressure of the matching pairs. The specimen with the new type valve plate is used in a tool system.

Research on oil film characteristics of piston pair in swash plate axial piston pump

The research on the oil film characteristic of piston pair is beneficial to the design and optimization of friction pair,which can improve the performance of piston pump.The fluid pressure of piston cavity is accurately obtained by AMEsim simulation.Oil film thickness field model of piston pair under the slanting state of piston is established,and the distribution law is numerically analyzed under different speed and pressure by Matlab.The experiment model pump for oil film characteristic of piston pair is designed to measure oil film thickness under the pressure of 18 MPa.The experiment results show that oil film thickness varies greatly under high pressure,and oil film thickness fluctuates sharply under low speed.The minimum oil film thickness increases with spindle speed increasing and oil film characteristic of piston pair based on the numerical analysis method is verified.This method lays a foundation for studying the friction performance of piston pair in the axial piston pump.

Research on Coupling Transfer Characteristics of Vibration Energy of Free Piston Linear Generator

In order to clarify the mechanism and main influencing factors of the vibration energy coupling transmission with a dual-piston structure,a thermodynamic and dynamic coupling model of the free piston linear generator(FPLG)was established.The system energy conversion,vibration energy coupling transmission,and influencing factors were studied in detail.The coupling transmission paths and the secondary influence mechanism from in-cylinder combustion on vibration energy transmission were obtained.In addition,the influence of the movement characteristics of the dual-piston on the vibration energy transmission was studied,and the typical parameter variation law was obtained,which provides theoretical guidance for the subsequent vibration reduction design of the FPLG.

Modeling and Simulation of Aerial Dispersion on Piston Dispersal Mechanism

For the aerial dispersing interior ballistic process and submunition exterior ballistic initial conditions of cluster munition with piston maximum travel limit, a novel model is established, and the numerical simulation is performed. The piston maximum travel limit and the effect of reaction force on carrier body are researched using the internal ballistic model. Guide tube, cluster munition rotating and submunition assembly are analyzed using the submunition initial external ballistic model. The computational results are consistent with the practical process and the experimental data, and prove the rationality of this model. The theoretical methods are presented for the construction design and dispersion analysis of piston dispersal mechanism.

Influence of Internal Combustion Engine Parameters on Gas Leakage through the Piston Rings Area

In this work, the influence of internal combustion engine parameters (cylinder-piston clearance, piston head height, the first segment position, gap of the first piston ring and gap of the second piston ring, piston rings’ axial clearance, intake valve debit coefficient) gas leakage from the combustion chamber through the piston rings’ area was investigated. This influence was studied by making an initial forming operation over gas leakage in the analyzed area.

Modeling and Simulation on Axial Piston Pump Based on Virtual Prototype Technology

A particular emphasis is placed on the virtual prototype technology （VPT） of axial piston pump. With this technology it is convenient and flexible to build a complicated 3D virtual based on real physical model. The actual kinematics pairs of the parts were added on the model. The fluid characters were calculated by hydraulic software. The shape of the parts, the flexible body of parts, etc were improved in this prototype. So the virtual prototype of piston pump can work in computer like a real piston pump, and the flow ripple, pressure pulsation, motion principle, stress of parts, etc can be investigated. The development of the VPT is introduced at the beginning, and the modeling process of the virtual prototype is explained. Then a special emphasis is laid on the relationship between the dynamics model and the hydraulic model, and the simulations on the flow ripple, pressure pulsation, motion principle, the stress and strain distribution of the middle shaft and piston are operated. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the VPT are discussed. The improved virtual prototype of piston pump more tally with the real situation and the VPT has a great potential in simulation on hydraulic components.

Pre-Compression Volume on Flow Ripple Reduction of a Piston Pump

Axial piston pump with pre-compression volume（PCV） has lower flow ripple in large scale of operating condition than the traditional one. However, there is lack of precise simulation model of the axial piston pump with PCV, so the parameters of PCV are difticult to be determined. A finite element simulation model for piston pump with PCV is built by considering the piston movement, the fluid characteristic（including fluid compressibility and viscosity） and the leakage flow rate. Then a test of the pump flow ripple called the secondary source method is implemented to validate the simulation model. Thirdly, by comparing results among the simulation results, test results and results from other publications at the same operating condition, the simulation model is validated and used in optimizing the axial piston pump with PCV. According to the pump flow ripples obtained by the simulation model with different PCV parameters, the flow ripple is the smallest when the PCV angle is 13~, the PCV volume is 1.3 ~ I0-4 m3 at such operating condition that the pump suction pressure is 2 MPa, the pump delivery pressure 15 MPa, the pump speed 1 000 r/min, the swash plate angle 13~. At the same time, the flow ripple can be reduced when the pump suction pressure is 2 MPa, the pump delivery pressure is 5 MPa,15 MPa, 22 MPa, pump speed is 400 r/min, 1 000 r/rain, 1 500 r/rain, the swash plate angle is ll~, 13~, 15~ and 17~, respectively. The finite element simulation model proposed provides a method for optimizing the PCV structure and guiding for designing a quieter axial piston pump.

Flow Ripple of Axial Piston Pump with Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation Using Compressible Hydraulic Oil

The flow ripple, which is the source of noise in an axial piston pump, is widely studied today with the computational fluid dynamic（CFD） technology development. In the traditional CFD modeling, the fluid compressibility, which strongly influences the accuracy of the flow ripple simulation results, is often neglected. So a compressible sub-model was added with user defined function（UDF） in the CFD model to predict the flow ripple. At the same time, a test rig of flow ripple was built to study the validity of simulation. The flow ripple of pump was tested with different working parameters, including the rotation speed and the working pressure. The comparisons with experimental results show that the validity of the CFD model with compressible hydraulic oil is acceptable in analyzing the flow tipple characteristics. In this paper, the improved CFD model increases the accuracy of flow ripple rate to about one-magnitude order. Therefore, the compressible model of hydraulic oil is necessary in the flow ripple investigation of CFD simulation. The compressibility of hydraulic oil has significant effect on flow ripple, and the compression ripple takes about 88% of the total flow ripple of pump. Leakage ripple has the lowest proportion of about 4%, and geometrical ripple leakage ripple takes the remnant 8%. Besides, the influence of working parameters was investigated through the CFD simulations and experimental measurements. Comparison results show that the amplitude of flow ripple grows with the increasing of rotation speed and working pressure, and the flow ripple rate is independent of the rotation speed. However, flow ripple rate of piston pump grows with the increasing of working pressure, because the leakage ripple will increase with the pressure growing. The investigation on flow ripple of an axial piston pump using compressible hydraulic oil provides a more validity simulation model for the CFD analyzing and is beneficial to further understanding of the flow ripple characteristics in an axial piston pump.

Impact of Typical Steady-state Conditions and Transient Conditions on Flow Ripple and Its Test Accuracy for Axial Piston Pump

The current research about the flow ripple of axial piston pump mainly focuses on the effect of the structure of parts on the flow ripple. Therein, the structure of parts are usually designed and optimized at rated working conditions. However, the pump usually has to work in large-scale and time-variant working conditions. Therefore, the flow ripple characteristics of pump and analysis for its test accuracy with respect to variant steady-state conditions and transient conditions in a wide range of operating parameters are focused in this paper. First, a simulation model has been constructed, which takes the kinematics of oil film within friction pairs into account for higher accuracy. Afterwards, a test bed which adopts Secondary Source Method is built to verify the model. The simulation and tests results show that the angular position of the piston, corresponding to the position where the peak flow ripple is produced, varies with the different pressure. The pulsating amplitude and pulsation rate of flow ripple increase with the rise of pressure and the variation rate of pressure. For the pump working at a constant speed, the flow pulsation rate decreases dramatically with the increasing speed when the speed is less than 27.78% of the maximum speed, subsequently presents a small decrease tendency with the speed further increasing. With the rise of the variation rate of speed, the pulsating amplitude and pulsation rate of flow ripple increase. As the swash plate angle augments, the pulsating amplitude of flow ripple increases, nevertheless the flow pulsation rate decreases. In contrast with the effect of the variation of pressure, the test accuracy of flow ripple is more sensitive to the variation of speed. It makes the test accuracy above 96.20% available for the pulsating amplitude of pressure deviating within a range of ~6% from the mean pressure. However, with a variation of speed deviating within a range of ±2% from the mean speed, the attainable test accuracy of flow ripple is above 93.07%. The model constructed in this research proposes a method to determine the flow ripple characteristics of pump and its attainable test accuracy under the large-scale and time-variant working conditions. Meanwhile, a discussion about the variation of flow ripple and its obtainable test accuracy with the conditions of the pump working in wide operating ranges is given as well.

Pressure Tight Piston Corer—A New Approach on Gas Hydrate Investigation

A pressure tight sediment sampling technology, which can be introduced into the modification of the piston corer to accommodate the investigation of gas hydrate, is put forward. In this paper, the three basic rules of the technology are analyzed in detail: specimen transferring rule, seal self-tightening rule and semi-active pressure holding rule. Based on these, the structure of the pressure tight piston corer is put forward and its working principle is analyzed. Finally, a pressure tight sediment sampler, to which the same technology is applied, is researched through experiments. Results show that the sampler based on the above-mentioned theory has a good ability in sampling and in -situ pressure holding.